Ndiani kutanga kuzoona nyika: Magellan rwendo

Kumbira mudzidzi upi pamusoro ani kutanga kuzoona nyika, uye muchanzwa ". Chokwadi, Magellan" Uye vanhu vashomanana vanotanga nechokwadi nemashoko iwayo. Asi Magellan akaronga rwendo, akatungamirira nayo, uye kupedza rwendo vakasagona. Saka akanga ari aidzidzisa wokutanga of circumnavigate panyika?

Magellan raMwari Travel

Muna 1516, imwe kujeka wamambo Ferdinand Magellan akauya Portuguese King Manuel I ne pfungwa ezvidzidzo nepurani Columbus - kusvika Spice Islands, sezvo zvakanga iyoyo ari Moluccas, kubva kumavirira. Sezvatinoziva, Columbus ipapo "kudziviswa" America, iyo akaonekwa munzira, akafunga pazvitsuwa kuSoutheast Asia.

Panguva iyoyo, Portuguese makaita chaienda kune zvitsuwa East Indies, asi pavaigona kutora chikepe chaienda Africa uye kuyambuka Indian Ocean. Naizvozvo, nzira itsva zvitsuwa izvi hazvina kudiwa.

History akadzokorora pachayo kusekwa naMambo Manuel Magellan aenda mambo Spanish uye akawana mvumo yake kuronga rwendo.

September 20, 1519 zvikepe shanu nechikepe kubva Spanish chengarava San Lucar of Barrameda.

Magellan satellites

Hapana makakatanwa nhoroondo yokuti wokutanga rwendo munyika akaita rwendo rinotungamirirwa Magellan. Musi vicissitudes nzira iyi rwendo kunoshamisa anozivikanwa pamashoko Pigafetta, vaichengeta nhoroondo mazuva ose okufamba. Chikamu vaiva vakuru vaviri, vakaramba vakashanyira zvitsuwa East Indies: Barbosa uye Serrano.

Uye kunyanya mushandirapamwe uyu Magellan akatora muranda wake - Malay Enrique. Iye akabatwa ari Sumatra uye refu vakashumira nokutendeka Magellan. On pakundopambara kwaari kutamba basa muturikiri kana vasvika Spice Islands.

Weboka rwendo

Dzarasika yakawanda nguva kuyambuka Atlantic Ocean uye nomunyika matombo yakamanikana uye refu akakamanikana, akazopiwa zita Magellan, vafambi akasvika munyanza itsva. Panguva ino, mumwe zvikepe yakanyura, mumwe vakadzokera Spain. Zano sezvayakawanikwa pamusoro Magellan. Anokurukura ngarava kugadziriswa, uye zvokudya uye mvura yokunwa vakanga kupera.

Ocean akadana Pacific, tanga vakasangana tailwind wakanaka, asi gare gare akava simba uye pakupedzisira zvachose ikanyarara. Vanhu kunyimwa zvokudya yakachena, kufa kwete chete kubva nenzara, kunyange zvazvo vaifanira kudya uye makonzo, uye pamwe masts ganda. Huru ngozi yakanga chakakuvara - dutu ose navigators nguva.

Chete March 28, 1521 vakasvika zviwi, ane vagari nekushamisika akapindura mibvunzo Enrique, vakataura ake mutauro waamai. Izvi zvaireva kuti Magellan neshamwari dzake akasvika zvitsuwa East Indies, Ukuwo. Uye kuti Enrique - mufambi wokutanga chaiye kufamba munyika! Akadzokera yokumusha kwake, kuenda pasi pose.

Kupera rwendo

April 21, 1521 Magellan akaurayiwa kupindira mune hondo nevatungamiriri vemunzvimbo. It kwakabatsira akaipa kwazvo shamwari dzake, uyo dzakamanikidzwa nyore kutiza chitsuwa.

Vazhinji varume vakaurayiwa kana vakakuvara. Pakati 265-munhu chikwata akasiya chete 150, ivo chete varinganiswa kutarisira ngarava maviri.

Pazvitsuwa Tidore, vakakwanisa kuwana zororo, muzadze chikafu mumatanda, kutora mundege zvinonhuwira uye jecha chendarama.

On munzira kudzokera Spain akaenda chete anotakura "Victoria" kwaitungamirirwa Sebastian Del Cano. Kudzokera Lucar chengarava akadzoka anokwana vanhu 18! Vanhu ava ndivo vokutanga vakaita rwendo munyika. Zvisinei, mazita avo asina zvakachengetedzwa. Asi Captain Del Cano uye kufamba sahwira Pigafetta anozivikanwa kwete chete kune venhau uye geographers.

The Russian rwendo yokutanga munyika

Musoro wokutanga Russian nyika rwendo raiva Ivan Fedorovich Kruzenshtern. rwendo Izvi zvakaitika muna 1803-1806 gg.

Two nechikepe chikepe - "Hope" pasi murayiro Kruzenshtern uye "Neva" rinotungamirirwa mutevedzeri wake Yuri Fedorovich Lisyansky - vaibva Kronstadt August 7, 1803. Huru Chinangwa chaiva kudzidza Pacific, uye kunyanya muromo Amur. Zvakanga zvakakodzera kuziva yakafanira kupaka nzvimbo Russian Pacific Fleet uye zvakanakisisa nzira kwayo zvitengeswa pakutengeserana.

The rwendo haana chete zvikuru nokuda paumbwe Pacific Fleet, asi akaita nomupiro hombe kuti sayenzi. zviwi New pazvakawanikwa, asi zvabviswa mepu penyanza ine nhamba vasiri aripo zvitsuwa. Wakatanga rakatanga nokudzidza munyanza. Rwendo akazarura Mezhpassatnye countercurrent muna Pacific uye Atlantic nyanza, uyere mvura tembiricha, salinity, pakutsvaga arambe achirema mvura ... vaifanira kuziva zvikonzero gungwa sokupenya, dzakaunganidza mashoko pamusoro nemafungu uye ekunze mashoko zvokubikisa dzakasiyana nzvimbo munyanza.

zvinokosha kugadziridzwa zvakagadziridzwa mepu yeRussian East Far pemhenderekedzo Kuril Islands, Sakhalin, Kamchatka Peninsula. Kokutanga kuisa pamusoro pazvo vamwe zviwi Japanese.

Vakwikwidzi of rwendo uye ava vokuRussia, uyo kutanga kuzoona nyika.

Asi nokuti vazhinji vokuRussia, rwendo urwu anozivikanwa ndechokuti "Hope" akaenda Japan basa wokuRussia kokutanga rinotungamirirwa Rezanov.

Great wechipiri (Interesting Facts)

The wokuEngland Frensis Dreyk akava munhu wechipiri kuti of circumnavigate pose muna 1577-1580 gg. galleon ake "Golden hadzi" yakaitwa kekutanga kubva kuAtlantic Ocean kusvika Pacific dutu panjodzi yainzi vanomutevera. nzira iyi kuonekwa zvakawanda zvakaoma pane Strait of Magellan nokuda kugara madutu, chando floes, kungoerekana ekunze kuchinja. Drake aiva munhu wokutanga kuzoona nyika, ane woita Cape Horn. Kubvira ipapo, pakati vezvikepe uye ndakatanga tsika kupfeka mhete munzeve. Kana vakapfuura kurutivi Drake Passage, vachisiya Cape Horn kurudyi, chindori raiva ururamiswe nzeve, uye vakutarisire.

Nokuti mabasa ake, Frensis Dreyk akanga knighted Korolevoy Elizavetoy pachake. Ndiye aifanira kukunda vokuSpain dzavo "asingakundiki armáda".

Muna 1766, mumwe wokuFrance Zina Pazvibato zvechizarira akava mukadzi wokutanga nechikepe pose. Kuti aite izvi, akachinja murume uye machiri mungarava Bougainville, vakapota nyika rwendo semuranda. Kana kunyengera chakaziviswa, pasinei zvose dhigirii dzayo, Pazvibato zvechizarira wakange wakasimwa Mauritius uye akadzoka kumba musi mumwe chikepe.

The Russian rwendo rwechipiri pasi pose achitungamirirwa FF Bellingshausen uye MP Lazarev ndiye inozivikanwa chokuti munguva yake Antarctica rakaonekwa muna January 1820.