Nheyo dzeMitemo yekutonga - Nyaya dzeMutemo wekutungamirira

Mutungamiri (hurumende, hutungamiri) mutemo - imwe yematavi makuru ehurumende. Nokudaro, kushanda kwaro kunofanirwa kuburikidza nemitemo yakanatsanangurwa inoenderana nemitemo yepamutemo, iyo inonzi "mitemo yemitemo yekutungamirira". Panyaya iyi, zvakakosha kuti uzive zvakajeka kuti mazano edzidziso ekutungamira mutemo anorevei, uye chii chinonzi chinoshandiswa kuti chiite.

Nheyo nemabasa ekutungamira mutemo .

Icho chirevo chebasa remurairo chinoreva imwe nzvimbo yehukama, iyo inotonga. Mune mutemo wehutungamiri, masayendisiti anosiyanisa aya mana anotevera:

1. Mutemo wekutevedzera - mutemo wekutungamira unofanirwa "mutungamiri" wemafungiro uye zvisarudzo zveSamende. Iri basa rinopa zviremera zvemasimba simba rokutaura mitemo mitsva uye / kana kuchinja mumitemo muitiro wezuva nezuva wepamutemo uye wevanhu;

2. kodzero - yekutanga basa, nyaya dzekodzero iyi dzinodiwa kubvuma nekuita mitemo yemitemo ;

3. Mutungamiri (iyo sangano) - inotarisirwa pakuumbwa kweimwe nzvimbo yakajeka uye isina tsvina yenyika. Semuenzaniso, nhepfenyuro yemitemo yenyika inosarudza kuti chii chinofanira kuve kuumbwa kwehurumende kana hurumende yega. Nenzira iyo, basa rekubatanidza iro vamwe vezvemitongi vari kusarudza semunhu anozvimirira anogonawo kuiswa pano. Izvi ndezvekuita kuti hurumende ishande;

4. Kuita mitemo - kuchengetedza mitemo yemutemo kubva mukuputsa. Kunyanya zvizere basa iri rinoratidzwa mune izvo zvinonzi. "Kutungamirira".

Kuita mabasa ehurumende yezvematongerwo enyika, sesa rezvemitemo rakagadziriswa, uye mushure mokunge mutemo unogadziriswa, mutemo wose wemitemo, unonzi "mitemo yemitemo yekutungamirira." Inoretically, ivo vakapatsanurwa muzvikamu zviviri: mutemo wepamutemo uye unozivikanwa. Boka I rinotumidzwa zvakajeka sekuti: "kupatsanurwa kwemasimba", nheyo yepamutemo, "kusvibhenekera" (aka glasnost), uyewo kuenzana kwevose vasati vateereri, uye dzimwe nyika, sezvinotaurwa neMutemo.

Mitemo yakasiyana-siyana yemutemo wekutungamirira inosanganisira zvinotevera:

1. Nheyo yekutarisirwa - munyaya iyi, haisi yekutonga kwekutonga chete, asiwo kuomerera zvakasimba nevatungamiri kumitemo yezvematongerwo enyika uye chirango chisingadzivisiki nokuda kwekuda kwechido chake;

2. Nheyo yekubatana kwemitemo yekutungamira - inoreva kuti mutemo wehurumende, unotungamirirwa nenzira inotarisirwa yekugadzirisa , inofanira kusimbisa nzira yakabatana yekutonga kwehukama hwehurumende

Nokudaro, mhedziso inotevera inotevera kuti mitemo nemabasa emitemo yehutungamiri inotarisirwa kugadzirisa nyaya dzekushanda kwehurumende uye kuvimbisa kubvumirana kwezviito zvakatorwa. Munyaya iyo pavanenge vasina hanya, zvigadziro pamusoro pekutungamira kwekuita zvine zvigadziro zvavo zvekuita zvinosvika kushanda.

Nheyo dzehutungamiri .

Kuratidza kuenzanisa nemitemo yezvinyorwa zvebhuku rinofungidzirwa sebazi rezvemitemo, sarudzo yacho ine mitemo yake yekutanga, iyo inowira mumapoka maviri: maitiro akazara uye zvakananga.

Izvi zvinotevera zvinofanira kuenzanisirwa sehurumende yepamusoro: kodzero yekudzivirirwa, kuenzana pamberi pemutemo, kutarisirwa, kufungidzira kusina mhosva, kuenzana uye kuparidzirwa. Asi nheyo chaiyo yehutungamiri huri nemitemo inokosha iyo inongoratidzwa chete yehurumende yemutemo:

1. kutonga uye kuvimbika - iyo nzira inotangwa chete maererano nemitemo yenyika;

2. Uchangamire - hunobva pamutemo wekuparadzanisa masimba uye inotaura kuti vamiririri vemamwe mapazi ehurumende havana kodzero yekukurudzira kushandiswa kwemhando iyi yekuita;

3. Kuwana zvinodiwa nevanhu - munyaya ino sangano uye zvido zvayo zvinonyanya kukosha kupfuura munhu mumwe chete. Pfungwa iyi inopesana;

4. Kubudirira uye hupfumi - nekuda kwekuti kutadza kwehutungamiri hakuiti kudzvinyirira kudzinza rose sevanhu vose kupara mhosva, kurangarirwa kwavo kunoitwa "nenzira isina kuoma". Asi panguva imwecheteyo, mitemo yekutonga, yakaiswa mumutemo mukuru wenyika, inofanira kuonekwa seinokosha.

Kupfupisa zvataurwa pamusoro apa, zvinogona kutaurwa kuti mitemo yemitemo yepamutemo inokosha yepamutemo mitemo yehutano inosanganisira maitiro ehurumende uye mamwe mazano ekushanda kwehurumende dzehurumende.