Molecular uye STRUCTURAL payakavakirwa methane

Molecular, STRUCTURAL uye yemagetsi yokuita methane dzinobva dzidziso maumbirwo Organic yeimwe Butlerov. Asati anyora Masvomhu izvi, tinotanga pfupi characterization pamusoro yeHydrocarbon.

methane Features

fuma iyi ndiyo putika, izvozvo Anonziwo "Marsh" gasi. The dzakananga munhuhwi of vakaomerwa Mahydrocarbon anozivikanwa zvose. The combustion kwacho kwayo asara kwemakemikari zvinoriumba kukuvadza muviri womunhu. Kuti methane une ubatanidzwe paumbwe inokudza maturo.

mumuviri ehupfumi

Mumiririri homologous munhevedzano alkanes yokutanga kwave yakawanikwa nemasayendisiti iri kuitika Titan uye Mars. Akapiwa chokwadi kuti methane rwakabatana nokuvapo zvipenyu akazviratidza pfungwa ariko upenyu pamusoro mapuraneti aya. On Saturn, Jupiter, Neptune, Uranus, methane chigadzirwa akazviratidza sezvo makemikari kubudiswa zvinhu zviri inorganic mavambo. Pamusoro pemvura nyika yedu yacho yakaderera kugutsikana.

General unhu

Methane asina ruvara, zviri vakareruka kupfuura mhepo inenge kaviri, zviri havaratidzi soluble mumvura. The Zvinoumba negasi mari inosvika 98 muzana. The mafuta anopfuura gasi rine kubva 30 kusvika 90 muzana methane. In zvakawanda methane ndiye chaivo mavambo.

Ungulates herbivores mbudzi uye mhou emit kubudiswa muna ura utachiona pane chinokosha huwandu methane. Pakati zvinokosha zvikuru pamusoro homologous munhevedzano alkanes vakasarudzwa anezvimiti, mujuru, inonzwika apo negasi chirimwa photosynthesis. At kuonekwa kuti kungoda methane panyika, tinogona kutaura nezvokuvapo upenyu hwake zvoutachiona.

Nzira achigadzirira

The uchida STRUCTURAL yokuita methane kunoratidza kuti racho Morekuru chete zvine zvisungo kuroora kuumbwa remasanganiswa makore. Zvimwe embodiments rabhoritari kugadzirira yeHydrocarbon katsamba alloying anyatsonzwisisa yavaibvisa acetate pamwe alkali, uye kukurukurirana pamusoro aruminiyamu carbide nemvura.

Solid methane rinokwanisa kucheneruka womoto, apo nokusimbisa sezvakarayirwa 39 MJ paavhareji cubic mita. Panhamo anoumba fuma kuti mhepo. The methane kupfuura ngozi, iyo anosunungurwa panguva muchivande remigodhi chicherwa deposits mumigodhi mugomo. High njodzi nokuputika methane uye marasha beneficiation uye briquetting zvinomera, uyewo kufambira maindasitiri.

vasiri kushanda

Kana chikamu methane mumhepo iri 5 kusvika 16 muzana, uchikurukura okisijeni inogona dzakaparira methane. Kana kuwedzera muna musanganiswa makemikari anowedzera mukana wokuti kuputika.

Kana mhepo wevasungwa pamusoro alkane ndiyo 43 muzana, ndicho chikonzero kutadza kufema.

With kuputika kupararira nokukurumidza kubva 500 kusvika 700 metres muzana wechipiri. Kamwe methane ari kushanyirwa ane kupisa kupi alkane kuvesa muitiro kunoitika vamwe kunonoka.

Yakanga iri pfuma inobva kugadzirwa kuputika-uchapupu magetsi uye kuchengeteka putika zvinoriumba.

Sezvo methane ndiyo thermally kugadzikana zvine yeHydrocarbon, rinoshandiswa nevakawanda sezvo maindasitiri uye mudzimba mafuta uye rinoshandiswawo senzira zvinokosha mbishi zvinhu makemikari usage. The STRUCTURAL yokuita ethyl-saith-methane inechirevo STRUCTURAL zviri veboka iri Mahydrocarbon.

Mukuita kwemakemikari maitiro kuiisa chlorine nokuda kuona ultraviolet nemwaranzi ingangoumbwa anoverengeka kuita zvinhu. Zvichienderana uwandu kutanga zvinhu zvive muna kuzvitsinhanisa kugamuchira chloromethane, chloroform, carbon tetrachloride.

Kana kukwana combustion kuti methane kuumbwa chin'ai. Formaldehyde achiumbwa nyaya CATALYTIC oxidation. The chokupedzisira kuita chigadzirwa ndiyo kabhoni disulfide nesarufa.

Properties methane mamiriro

Chii kwayo STRUCTURAL payakavakirwa? Methane zvinoreva zvine Mahydrocarbon kwokungotarisira payakavakirwa C _N H _{2n + 2.} Funga nezveimwe Morekuru inotungamirwa kutsanangura kuti STRUCTURAL payakavakirwa aumbwa.

Methane rinoumbwa rimwe kabhoni atomu mana rehydrogen maatomu chokuita pamwe covalent chisungo dipole nguva. We tsanangura nemamiriro inobva STRUCTURAL Masvomhu kabhoni maatomu.

View hybridization

The spatial maumbirwo methane inozivikanwa tetrahedral marongerwo. Sezvo externally panguva kabhoni mana Valence maerekitironi, Erekitironi Kuchinja kunoitika pamusoro kudziyisa atomu ane wechipiri s-orbitals pap. Somugumisiro, wokupedzisira simba pamwero panguva kabhoni yaiva mana unpaired ( "vakasununguka") kubva Erekitironi. Full STRUCTURAL yokuita methane inobva ndechokuti paumbwe mana vakaberekwa makore ayo nezvatinovavarira mune nzvimbo panguva necheparutivi kuti 109 ° maminitsi 28, pova tetrahedron mamiriro. Uyezve pane pindana vertices vakaberekwa makore nevasiri vakaberekwa makore rehydrogen maatomu.

Full STRUCTURAL payakavakirwa uye yaiitwa yakapfupikiswa methane zvakazara asangana Butlerova dzidziso. Pakati kabhoni uye rehydrogen nezvimiro nyore (kuroora) chisungo, saka kuti nemakemikari havasi zvemo kubatana.

Below ndiye STRUCTURAL payakavakirwa. Methane - ndiye mumiririri vekirasi zvine Mahydrocarbon rokutanga, ane mifananidzo ehupfumi tikadzivisa alkane. Structural payakavakirwa E uye methane kuzosimbisa mhando hybridization kuti kabhoni atomu ari makemikari nyaya.

Kubva chikoro kemisitiri kosi

Kirasi uku Mahydrocarbon, mumiririri riri "doro gasi", akadzidza ari weboka 10 kirasi chesekondari. Somuenzaniso, vana kuitwa basa inotevera hunhu: "Nyora STRUCTURAL zvokuimba kuti methane". Zvinofanira kunzwisiswa kuti chete uwane STRUCTURAL configuration nefuma ichi inogona nechepadivi Butlerova dzidziso.

Wakafupisa fomura ake achava akangofanana samolecular, zvakanyorwa muchimiro CH4. Under mutsva yeUnited mitemo dzidzo kuti vari zvavakatemerwa maererano nokubatanidzwazve dzidzo Russian muna inokosha kemisitiri kosi zvose nyaya chokuita zvechadenga makirasi Organic zvinhu, kunzwisisa nokuongororwa.

maindasitiri kwetunhu

Methane-kwakavakirwa maindasitiri pezvakaitwa yakadaro inokosha zvinoriumba namakemikari kunge zvakangonyuka acetylene. Hwaro chafariz kana yemagetsi Cracking chaiwo ayo STRUCTURAL payakavakirwa. Methane ari CATALYTIC oxidation kuti amoniya kuumbika hydrocyanic acid.

Shandisa mashoko ichi Organic kuti kugadzirwa kwetunhu gasi. By maitiro pamwe chiutsi, musanganiswa carbon monoxide uye rehydrogen, izvo mbishi zvinhu nokuda kugadzirwa muganhu pakati monohydric alcohols, carbonyl yeimwe.

Zvikuru kukosha ndiwo maitiro pamwe nitric acid, zvichiguma nitromethane.

Kushandiswa sezvo motokari huni

Nokuda kwokushayiwa dzinongoitika manyuko Mahydrocarbon, uyewo impoverishment ari zvekuvaka nechigadziko, kunyanya kushanda nyaya chokuita kutsvaka zvitsva (nzira) manyuko sehuni. Imwe nzira yakadaro biodiesel, raisanganisira ikoko uye methane.

Kupiwa musiyano arambe achirema pakati peturu mafuta uye wokutanga nhengo vekirasi alkanes, pane mamwe maitiro fomu kwayo sesimba mabviro motokari injini. Kuitira kudzivisa kudiwa kutakura yakawanda kwazvo methane, kubudikidza compression kuwedzera arambe achirema kwayo (pasi kumanikidzwa atmospheres vanenge 250). Methane inochengetwa liquefied neHurumende sepombi kuiswa iri motokari.

Kuonana mumhepo

Takatodzidza vakakurukura ndechokuti methane ane simba pamusoro girinihausi maturo. Kana mwero kuitwa carbon monoxide (4) iri okunze conventionally sokugamuchira kubatana, zvino chikamu chiduku 'nomumachakwi gasi' ndiyo 23 dzakabatana. Mumakore maviri emakore, masayendisiti akacherechedza nokuwedzera quantitative zviri methane muna Wepasi mhepo.

Iye zvino, fungidzira huwandu _CH4 vanofungidzirwa pana zvikamu 1,8 miriyoni paminiti. Pasinei chokwadi nhamba iri 200 nguva isingasviki pamberi carbon dioxide, pane kurukurirano pakati masayendisiti pamusoro zvaibvira mukana chokunyengera kupisa chaibwinya ne nyika.

Nokuda vakaisvonaka calorific 'nomumachakwi gasi' rinoshandiswa kwete chete kuva feedstock mukuita makemikari usage, asiwo somunhu simba rine.

Somuenzaniso, methane anoshanda zvakasiyana-siyana gasi-vanogumurwa boilers, mbiru, rakagadzirirwa nomumwe kudziyisa enyika mudzimba uye nyika anamapako.

Kwakadaro kuzviremekedza kudziyisa nzira kunobatsira chaizvo kuti homeowners, kwete chokuita tsaona, zvakanyatsorongwa kuitika centralized kudziyisa enyika. Nokuda gasi bhaira uchishanda uri kupiwa mhando huni, Zvaringana kwemaminitsi 15-20 kuti vakuchidzire zvakazara vaviri-storey imba.

mhedziso

Methane, STRUCTURAL uye samolecular zvokuimba ose zvakapiwa apa, ndezvomuzvarirwo tsime simba. Nokuda kuti zvinosanganisira chete kabhoni uye rehydrogen maatomu, dzezvakatipoteredza vanoziva nezvakatipoteredza kuchengeteka nomuti yeHydrocarbon.

Pasi pomureza ezvinhu (mhepo tembiricha 20 Celsius uye kumanikidzwa 101325 Pa) nefuma riri gaseous, dzisiri chepfu, mvura insoluble.

Kana mhepo tembiricha iri akatura kuna -161 madhigirii, zviri compressed methane kuti zvinowanzoshandiswa indasitiri.

Methane ane kukanganisa utano hwevanhu. Hakusi chepfu fuma, asi ndiko cheYangon gasi. Panotova mwero (Mac) pamusoro zviri makemikoro mumhepo.

Somuenzaniso, kushanda mumigodhi vanobvumirwa chete zviitiko apo mari asingadi kusapfuudza paminiti cubic mita kusvika 300 milligrams. Ongorora zviri ane urongwa makemikari nyaya zvinoita kugumisa kuti zvakafanana kwemakemikari uye utano zvivako zvose nedzimwe nhengo vekirasi yakazara (muganhu) Mahydrocarbon.

Tava vakaongorora ari STRUCTURAL payakavakirwa, ari spatial maumbirwo methane. Homologous dzinoti unotanga "Marsh gasi" ane mukuru samolecular payakavakirwa C _N H _{2n + 2.}