Ndivanaani nevaKaturike. Sezvo akabhabhatidzwa vaKaturike. Post vaKaturike

Nyaya iyi chinotarisa zvinhu yeRoma uye vari vaKaturike. nzvimbo iyi anonzi imwe mapazi chiKristu, yakaumbwa nokuda schism kukuru chitendero, izvo zvakatanga muna 1054.

Ndivanaani VaKaturike? Catholicism kunonyanya yakafanana kuChechi yeOrthodox, asi pane kusawirirana. Kubva vamwe kufamba muchiKristu chitendero Catholic siyana zvinoitwa dzidziso, chitendero tsika. Catholic vakabatanawo "Creed" nevanhu vatsva.

waridza

ChiKaturike kwakapararira muWestern Europe (France, Spain, Belgium, Portugal, Italy) uye East (Poland, Slovakia, Czech Republic, Hungary, pamwe Latvia uye Lithuania) nyika uyewo munyika South America, uko anoti vazhinji vemo. In Asia uye Africa, munewo vaKaturike, asi Catholic chitendero simba iri vasingakoshi. VaKaturike Russia muna tichienzanisa Orthodox vari vashomanana. Kune vanenge 700 zviuru. Ukrainian VaKaturike vawanda. Pane vanhu vanenge mamiriyoni 5.

zita

Shoko "yeRoma" ane Greek mavambo uye anoshandurwa kuti pakawanda kana yose sezvakaita. Mazuva ano pfungwa iri izwi anonzi yokumadokero nebazi chiKristu, vanoomerera yevaapostora tsika. Zviripachena, chechi vanzwisisa sechinhu waifarirwa uye ichiita mabasa akawanda. Ndakataura nezvazvo asi Ignatiy Antiohiysky muna 115. Shoko rokuti "yeRoma" yakatanga kushanda zvapamutemo pakutanga Council weConstantinople (381 gore). The Church Christian zvakazivikanwa somunhu, mutsvene, mukatorike uye yevaapostora.

Origin echiKaturike

Shoko rokuti "chechi" dzakatanga kuonekwa mune zvinyorwa zvakanyorwa (tsamba Clement wokuRoma, Ignatiya Antiohiyskogo, Polikarpa Smirnskogo) kubva muzana remakore rechipiri. Shoko iri rakanga rakafanana nerokuti ari Municipality. Pakutanga kwezana rechipiri uye rechitatu emakore, Irenaeus akashandisa shoko rokuti "chechi" chiKristu yose. Nokuti munhu (romunharaunda, emo), vanhu vechiKristu yaishandiswa pamwe yakakodzera chipauro (semuenzaniso, kuti Alexandria chechi).

Muzana remakore rechipiri, vanhu vechiKristu rikakamurwa pevamwe uye nevafundisi. Uyewo, yokupedzisira rakakamurwa maBhishopu, vapristi uye nemadhikoni. Zvazvinosarira kujeka mashandisiro ezvidzidzo utariri munzvimbo - pamwe kana nomumwe. Dzimwe nyanzvi dzinodavira kuti hurumende yakanga gutsaruzhinji wokutanga, asi akava monarchist pamwe nguva. Vafundisi kuti vachipe ari padare yomudzimu, inotungamirirwa bhishopu. Dzidziso Izvi zvinotsigirwa netsamba Ignatiya Antiohiyskogo, umo iye anotaura mabhishopi muKristu vatungamiriri matunhu neminisiparati muSiriya uye Asia Minor. Nokufamba kwenguva, ndiye Council Yomudzimu chete Advisory muviri. Asi simba chaiyo mune rimwe bhishopu aiva mudunhu.

Muzana remakore rechipiri, chido kuchengetedza yevaapostora tsika, vakabatsira kuti chidzoke kereke akanyatsorongwa uye mamiriro. Church aifanira kurinda kutenda, nevanhu uye canons dzemagwaro. All ichi, uyewo simba aiitwa syncretism kwechitendero kwakaita kuti kukura echiKaturike yayo pristine chimiro.

Kwokupedzisira inotungamirwa Catholic

Pashure weboka chiKristu muna 1054 pamusoro kumadokero uye okumabvazuva matavi, ivo pakuzivikanwa se yeKaturike uye Orthodox. Pashure Yokuchinja pakati nemitanhatu remakore, kazhinji zvakawanda kushandiswa kwezuva nezuva kuti "Catholic" rokuti vakatanga kuwedzera shoko "Roman". Kubva nemaonero vechitendero yokuti "yeRoma" unosanganisira zvakasiyana siyana munharaunda vechiKristu vanodzivisa dzidziso dzakafanana Catholic Church, uye pasi simba Papa. Kunewo Uniate uye Eastern makereke Catholic. Kazhinji zvinobva pasimba bhishopi weConstantinople, ndokupfuura mukati kuzviisa pasi napapa, asi akaramba dzidziso dzavo uye tsika. Mienzaniso ndivo Greek-Catholic, Byzantine Catholic Church , uye vamwe.

Basic zvinodavirwa muchitendero uye postulates

Kuti uzive vari vaKaturike, tinofanira kuteerera inokosha zvinodavirwa muchitendero kutenda kwavo. The chikuru tenet echiKaturike, iyo chinosiyanisa kubva dzimwe nzvimbo chiKristu, vaiona pfungwa yokuti Papa ari havakanganisi. Zvisinei, tinoziva nyaya dzakawanda apo Papa ari kurwira simba uye simba kupinda kukuchiva nemibatanidzwa feudal madzishe uye madzimambo, akanga yakazara nemakaro uye kuramba nekuwanza pfuma yavo, uyewo vachipindira muzvinhu zvematongerwe enyika.

Inotevera uchapupu yeRoma idzidziso mupurigatori, iyo kubvumirwa muna 1439 panguva Council of Florence. Dzidziso iyi inobva pakuti munhu mweya mushure rufu anoenda mupurigatori, kuri zvenguva pamwero pakati pedenga uye gehena. Ikoko iye ari tichibatsirwa nemiedzo siyana kucheneswa chivi. Hama neshamwari mushakabvu anogona kubatsira mweya wake kuti titsungirire miedzo achishandisa minyengetero uye mipiro. Kubva ichi zvinoreva kuti zvinozoitika muupenyu hwomunhu ari pashure porufu hakubvi chete pamusoro pokururama hwake, asi pamusoro mari zvakanaka mhuri yake.

An tenet anokosha yeRoma anonzi ari chinyorwa pamusoro chete mamiriro kwevafundisi. Maererano naye, pasina kushandisa basa nevafundisi, murume oga haagoni kuwana nyasha dzaMwari. Mupristi panguva Catholic ane zvinokosha zvakwakanakira uye zvinobatsira zvichienzaniswa zvavo ungano. Maererano chitendero Catholic, asi vafundisi anekodzero kuverenga Bhaibheri - ndiko anozviita. Vamwe vakatendeka hakubvumidzwi. Dzechokwadi vaiona chete bhuku rakanyorwa Latin.

Catholic dzidziso kunokonzera kudiwa humwe hurongwa kureurura vatendi pamberi pavapristi. Munhu wose anofanira kuva pachako confessor kwavo uye kuramba kumuudza pamusoro pfungwa dzavo uye zviito. Pasina enderana kureurura hazvibviri ruponeso. Ichi kunoita vafundisi vechiKaturike dawo zvikuru kupinda muupenyu hwedu makwai ake uye kudzora danho ose munhu. Constant kureurura kunoita kereke kuti zvikuru muupenyu vanhu, kunyanya vakadzi.

sakaramende Catholic

The chikuru basa yeRoma Church (munharaunda vatendi muna general) ndiko kuparidza Kristu munyika. Sakaramende vanoonekwa zvinoonekwa zviratidzo usingavonekwi nyasha dzaMwari. Kutaura zvazviri, zvinoita chinosimbiswa naJesu Kristu chii kuita kuti abatsire uye ruponeso kwomweya. In yeRoma ane sakaramende nomwe:

• rubhabhatidzo;
• Kusimbiswa (chisimbiso);
• Chidyo, kana chirairo (First zvokugoverana vaKaturike vanobvuma makore 7-10 Makore);
• Chisungo kutendeuka kuyananiswa (kureurura);
• yokunyanyisa kuzodzwa;
• Chisungo upristi (nokuturika);
• sakaramendi chokuroorana.

Maererano nedzimwe nyanzvi uye vatsvakurudzi vane midzi ndeyemunguva sakaramende chiKristu kusvika yechihedheni zvakavanzika. Zvisinei, pfungwa iyi maonero, nokushingaira vakatsoropodza vafundisi. Maererano ekupedzisira, nomwedzi wokutanga emakore. e. Vahedheni vave akakweretwa kubva dzimwe tsika dzechiKristu.

Ndoupi musiyano kubva makatorike vaKristu Orthodox

Common muna yeRoma uye Orthodoxy ndechokuti vaviri mapazi aya chiKristu, Chechi ndiye murevereri pakati murume uye Mwari. Machechi Vose vanobvuma kuti Bhaibheri ndiro huru gwaro uye nedzidziso chiKristu. Zvisinei, pakati Orthodoxy uye chiKaturike, pane misiyano yakawanda uye kusawirirana.

Both mirayiridzo wekuita nezvokuti Mwari mumwe ari incarnations matatu: Baba, Mwanakomana uye Mudzimu Mutsvene (utatu). Asi kwakabva yokupedzisira ikarapwa zvakasiyana (dambudziko Filioque). Orthodox Vanobvuma "kutenda," iro rinozivisa mudungwe Mutsvene chete "kuna Baba." VaKaturike akawedzera kuti rugwaro, "uye Mwanakomana", iro anochinja ndizvo pfungwa. Greek VaKaturike nezvimwe Eastern dhinominesheni Catholic zvabatwa Orthodox shanduro "Creed".

Vose pevaKaturike Orthodox vanoziva kuti pane musiyano pakati Musiki uye zvisikwa. Zvisinei, maererano canons wechechi nyika zviri zvinhu zvakasikwa. It akasikwa naMwari kubva chinhu. In zvinhu nyika hapana Mwari. Nepo Orthodoxy kunoratidza kuti zvisikwa zvaMwari ndiye musimboti Mwari, zvinobva kuna Mwari, uye saka iye avapo asi asingaoneki mune zvaakasika. Orthodoxy anotenda kuti zvinokwanisika kubata Mwari kuburikidza kufungisisa, t. E. Pedyo naMwari kuburikidza chavanoziva. It haagamuchiri yeRoma.

Chimwe musiyano kubva Orthodox vaKaturike ndechokuti aimbova funga zvibvire kuti kusuma nevanhu vatsva. Panewo dzidziso "mabasa akanaka uye anobatsira" yavatsvene Catholic uye nechechi. On kwayo hwaro papa anogona kukanganwira zvivi boka rake mumiririri waMwari Panyika. Munyaya chitendero riri kuonekwa havakanganisi. Izvi dzidziso rakagamuchirwa muna 1870.

The kusiyana netsika. Sezvo VaKaturike vakabhabhatidzwa

Pane kusiyana mhemberero, kushongedzwa mumachechi, uye zvichingodaro. N. Kunyange munyengetero nzira Orthodox kuita kunyatsoti sezvo vaKaturike kundonyengetera. Kunyange zvazvo pakutanga kutarisa unofunga kuti musiyano mune dzimwe nzira diki. Kuti unzwe kusiyana yomudzimu, mifananidzo miviri iri zvakakwana kuenzanisa, Catholic uye Orthodox. Yokutanga yakafanana zvikuru yakanaka kupenda. In Orthodoxy, mumwe mufananidzo dzvene. Vazhinji ari mubvunzo, sei kubhabhatidzwa pevaKaturike Orthodox? Kana wokutanga chiratidzo chomuchinjikwa nezvigunwe zviviri, uye muna Orthodoxy - vatatu. In dzakawanda Eastern tsika Catholic achiwedzera pamwe napagumwe roruoko, indekisi minwe pakati. Sezvo akabhabhatidzwa VaKaturike kunyange? A nzira ishoma ndiko kushandisa pachena chanza, minwe, inoitiswa zvakasimba, uye vazhinji iri akapeta kurutivi romukati. Izvi inomirira kubudirana pachena moyo Ishe.

Mugumo wemunhu

The Catholic Church rinodzidzisa kuti vanhu kuvaremedza Chivi (kunze wemhandara Mariya), riri munhu wese kubva pakuzvarwa pane zviyo Satani. Saka, vanhu vanoda nyasha ruponeso, iyo inogona kuwanikwa nokurarama kutenda uye kuita mabasa akanaka. Zivo kuvapo kwaMwari ndiko, pasinei kutadza kwevanhu, nyore chikonzero kwevanhu. Izvi zvinoreva kuti vanhu vari kukonzera nezvavaizoita. Mumwe munhu anodiwa naMwari, asi kuguma kwayo iri kutarisirwa Kwekupedzisira. vanhu kunyanya vakarurama uye nokuzvipira vari semunhu kweVatsvene (somusande). Kereke iri mazita pavo. Canonization muitiro inotanga beatification (chargeability kuhondo vavakaropafadzwa). In Orthodoxy, kunewo kunamatwa Saints, asi ruzhinji Protestant masangano vanozviramba.

dzezvivi

In chiKaturike zvakavanakira - yakakwana kana kukwana kusunungurwa womunhu kurangwa zvavo, uyewo runoenzanirana matanho rokudzikinura kwaakaita mupristi. Pakutanga, chinoita kuti pakuwana dzezvivi vakanga vachiita chero mabasa akanaka (semuenzaniso, mumwe outorwa kunzvimbo tsvene). Zvino yaiva mari kune mumwe mari vachida muchechi. Panguva Renaissance, paiva zvakakomba uye kwakapararira inotambudza, raisanganisira kugovera dzezvivi mari. Somugumisiro, izvozvo chagumbura okutsutsumwa uye pakutanga Reformation kufamba. Muna 1567 Pope Pius V yapa Kurambidzwa issuance dzezvivi mari uye zvinhu zvinoreva zvachose.

Kusaroora mu chiKaturike

Chimwe musiyano zvikuru kubva Catholic Orthodox Church ndechokuti zvose vafundisi ekupedzisira anopa mhiko kusawana (kusawana). vapristi veKaturike havabvumirwi kuroorwa uye kunyange kurara. Kuedza All kuroorwa pashure wagamuchira chinzvimbo mudhikoni anofanira akaonekwa ndedzenhema. Kutonga Izvi zvakaziviswa munguva Pope Grigoriya Velikogo (590-604 gg.), uye pakupedzisira anotenderwa chete XI remakore.

Eastern Catholic Church vakaramba pfungwa kusawana panguva Council muna Trullo. In yeRoma okupika kusawana rinoshanda vapristi vose. Pakutanga, vaduku nevakuru chechi vane kodzero yokuroora. Vakawanikwa varume vaigona akagadzwa. Asi Pope Paul VI chakagumisa navo uye akatsiviwa romukova muverengi uye acolyte, izvo zvikanyarara kuti chokuita mamiriro rechina mufundisi weChirungu ainzi. Iyewo akatanga kupfungwa hwose madhikoni (asingadi kuenda mberi mukereke basa vova vapristi). Pakati pavo kungava varume vakaroora.

Sezvo zvagara, varume vakaroora zvinogona vagadzirwa upristi, uyo vatendeukira yeRoma kubva kumapazi akasiyana-siyana Protestantism, apo vakanga kuhondo vafudzi, vafundisi, zvichingodaro. N. Zvisinei, Catholic Church haadi kuziva upristi hwavo.

Zvino fanira kusawana vapristi zvose Catholic inyaya vaitirane nharo. Munyika dzakawanda dzokuEurope, uye United States, vamwe makatorike vanotenda kuti mutemo unoti kusawana zvinokosha kudzima vafundisi nemonashestvuyuschego. Zvisinei, Pope John Paul II haana kutsigira kuchinja kwakadaro.

Kusaroora muna Orthodoxy

In Orthodoxy, vapristi zvinogona akaroorwa kana muchato akanga chibvumirano pamberi kugadzwa kuti upristi kana mudhikoni kuti mirairo. Zvisinei, mabhishopu kungava chete chiduku schema mamongi, vaprista, vakafirwa kana kuroorwa. MuKereke Orthodox mutariri unofanira kuva mumongi. Panguva San inogona akagadzwa chete archimandrites. Mabhishopi anogona kwete kuva vasaroora uye vakaroora vamiririri vafundisi rokunyika (nemonashestvuyuschego). Dzimwe nguva, sezvo zvagara, nokuti vamiririri Mapato aya anogona episcopal kugadzwa. Asi vasati kuti vanofanira kutora rimwe duku yemamongi schema uye kuwana pachinzvimbo chevatatu Archimandrite.

vachinzvera

On mubvunzo makatorike ari Ages nguva, unogona kuwana imwe pfungwa nokuverenga basa kereke nhengo, sezvo Raibvunzurudza. Ndiyo nezvakatongwa kupfungwa yeRoma, izvo akaitirwa kurwisa manyepo uye vanyengeri. Muzana XII remakore, yeRoma akanga atarisana nokuwedzera siyana kushorwa kufamba mu Europe. Mumwe kiyi raiva albigoystvo (Qatar). Pope mabasa kubata navo mabhishopi. Vaifanira kuziva vanyengeri, kutongwa uye kutumira zviremera zvehurumende kuti vatevedzere zviri mutongo. Capital kurangwa richipfuta padanda. Asi mabasa bhishopu akanga asina chaizvo. Naizvozvo, Pope Gregory IX akasika kuongorora mhosva nezvevanyengeri chinokosha chechi nhengo - Raibvunzurudza. Pakutanga kunangana pamberi Cathars, nokukurumidza izvozvo yakapandukira ose vemanyepo kufamba, uyewo varoyi, warlocks, vanomhura, infidels, uye zvichingodaro.

inquisitorial dare

Inquisitors vakanga basa kubva nhengo dzakasiyana-siyana mirairo zvechitendero, zvikurukuru nokuda Republic. Vachinzvera naPapa. Pakutanga, chekutonga inotungamirirwa vatongi vaviri, uye kubva remakore rechi14 - mumwe, asi yaisanganisira magweta, consultants, izvo pakutsvaga mwero "vemanyepo." Mukuwedzera, nhamba dare vakuru vakapinda gweta (nechivimbo kuverengwa), dzidziso, chiremba (kudzorwa ezvinhu mukwirirwi panguva yaiuya), muchuchisi uye kuuraya. Inquisitors vakapa chikamu yokutorazve pfuma Vatsauki, saka kuvimbika uye zvakaenzana roruvanze haigoni kutaura, nokuti zvakanaka kuona munhu mhosva pamusoro pedzidziso.

inquisitorial nzira

Inquisitorial kuongorora akanga mhando mbiri: zvarwo uye pachedu. Pakutanga yakaitwa ruzhinji vanhu chero nzvimbo. In yechipiri dzakananga munhu kuti zvinoda kuburikidza mushonga. Muzviitiko apo akadana haana yake muchechi. Murume akapika mhiko zvainoziva nokutendeka zvose kuti anoziva nezvevanyengeri uye vanyengeri. Course kuferefeta uye kutongwa vakanga mudura gobvu pakavanda. Zvinozivikanwa kuti zvikuru inquisitors vakatambudzwa kuti vakabvumirwa Pope Innocent IV. Dzimwe nguva, utsinye yavo mhosva kunyange nezviremera zvenyika.

Vaipomerwa haana yakashuma mazita zvapupu. Kazhinji, vakanga muchechi, nemhondi, mbavha, nhema - vanhu vane uchapupu haana kurangarira kunyange Panyanzvi matare nguva. The mukwirirwi chakarambwa kodzero kuva gweta. The chete zvinoita muchimiro kudzivirira kwaiva kukumbira Holy See, kunyange zvazvo iri pamutemo warambidzwa nzombe 1231. Vanhu kamwe mhosva neDare Raibvunzurudza, aigona chero nguva zvakare kuunzwa kururamisira. Kubva kuferefeta haana kuponesa kunyange rufu. Kana mhosva akabvuma vakatofa, madota ake vava kubva muguva uye akapisa.

Tsika Zvirango

The pamazita mirango nevanyengeri paakagadzwa nzombe 1213, 1231 uyewo zvokudya Third Lateran Council. Kana munhu akareurura uye kutendeuka chitendero mukufamba acho, vakamutongera kuti upenyu mujeri. The Tribunal anekodzero kudimbudzira upenyu. Zvisinei, mitongo dzakadaro chisingawanzoitika. Vasungwa apo akaramba mumasero vashomashoma, kazhinji shackle, akafudza nemvura uye nechingwa. Mukupera Middle Ages mutongo uyu wakachinjwa mujeri kuuranda ari ngarava. Mitsipa vatsauki vakatongerwa kuti akapisirwa padanda. Kana munhu akanga aisa mutoo isati yatanga pamusoro payo, ipapo vakaisa siyana chechi kurangwa: nezvekubudiswa, mumwe kunonamata panzvimbo tsvene, mari machechi, pachirevo, dzakasiyana-siyana penances.

Post kuchechi yeRoma

Pokutsanya yeRoma iri kurega kunwa, zvose mumuviri nomumudzimu. In chiKaturike, zvinotevera dzakaonda nguva uye mazuva:

• Akapiwa yeRoma. Rinotora mazuva 40 asati Easter.
• Advent. Four yeSvondo pamberi Christmas vatendi vanofanira kufunga kwake kuri kuuya nokusvika uye kuti mune zvokunamata pfungwa.
• All Chishanu.
• Date vamwe mazororo vechiKristu zvikuru.
• Quatuor anni tempora. It anoshandura se "nemwaka ina". Ava mazuva chaiwo sakaremende nokutsanya. The mutendi anofanira kamwe mwaka mumwe kutsanya on Wednesday, Chishanu uye Mugovera.
• Kutsanya pamberi kukumbana. The mutendi anofanira kurega zvokudya kweawa pamberi Komuniyoni.

Zvinotarisirwa pambiru muna yeRoma uye Orthodoxy vari kunyanya zvakafanana.