History of Arkhangelsk, zvivako zvaro, migwagwa, zvivako

Arkhangelsk - mukuru guta Russian North, chinokosha chiteshi netsika pakati. Pane dzimwe nguva anonzi chimwe chezvinhu zvinokosha nzvimbo munyika. Asi ikozvino, asi Northern Sea Route haina akadzima, uye guta kuramba kuita basa rinokosha racho kukura. Nhoroondo Ngirozi Huru uchaudzwa munyaya.

Wemamongi Kholmogory

Nhoroondo panowanikwa Ngirozi Huru anotiudza kuti nzvimbo yechizvarirwo reguta pamutemo kuti Monastery Mihaila Arhangela, riri pamusoro Cape Puri-Navolok. The kutaurwa kutanga chokuita 1419 (ane chikonzero kwete mafaro - shoko anotaura pokukundwa wemamongi pedyo yeSweden). Pedyo parusvingo, sezvo yaiva tsika mumazuva iwayo, musha misha inoverengeka - varimi uye mamongi akaramba uye kushandiswa panyaya kuti yaichengetedza wemamongi masvingo. Asi zvikuru kuoneka uye kukosha mumazuva iwayo musha Kholmogory (inonzi nzvimbo yechizvarirwo pamusoro M. V. Lomonosova), iri pedyo. Kusvikira pakati pezana XVI remakore, chaiva munharaunda kumashopu.

British, Ivan Grozny, hemp, huni ...

Nhoroondo Ngirozi Huru (mapikicha guta rino guru unogona kuona munyaya) inoti muna 1553 pedyo Kholmogory dzaitya Chirungu vengarava. The British vakanga achinyanya kufarira zvinobvira vanotenga Russian matanda kanivhasi nokuda maseiri uye hemp tambo - waiva nguva nokukurumidza Kugadzirwa British Navy. Kholmogory asi haasi tsime wakanyatsokodzera chinangwa ichi - a kudzika North Dvina akarasikirwa hombe gungwa kuenda nemidziyo.

Naizvozvo, Britain wasarudza yakapoteredza wemamongi - ipapo yaigona akaswedera pedyo negungwa. Kudiwa kunoita wedzerai - kunzvimbo zvinobatsira rokutengesa nhumbi zvasvika vatengesi Russian. The yokugara rakatanga kukura, kwaiva kune dzimwe mafekitari vatengesi 'dzokuchengetera. Guta idzva rainzi Kholmogorov, panguva iyoyo akanga ari chete Russian chiteshi chengarava dzakazara.

Tichifunga izvi Ivan Grozny, vane ukama Sweden havana zvakanakisisa, ndaipinda nokusimbaradza itsva Trade Center. vehurumende maviri vakarayirwa kuti pakarepo "kuti guta", riri kuvaka New Kholmogory simbisa vanokwanisa kupa kudzivirira zvichibvira aizotambudzazve nyika yeSweden. Nharo mambo uyu haasi yakarumbidza - magavhuna vakatsungirira kwegore, uye muna 1584 at Cape Puri-Navolok maiva nhare wenguva mugodhi, mugero, shongwe uye masuo. Under kwayo kudzivirirwa dzimwe mafekitari hwakazununguswa, ikawanda nemakanzuru Russian kwevanhu (dzimwe nguva yokuzvidira uye vanomanikidzwa). Chaioneka strelets ravarwi yakazara Posad.

Active upenyu guta rakanga chete panguva wekushandisa kana vatengi vakadirana pano kubva kuEngland uye Holland uye vezvinhu kubva Vologda, Moscow, Kholmogory. Trade akanga ndakawedzera - kunyange kunozivikanwa Frensis Dreyk, iyo Pirate Admiral, akaonga vatengesi Russian kuti vazvo kuti midziyo anoshamisa British ngarava. Muna 1596 akatanga nhoroondo muguta Arkhangelsk, sezvo kokutanga ari magwaro anotaurwa zita rake (zita wemamongi, iyo akapa nheyo guta). Muna 1613 zita vakava pamutemo.

Hwindo Europe

Hungu, asati Peter I (kureva, asi, kuitwa ichi Europe chete haisi hwindo, uye magedhi miviri), akadzishumira chaizvo Arkhangelsk. Muzana XVII remakore guta yakapiwa 60% of vatorwa yokutengesera turnover weRussia. Sezvo nyika akapedza isolationist mutemo, muna cha1667 guta akaziviswawo chete pokuti vabvumirwe kuenda nezvikepe zvavatengesi yokumwe. Zvakanga zvisiri kusvikira Petrine yaitonga.

kaviri mambo nesimba akashanyira guta uye akagara kwenguva refu. In Arkhangelsk Peter wokutanga akaita mugungwa, apo iye akatanga kusikwa Russian kutengeserana "kumpanstv" wokutanga. Mambo ndiyewo "baba" of Arkhangelsk shipbuilding - akatsamwisa naye kuti zvose kunze kwenyika Russian kuenda kwose ngarava yokumwe. Zvaaiiti- rehurumende akauya wokutanga uye ipapo nyika yokutanga private shipyard. Magwa akatanga ekisipoti chinhu - Pavaizviisa uye chinokosha nhamba zvakatengwa vatorwa. Vaivawo zvinodiwa muduku kuBaltic Fleet.

Kuburikidza ichangobva kuwanikwa "musuo Europe" tine uye ndivo vari Russia haana kukokwa - kunyanya nyika yeSweden. Kubvira Northern War, Peter mufudzikadzi kudzivirira kuchamhembe vezvokutengeserana chiteshi. Saizvozvo akazviratidza ibwe rokutanga munzvimbo idzi dzose Novodvinsk nhare. Muna 1708, Peter akapa Arkhangelsk mamiriro amachinda nepakati (uye enyika panguva iyoyo yaiva 8 kusvika nyika yose). Zvisinei, muna 1722 mambo mari kuti Arkhangelsk kutengesa St. Petersburg - airambidzwa Export kuburikidza Ngirozi Huru siyana nhumbi.

Northern Way

Asi kuguma chisarudzo ichi chakanga chisiri. Nhoroondo guta Arkhangelsk mberi. Vamwe zvigadzirwa aigona achiri kuunzwa uye aivigirwa. Aishingaira kushanda Petrine Solombalskaya shipyard kuvaka ngarava, nokuti zvinodiwa nyika, uye kutengeswa. Muna 1762 Catherine II abvisa kurambidzwa kutengeserana. Munzira, kukudziridza mudondo indasitiri nehuni kubudiswa (pasina panguva iyoyo akanga asina kufunga shipbuilding). Nokukurumidza vachivonga Napoleon Bonaparte - akafurira izvozvo "Continental blockade" wokuEngland, zvakare, chave kukura kutengeserana. Arkhangelsk inokosha muzinda kuti akazviratidza ari jimunasiyamu, yemitambo, uye nyika wokutanga miziyamu.

zvakanga ariwo tsvakurudzo centre - saka akaenda pakundopambara vezvikepe achitsvaka mukana kufamba pamwe kweArctic yokumadokero Russia. Chichagov Rusanov Pakhtusov, Sedov - vanopfuura 200 nzendo dzakatumwa kubva Arkhangelsk kudzidza Russian North. Kunyange zvazvo kubvira 1916 kukosha chengarava Ngirozi Huru akawira (paiva idzva, zvakawanda mushandisi-ushamwari ice-isina chiteshi - Murmansk) vakaenda aizi "A kutiza, asi yakanga pano muna 1932 Siberians ", uyo akakwanisa kuratidza kuti Northern Sea Route inopfuura mukati chete wekushandisa mwaka.

We vakafunga Ngirozi Huru, ane nhoroondo iri mubereko navagerepo, uye vatsigiri USSR munguva Great Patriotic War. Kwenguva refu guta chokwadi chete (nemhaka akaoma ezvinhu Murmansk) pachiteshi inokwanisa kugamuchira "Arctic convoys" - mumwe dzechikwata kuti zvinhu uye ngarava nemauto zvakakumikidzwa muSoviet muchiuto midziyo nezvimwe zvinhu pasi Zvipire-Lease. Mumwe chengarava kuti mamaneja kugamuchira convoys vairidza akakurumbira kweArctic aiongorora ID Papanin.

Arkhangelsk, nhoroondo iyo yave nhau kwataita, inoramba chimwe chezvinhu zvinokosha nzvimbo yacho Northern Sea Route kusvikira nhasi. Munguva Soviet, guta ari kushingaira akakura, zvivako rakawedzerwa ano dzakashandisa kuchamhembe ezvinhu.

uchikunda zvakaipa

Zvinosuruvarisa, kubva zvivako yekare yeguta anoramba zviduku. Chikonzero wakavakwa kunyanya yematanda. Nyaya imwe kutengeserana pakutanga, zvakare, waiva muti, uyewo mucheka uye hemp - zvinhu zvinobata moto chaizvo. Naizvozvo, dzinoparadza moto mu Arkhangelsk vaiva hakuzivani. Zvikurukuru muna cha1667, izvozvo vakapisa pasi uye wemamongi, randakapiwa guta zita rayo. Sezvo urongwa nayo azomutswa, asi pane imwe nzvimbo itsva, kubva munhau muguta centre (pamusoro Cape zvino kunodyira chete kunofanira kuyeukwa Dombo rekare rakanyorwa nezvokukunda kuyeuka nzvimbo yechizvarirwo guta).

Kunyange zvakadaro, wemamongi akapa guta kwete chete zita, nhoroondo rakatanga muna Arkhangelsk mufananidzo. Wemamongi chakatsaurirwa kuna Mihailu Arhangelu, anozivikanwa nokuda kukunda kwake pamusoro dhiabhori. nyaya iyi uye vanoratidzwa chiratidzo. Kokutanga mufananidzo wakadaro rinowanikwa pachavo zvinyorwa Petro - ndiye ari gadzira Arkhangelogorodskaya mureza chehondo. Sezvo 1722 jasi uyu maoko inoshandiswa muguta, asi pasina mvumo (pakutanga Michael akanga anofananidzirwa korona, asi gare gare akanga "kukurumidza"). The pamutemo mashoko aiva chikamu Catherine kuti wepurovhinzi kuchinja muna 1780.

Munguva Soviet, Arkhangelsk aiva nguvo maoko mufananidzo chikepe - vatsvene pano havana kunaka. Asi muna 1989 zvakanzi vakadzorerwa nguvo maoko yepakutanga. Michael mumapfekero yebhuruu uye dema akakunda Dhiyabhorosi vanotaurwa muna yeyero mumunda. The nguvo dzokurwa unomiriri yakunda zvakanaka pamusoro zvakaipa.

Scientist uye muvezi

Yakakurumbira Monuments of Arkhangelsk muri mifananidzo M. V. Lomonosova uye chamber Peter. Vose - mabasa nomukurumbira vanyori (Ivan Martos uye Antokolsky azvaitwa). Vanongoda pamberi chimurenga (muna 1832 uye 1914). Mikhail vanotaurwa muna chaiwo tsinga, nyanduri anenge Roman. Asi Arkhangelsk Peter yakasiyana chaizvo "hama" dzavo. Ichi hachisi chinhu autocrat, kwete weNobel, kwete mambo, "uyo akamumutsa Russia nokuda yembudzi," uye "Peter Muvezi zaandamsky" pachake anotsigira anogogodza kubva rapera chikepe itsva.

Vaenzi kubva kare

Midzi yacho Petrine yaitonga mashizha uye nhoroondo Arkhangelsk zvivakwa. Dangwe emapuranga chechi idzi airemekedzwa muna Zaostrovye (mukupera XVII remakore) kujairika cubic marongerwo. Zvino chinhu ari yakadzorerwa; basa zhizha rinofanira kupedzwa. Rinogona kuona zvakasara Novodvinsk Fortress, apo muna 1701 boka pasi murayiro wechidiki hweta Sylvester Ievleva akapikisa kurwisa yeSweden. Ichi chiitiko water. "Young Russia" chakatsaurwa kuti yaitonga Soviet Union.

It akapukunyuka Zvivako akawanda anonakidza pakati dzinouya - Trinity Church (. Pakati XVIII remakore), The chivakwa Admiralty (1820), Chechi Martina Ispovednika pachitsuwa Solombala (1803). Pane muguta uye remuti dzimba yekare shoma, umo vanhu vachiri kurarama. Pakati enhoroondo Monuments of Arkhangelsk - Surskoe farmstead, kuvaka chechi yeLutheran uye remuti imba zvomutengesi Shavrina, apo nhasi iri pamusoro Youth Theater. Cultural vepamusoro Arkhangelsk anokudza izvi dzimba kushongedzwa kweguta.

Vashanyi kubva ramangwana

Zvivako Modern zvishoma kazhinji anogamuchira compliments, asi pasina. Hongu, vagari vakawanda vasingagutsikane kutonga pamusoro zvitoro "kuti zvinhu" chitarisiko. Asi yakafara mumigwagwa dzinogarwa ensembles panguva yaitonga Soviet Union kunge ikava chiratidzo muguta, uyewo zvivako okuberekwa. Zvikurukuru, tiri kutaura pamusoro Ensemble Resurrection mumugwagwa. Veko vanoti kuti hatifaniri kutsoropodza Soviet mapurani (chena neimba "kenduru" kare anonzi "ngirozi dzomumaguta"), uye akaisa menzira itsva ndiwedzere mumapaki dzenyu, dzakachena pamadziro uye kukanda mune tsvina dziine tsvina, dzisingatarisiki zvokushambadzira mireza. Ipapo Zvivako Soviet zvakare kuva nyaya kuzvikudza vomuguta.

It inotiratidza kuti nemamiriro zvomumvura yemapurisa - chivako ano chena chinyakare iyi chinangwa yebhuruu mavara chena. Asi yakakurumbira ano chivako Arkhangelsk - "skyscraper" iri 24 pamapuriro. For New York kana Chicago ndiye ridiculously duku, asi havana kuvakwa pamusoro kuzvivako rwekuchamhembe nevhu. Akavaka "skyscraper" muna 1984 pamwe kushambadza pane zvinangwa dzinobatsira. Kunyange zvakadaro, izvozvo dzichengeterwe akawanda zvakagadzirwa makambani, uye ikozvino chivako inoshandiswa sechinhu hofisi muzinda uye kumuzinda Arkhangelsk zvechitima.

Akamiririra vatatu

Interesting nyaya mumigwagwa Arkhangelsk. Vamwe vavo (kana panzvimbo mu mazita avo) rakaoma vakashanduka mugumo. mazita Historical anoratidza kana Imperial nehurumende uye zvechitendero dzematongerwe, kana kuti zvimwe zvinhu zvoupenyu yemo. Saka, guta akanga Kumuka, Utatu, wemapurisa, chingwa Street. Paivawo French, vaPresbyterian, Lutheran, Norwegian, Kirochnaya ( "Church Lutheran" kubva pashoko) - mazita aya akanyorwa kuvapo imwe nyika mushambadzi nepedyo.

Vazhinji mumigwagwa yeguta anozvikudza pamusoro rose mazita 4-5 mazita. Vakachinja kwete chete nokuda Pfungwa zvikonzero (Kumuka munguva eSoviet akanga Shona 'zita, uye Utatu - Vinogradov, nhengo vatapi ari Winter, mutungamiri Severodvinsk rwizi nezvikepe), asi maererano kugadzirisa uye yaigadzirisa (zviri pachena kuti kwaita Kuznechevskaya cheni - Perm - Suvorov haagoni kutsanangura mukomiyunisiti zvinhu).

Pashure pokuwa kweSoviet Union, vamwe mumugwagwa akamuka nhoroondo zita shure. Kazhinji zvino Arkhangelsk manzwi avo vanoda rakakwana "de-communization" muguta, pamwe chete kubviswa Karla Marksa Cards, Rosa Luxemburg, Chelyuskintsev uye Uritsky. Asi vakawanda vomunyika vaishora. It vagara haichabvi vane mazita kare chizvarwa uye ano Archangelsk, ajaira prospectus Chumbarova-Lucinschi (zviya, promenade ichi, dzinofamba mumigwagwa) asinganzwisisi nei achifanira kurichinja kuva guru Meschanskuyu kana Middle Avenue. Uye izvozvo tisingatauri chokwadi chokuti renaming kuvhiringidza chokufambisa migwagwa uye magwaro kunyoresa system (zvikurukuru, dzimba kodzero uye kunyoresa magwaro emakambani nemasangano).

hunonzwisisa chirongwa

In ezvinhu aya, Arkhangelsk kare zvakaratidza akafanira ruremekedzo uye negodo danho. On zvimwe zvivako vakamira enhoroondo mumigwagwa, havana kuda zvimwe nameplates kuti izvi mumigwagwa vaiva panguva dzakasiyana. No administrative mhinduro, zviratidzo izvi havadikanwi, asi kubatsira kuchengetedza uye kuunza pfungwa vomuguta kuyeuka yekare nzvimbo mazita Arkhangelsk.

A yendarira Pavlin Vinogradov uye anomira mumigwagwa Utatu ... Zvakanaka, ichi kwezvokufuka ano mumugwagwa, uye iye angadai zvirokwazvo aifarira echimurenga vezvikepe ...

Saka munoziva nyaya muguta Arkhangelsk (zvishoma). Uye ikozvino munoziva kuti zvose nguva muguta aiziva rombo mbiri uye kusuwa, uye mukuru ...