Nevamwe zvinhu zvinosanganisira kwemitemo ... Economy: zviratidzo kwemitemo

Pfungwa rudzi rokuvaka kwemazana emakore akawanda vakatambudza pfungwa masayendisiti, vazivi uye vezvematongerwo enyika. Zvachose wose aida kuziva chii hurumende iri kunzi "yakanakisisa." In nedanho shingirira mapepa kwesayenzi kuti yakabuda vachinyunyuta udzvinyiriri neruzhinji uye simba mhedziso madzimambo, vakatanga chaiyo yokuti enyika yakavakirwa mutemo. Nhasi, pfungwa "ezvinhu mutemo" hazvishamisi, asi emakore mashoma apfuura, yaiva yokufungidzira chaiye mune zvematongerwo enyika uye mutemo. Muzana XXI remakore, vakawanda kunyika nyika, zvose zvinoitwa kuti vawane musoro "kwemitemo." An dzinonakidza Chokwadi ndechokuti pfungwa iyi ine zvizhinji zvakasiyana-siyana zvinhu uye unhu, izvo dzichakurukurwa zvizere munyaya.

Nhoroondo kukura dzidziso "kwemitemo"

Zvinofanira kufunga kuti pfungwa kwemitemo yakabuda munguva dzazvino, asi ayo chitarisiko kwakanga pashure rose nhevedzano yezviitiko zvinokosha. Saka, tinogona kutaura kukura ruzivo, izvo akapinda dzidziso. Legal Hurumende - a nyika simba kuti mupenyu uye inovaka kwayakaita pachishandiswa dzemunharaunda uye nenheyo mutemo. Pfungwa iyi inotsanangura chete PARTICIPLE yose pfungwa, masayendisiti akawanda havabvumirani nazvo. Nhoroondo mamiriro yomurayiro yakamanikana pfungwa pakugadzwa panguva yaitonga Mambo Hammurabi Mesopotamia. Aiva munhu wokutanga uyo akatanga mitemo yenyu mamiriro. Ipapo nyaya rinotiudza guta yechiGiriki, iyo pave gutsaruzhinji, mutemo weRoma, izvo yaidzorwa sectors zvose zvoupenyu hwevanhu, uyewo yakakurumbira nokumukirana kuMiddle Ages uye ano, umo vanhu wakarwira rusununguko rwavo. Zvinoreva kuti kukura ruzivo pamusoro pemurairo, hurumende yavo ukama rwakatora emakore akawanda. Asi kunzwisisa chii vari zviratidzo kwemitemo, zvakafanira kuti funga nezvedzidziso zvayo dzekare chimiro, yakabuda nguva kubva XVI kusvikira XVIII remakore.

The venguva dzidziso kwemitemo

"Madzibaba" pakati dzidziso maererano Dzhon Lokk, Immanuel Kant, Thomas Hobbes uye Montesquieu. Vaiti nevamwe zviratidzo kwemitemo haisi chete nheyo hwepedyo zvinhu hurumende uye kodzero, asi kuremekedza kuti rusununguko dzevanhu, kupatsanurwa kwemasimba pakati mukuru webazi. With nheyo idzi dzinokosha anogona kuvaka yepamutemo Hurumende vachararama vanhu uye kwete kwaari. Zvadaro, dzidziso yave substantially kunowedzera. Nhasi, ndiwo musimboti masayendisiti akawanda, nokuti zvinoratidza kuti kukurukurirana pakati pehurumende uye kodzero. Zviratidzo kwemitemo kunge nekusimba chokuti zvachose chero nyika - kuchikonzerwa munhu muchikwata pamutemo uye kwete enyika.

Pfungwa kwemitemo

Saka, akapa vapfumi nhoroondo pfungwa kukura, tinogona kusiyanisa yazvino pfungwa rokuti. Legal Hurumende - imwe nyika umo basa zvose zviri pasi zvinotaurwa uye dzepamutemo dzemunharaunda, mitumbi simba mukuru vakakamurwa, zvichienderana masimba avo kudzivirira kodzero uye rusununguko wacho. Zvinofanira kucherechedzwa kuti constitutionalism - ichi chinhu chaizvo chepfungwa kwemitemo. Pamusana kwaari kushandisa nheyo kupatsanurwa kwemasimba uye nezvimwe unokosha nzira pfungwa. mamiriro akadaro ane uwandu zvinhu zvinofanira kufungwa kwete chete munyika ukama, asi aparadzane nomumwe.

3 Key zvemamiriro munhu yepamutemo mamiriro

Nhoroondo dzidziso masayendisiti akaisa mberi zvakawanda mazano pamusoro wayo chikuru zvinhu. Saka, muna dzidziso mutemo nyore uremu. Hatigoni kutaura kuti mumwe kurudyi, uye vamwe vasingadaro. pane zviyo chokwadi nechimwe dzidziso Zvisinei, nevamwe zviratidzo kwemitemo chinoshanda:

• The kwemitemo (legality).
• Kwekodzero dzevanhu nerusununguko.
• The kupatsanurwa kwemasimba kupinda matavi matatu nopindirana.

The chete chinoratidza kwemitemo iri constitutionalism, nekuti mairi rinosanganisa ose zvinhu pamusoro apa.

Kwemitemo

The pakuva kwemitemo iri kwemitemo mitemo. Pfungwa iyi, rakava pakati muchikwata huru inozivikanwa nokuda chaizvo basa mutemo rehurumende. Panyaya iyi, vakuru vanosungirwa kuita mukati masimba paanopuwa kwavari zvemitemo mabasa. Kakawanda, kwemitemo chinosimbiswa munhu zvacho mabasa zvemitemo, izvo murayiro anopa mukuru zviri pamutemo simba pashure mubumbiro. Nheyo kwemitemo rinoitwa nehurumende, wakaenzana zvose pamberi mutemo.

Kwekodzero dzevanhu nerusununguko

Nevamwe zviratidzo kwemitemo zvinoshanda mukana chaiye kudzivirira kodzero dzevanhu, uyewo nzira Kuziva zvayo. vatsigiri Most rwokuzvarwa mutemo vanodavira kuti kunyange kufungisisa voruzhinji kufarira kutyora norusununguko dzevanhu chero nzira hakufaniri kuratidzwa evanhu vemazuva ano. Zvisinei, zvinofanira kusimbiswa nzira zvakasiyana mukunzwikwa "nekodzero dzevanhu" uye avo kutyora. Somuenzaniso, muUnited States achiri kumurango rufu, izvo hakunganzi chinhu yezve kodzero upenyu. Izvi chete wakakura zvikuru mwero chirango vemhosva. Munyika dzakawanda dzokuMabvazuva kweEurope, vanhu vanotevedza chero kuratidzwa kwengochani. Pane dzidziso kuti kodzero uye rusununguko achagara inopiwa kusvika umo vari kuzivikanwa nomutemo yenyika, uye hapana zvakawanda.

The kupatsanurwa kwemasimba kupinda matavi matatu

The musimboti yave zvikuru Kunotangwa kare kumiririrwa "vanababa" pamutemo dzidziso ehurumende (Locke, Montesquieu, Hobbes). Rinoreva dzidziso kuti zvose hurumende simba zvinofanira kuva namatavi matatu, izvo zvachose pasina mumwe. The musimboti chaiva kiyi ano dzidziso wehurumende uye mutemo. Anenge ose nyika, dzidziso iyi akauya upenyu. Chokwadi, vamwe zvigadziriswe pakati nekuita pakati huru mapazi nemumwe kunge yakatanga.

Saka, Paramende kunomiririrwa Paramende, Paramende, National Assembly (munyika imwe neimwe, zita kungava yakasiyana). Varikutonga bazi basa zvikuru mvumo nechepakati muviri, uye dare iri rakatangwa kuburikidza dare wemuTesitamende State.

mamwe zvinhu

Zvinofanira kucherechedzwa kuti nevamwe zviratidzo kwemitemo unoshandawo vanoverengeka zvimwe zvinhu kuti dzisina zvikuru, asi zvinoita basa rinokosha. Somuenzaniso, nenhanho yepamutemo tsika muitiro pakutevedzera kwemitemo dzemunharaunda kuchaenderana (mitemo), sezvo vanhu havafaniri chete kutevedza mitemo iyi, asiwo kunzwisisa chaizvo yavo. Uyewo Pakupindura chii anoti kwemitemo zviripo, zvinokosha kutaura pamusoro yakawiriranwa basa zvose ehurumende uye munhu. Apo mabasa kushandisa chete vagari vanenge kunyimwa kodzero kuvhota pamberi zvinorayirwa nehurumende, izvo zvakananga kutyora rusununguko rwavo. Nheyo constitutionalism uye aakatipa kunoratidzwa pamberi reMitemo - chinokosha hwaro pamutemo ezvinhu yose wehurumende.

Saka, munyaya tichawana kuti zviratidzo kwemitemo. Zvinenge zvose vakanga kamwe chete undeveloped dzidziso, pfungwa. Asi zvino nyika iripo pachishandiswa yokungotaura ruzivo.