History of Estonia: muchidimbu

History of Estonia pakuonekwa rinotanga vakuru nemisha iri munharaunda yayo kuti yakabuda makore 10,000 apfuura. Tools of Stone Age yakawanikwa pedyo Pulli pedyo Parnu ano. Finno-Ugric marudzi kubva kumabvazuva (zvimwe kubva Urals) akauya emakore akazotevera (zvichida muna 3500 BC. E.), hwakakanyiwa vomunzvimbo uye vakagara vemazuva Estonia, Finland uye Hungary. Chavaida nyika itsva, uye vakaramba anongofamba upenyu anenge inozivikanwa vakawanda vemamwe marudzi European pamusoro inotevera nhanhatu zvemakore.

Nhoroondo vokutanga kuEstonia (zvishoma)

In wa9 uye rechi10 emakore AD Estonians aiziva VaViking, uyo aiita kufarira dzaishandiswa pakutengeserana kuna Kiev uye kuConstantinople, kupfuura kukunda zvenyika. Wokutanga kutyisidzira chaiko akauya kubva vanopinda nechisimba dzechiKristu kubva kumavirira. Kuzadzikisa Pope kunoda kuti kushingirira pamusoro kuchamhembe vahedheni, Danish mauto uye Knights eGermany akapinda Estonia, muna 1208 Castle akunda Otepaa. Local vagari akamisa hasha nemishonga, uye zvakatora makore anopfuura 30, risati aizokundwa rose nenharaunda. Pakazosvika pakati pezana remakore rechi13 remakore, Estonia yakakamurwa pakati Danish uye German kuchamhembe kusvika kumaodzanyemba Teutonic Order. Dzorudzidziso vakatsvaka kumabvazuva, vakanga yakaganhuka Aleksandrom Nevskim pamusoro Novgorod pamusoro akachengetwa Lake Peipsi.

The vakundi vakagara mumaguta itsva, tama vakawanda simba mabhishopi. Pakazopera zana remakore rechi13 riri Tallinn uye Tartu akasimuka machechi, uye Cistercian uye Dominican dzechitendero zvirevo akavaka dzemamongi, kuparidzira veko uye kuti amubhabhatidze. Zvichakadai, Estonians akaramba kupanduka.

Rinonyatsooneka kumukira vakatanga pausiku St. George (April 23) muna 1343 kutanga kwake inotongwa Denmark North Estonia. Munyika nhoroondo kuchiratidzwa zvaibiwa kwakaenderera vapanduki Cistercian yemamongi Padise uye kupondwa mamongi ake. Ipapo vakaisa akakomba Tallinn uye Haapsalu Episcopal Castle kundodana rubatsiro kubva yeSweden. Sweden chaizvoizvo akatuma wengarava vavabatsire, asi zvakaitika kunonoka uye rakamanikidzwa kudzoka. Pasinei kutsunga Estonians, kumukirawo airwadziwa muna 1345. Zvisinei, The vokuDenmark, vakasarudza kuti varinganiswa uye vakatengesa Estonia kune wokuLivonia Order.

Wokutanga webasa chitoro uye mushambadzi guilds akazviratidza muzana remakore rechi14., Uye maguta akawanda akadai Tallinn, Tartu, Viljandi uye Pärnu, akabudirira sezvo nhengo Hanseatic League. ST. John muna Tartu rayo Terracotta zvivezwa ari upfumi uchapupu uye Western dzaishandiswa zvakatadzisa.

Estonians vakaramba vachiita tsika dzechihedheni pamichato, pamariro uye vakanamata hunhu, kusvikira muzana remakore rechi15, tsika idzi vanokurirwa zvakanyatsobatana chiKaturike, uye vakasimuka mazita dzechiKristu. Muzana remakore rechi15 vanhuwo zvavo vakanga kunyimwa kodzero dzavo uye kutanga rechi16 rakava serfs.

kutendeuka

The Reformation, izvo zvakabva Germany, yakasvika Estonia ari 1520s, pamwe Lutheran vaparidzi wokutanga wave. Pakazosvika pakati pezana remakore rechi16 remakore, chechi kurongwazve, uye dzemamongi uye machechi vakaiswa pasi patronage pamusoro Lutheran Church iri. In Tallinn, zviremera akavhara Dominican wemamongi (akachengetedzwa ayo anoshamisa ungwandangwanda); Tartu Dominican uye Cistercian dzemamongi avharwa.

wokuLivonia hondo

Muzana remakore rechi16, mukuru kutyisidzira Livonia (zvino Northern Latvia uye Southern Estonia) aimiririra kumabvazuva. Ivan Grozny akazivisa pachake mambo wokutanga muna muna 1547, vakatevera mumwe mutemo kuwedzera kumavirira. Mauto Russian inotungamirwa nezvaizoita wechiTatar vamabhiza vakarwisa muna 1558 munharaunda Tartu. Kurwa vaiva nechisimba kwazvo, vanopinda nechisimba wakasara Somugumisiro rufu nokuparadzwa. Nokuti Russia akabatana Poland, Denmark uye Sweden, uye nguva nenguva akavhiyiwa yaiitwa yose remakore rechi17. A muchidimbu nhoroondo kuEstonia haabvumiri kutsanangura iyi, asi somugumisiro Sweden nokukunda.

War vakaisa mutoro unorema pamusoro vomunzvimbo. Kwezvizvarwa zviviri (kubvira 1552 musi 1629.), Hafu vokumaruwa akaurayiwa, anenge matatu-kumativi mapurazi vose vakanga vatizira, zvirwere zvakadai denda, kusakura, nzara uye nekutambira vakawedzera uwandu vakaurayiwa. Kuwedzera Tallinn, mumwe memauto uye dzakavakirirwa nechepakati nyika dzave dzichapambwa kana kuparadzwa, kusanganisira Castle Viljandi, nhengo imwe nenhare kuNorthern Europe. Vamwe maguta dzaparadzwa.

Breakfast nguva

Pashure pehondo, nhoroondo kuEstonia akacherekedza kworugare uye kubudirira mukutonga Sweden. Cities, kuburikidza zvokutengeserana, akakura uye akabudirira, achibatsira upfumi wokugadzirisa kutyisa hondo. Pasi pesimba Sweden kokutanga munhoroondo vakabatana pasi mutongi imwe. Zvisinei, Pakazosvika makore remakore rechi17, zvinhu zvakatanga kudzikira. Yatanga nedenda, uye gare gare Nzara Great (1695-97) kwakauraya upenyu 80 zviuru vanhu -. Kusvika 20% vemo. Nokukurumidza Sweden akatarisana ngozi kubva Polish Union, Denmark uye Russia, achitsvaka kuwanazve pasi akarasika muna wokuLivonia War. Nechisimba vakatanga muna 1700, pashure kubudirira, pane Vol. H. The kukundwa mauto eRussia pana Narva, nyika yeSweden vakatanga shure. Muna 1708 Tartu rakaparadzwa, uye vose vakapona akatumira Russia. Muna 1710 Tallinn capitulated, uye Sweden vakakundwa.

dzidzo

Zvakatanga nhoroondo kuEstonia sechikamu Russia. Hapana varimi zvakanaka pasina. Hondo uye denda muna 1710 kwakauraya upenyu ezviuru zvevanhu. Peter I chakagumisa Swedish kuchinja uye vakaparadza chero netarisiro rusununguko nokuda vakapukunyuka serfs. Mafungiro kwavari hakuzochinji kusvikira Kujekerwa nguva mukupera rechi18. Catherine II kupinza neropafadzo yacho vepamusoro uye akabata quasi-democratic kuchinja. Asi muna 1816, varimi vakanga pakupedzisira wasunungurwa serfdom. Vakagamuchirawo mazita rusununguko rwokufamba zvishoma kuwana nokuzvidzora utariri. By yechipiri yezana remakore rechi19, vokumaruwa vakatanga kutenga purazi uye kuwana mari kubva zvirimwa zvakadai matapiri uye neshinda.

national chisinga-

Mugumo remakore rechi19 rakanga kutanga National nehope. Rinosundwa vepamusoro itsva, nyika akaenda hurumende. Pepanhau yokutanga mutauro Perno Postimees Estonian akazviratidza muna 1857. It yakabudiswa Yohannom Voldemarom Jannseni, mumwe akatanga kushandisa izwi rokuti "Estonians" uye kwete maarahvas (vokumaruwa). Chimwe anofunga simba raiva Carl Robert Jakobson, akakurwirai zvakaenzana enyika kodzero Estonians. Iyewo nheyo yokutanga National pepanhau enyika Sakala.

chimurenga

Mugumo remakore rechi19. Yaiva nguva kwemaindasitiri uye kwaita guru mafekitari chaizvo richikurukura njanji izvo zvakabatanidzwa Russia pamwe Estonia. Difficult ezvinhu kushanda akaita Kusagutsikana, uye ichangogadzwa kuumbwa kushanda nebato akatungamirira mienzaniso uye nenjodzi. Events muEstonia akadzokorora zviri kuitika Russia, uye kumukira nezvombo kwakatanga muna January 1905. Makakatanwa akatasva kusvikira Mumatsutso kuti gore, apo zviuru 20. Workers vakaenda ranwa. Mauto vamambo akaita utsinye, achiuraya okuvadza vanhu 200. Nokuti kudzvinyirira pamusoro yemuna yeRussian yakasvika zviuru nemasoja. 600 Estonians navamazana kuSiberia vakaurayiwa. Trade mibatanidzwa mberi mapepanhau uye masangano akanga akavharwa, uye vatungamiriri vezvematongerwo enyika vakatiza munyika.

Okunyanyisa urongwa kugara Estonia, zviuru vanhuwo zvavo Russian nokuda World Vokutanga havana rakatangwa. The nyika vakabhadhara mutengo wavo rwevanhu muhondo. 100 zviuru. Vanhu wakanzi, zviuru 10. Vakaurayiwa. Estonians vakawanda vakaenda kuhondo nemhaka kukunda Germany, Russia akavimbisa kupa nyika statehood. Chokwadi, yaiva semadzangaradzimu. Asi 1917 nyaya iyi ragadziriswa haisi mambo. Nicholas II akamanikidzwa murege, uye Bolsheviks vakabata simba. Russia hwapararira nenyonganyonga, uye Estonia, akatora danho February 24, 1918 akazivisa kwayo rusununguko.

War Kuzvimiririra

Estonia akanga atarisana kutyisidzirwa Russia uye reactionaries reBaltic-German. Hondo yakatanga, Red Army mberi nokukurumidza, rakanyorwa January 1919 akabata hafu nyika. Estonia musoro akadzivirira, uye achibatsirwa British warships uye Finnish, Danish uye Swedish mauto akakunda muvengi wake akwegura. Muna December, Russia akabvuma chibvumirano, uye 2 February 1920 kuti Tartu Peace Treaty akanga yakasainwa, maererano iro iye nguva dzose akaramba maruramiro munharaunda yacho. First akazviratidza panyika mepu zvachose akazvimirira Estonia.

Nhoroondo hurumende iyi kunoratidzwa kukurumidza kukura hwenyika. Countries kushandisa kwavo zviwanikwa uye kukwezva mari kubva kunze kwenyika. Tartu University akava paYunivhesiti Estonians uye mutauro Estonian vakava mutauro kukurukurirana dzakawanda, zvinhu mikana mutsva nyanzvi uye zvedzidzo mabhora. Paiva guru rokubudisa indasitiri - pakati 1918 uye 1940. 25 zviuru. Titles dzakabudiswa.

Zvisinei, zvematongerwo bhora haana kunaka kudaro. Kutya rechiKomonisiti dzokupandukira mabasa akadai, kwakatungamirira utungamiriri Right vakakundikana kuedza kubvuta masimba ose 1924. Muna 1934 mutungamiriri Transitional hurumende, Konstantin Pats pamwe mukuru ari mukuru Estonian Army Johan Laidoner vakakanganisa Constitution uye vakabata simba pamusoro chokumupomera kudzivirira gutsaruzhinji kubva twezvitendero.

nechisimba Soviet

Chehurumende dambudziko rakanga rakanamwa apo Nazi Germany uye Soviet Union akasaina zvakavanzika chibvumirano muna 1939, chokwadi, kuipawo Stalin. Nhengo Communist Party akaronga zvekunyepera kumukira uye vanhu vaifanira kusanganisira Estonia muSoviet Union. President Pats, General Laidoner nevamwe vatungamiriri vakasungwa uye akatumira Soviet yechibharo. A hurumende chidzoyi rakanga ramiswa, uye August 6, 1940 , Dare Soviet of USSR akapa "chikumbiro" pakati kuEstonia riri kubatana USSR.

Kudhipotwa uye Hondo Yenyika II chakaparadza nyika. Makumi ezviuru makadanirwa uye akatumira basa uye rufu mumisasa yechibharo iri kuchamhembe Russia. Zviuru vakadzi nevana vakagoverana dambudziko ravo.

Apo mauto eSoviet vakatiza yakakuwandira romuvengi, Estonians akakwazisa vokuGermany sezvo liberators. 55 zviuru. Man vakapinda kuzvidzivirira zviumbu uye battalions of Wehrmacht. Zvisinei, Germany vasina chinangwa kupa Estonian statehood uye anoriona kubatikana ndima Soviet Union. Tariro dzakaparara pashure aurayiwe pevatsigiri. (Vakanga kwemadzinza Estonians, izvo 5 zviuru.) 75 zviuru. Vanhu vakapfurwa. Zviuru akatizira Finland, uye vakasara, vaitorwa kuhondo German (zvuru 40. People).

Pakutanga 1944, mauto eSoviet wakabhombwa Tallinn, Narva, Tartu nemamwe maguta. zvachose Narva chaiva chiito kutsiva "ari Estonian vatengesi."

Mauto eGermany vakadzokera shure muna September 1944 Achityira Pazvinotanga of Red Army, Estonians vazhinji, zvakare, vakatiza, uye vanenge zviuru 70. Hit kuMadokero. Pakazopera hondo dzose rechi10 Estonians nokunogara kunze kwenyika. Kazhinji, nyika chakarasikirwa vanopfuura zviuru 280 vanhu: .. Kunze vakatama, zviuru 30 vakaurayiwa muhondo, uye vamwe vakaurayiwa, akatuma mumisasa kana kuurayiwa mumisasa yevasungwa.

kweSoviet

Pashure pehondo, hurumende yakanga pakarepo yakatora neDare Soviet Union. Nhoroondo Estonian hwakakanganiswa munguva udzvanyiriri, zviuru vakatambudzwa kana kujeri mumisasa. 19.000 Estonians vakaurayiwa. Varimi noutsinye kupinda collectivisation uye zviuru vatama akadurura kunyika akasiyana kumatunhu ari USSR. Pakati 1939 uye 1989. muzana zvemo Estonian kuderedzwa kubva 97 kusvika 62%.

Achipindura kuti udzvanyiriri pakati emagandanga sangano yakarongwa 1944. 14 zviuru. "Hama Forest" vakanga pachavo uye pachivande, kushanda mumapoka maduku munyika yacho yose. Zvinosuruvarisa zviito zvavo havana kubudirira, uye kurwisa nezvombo rakapotsa zvachose ne 1956.

Asi akawana simba dissident kufambisa, uye pazuva rechi50 gore kusaina of Stalin-Hitler chibvumirano muna Tallinn vaipinda musangano guru. Mumakore mishoma yakatevera, ivo Kuratidzira akakura, Estonians akabvunza kudzorerwa statehood. Song mitambo vava nzira simba okutambura. The kupfuura wandisa vavo kwakaitika muna 1988, apo 250 zviuru. Estonians vakaungana Song Festival Grounds muna Tallinn. It mwoyo chaizvo dzakawanda pfungwa ezvinhu kuBaltic States.

Muna November 1989, ari Estonian Supreme Council akazivisa zvakaitika 1940 chiito rechiuto kurwisa uye akataura navo zvisiri pamutemo. Muna 1990, sarudzo dzakaitwa munyika. Pasinei nokuedza Russia kuti izvi zvisaitika, Estonia akatangazve ayo rusununguko muna 1991.

Modern Estonia: munyika nhoroondo (zvishoma)

Muna 1992, yokutanga vakawanda sarudzo pasi Constitution itsva, pamwe chete chikamu yavose enyika matsva. Union of Pro kotimaa vakakunda rakamanikana kumucheto. mutungamiri wayo,-makore 32 wenhoroondo Mart Laar akava Prime Minister. The Newest Nhoroondo kuEstonia sezvo yakazvimirira mamiriro. Laar akatanga uchatamisa mamiriro pamusoro njanji imwe musika upfumi akasununguka, akaumba mashoko okuti Estonian Kroon uye akatanga hurukuro pamusoro kwakakwana kushaya revarwi Russian. The nyika akafemera pamwe befu apo okupedzisira mapoka avarwi akasiya zvokuvhoterwa muna 1994, vachisiya nyika yakaparadzwa kuchamhembe kwakadziva utachiona pasi kumativi airbases uye tsvina renyukireya panguva wengarava zvigadziko.

Estonia akabatana EU musi 1 May 2004 uye vakagamuchira euro 2011.