Nyaya mhenyu: mashandiro anoita nyaya mhenyu. Dzidziso Vernadsky nezvemweya biosphere

Kutsanangura kwemasayendisiti kunze mukati redu, masayendisiti vakatora mazana akawanda emakore. Zvishoma nezvishoma vaunganidza ruzivo akakura yokungotaura uye ndeechokwadi zvinhu. Nhasi, vanhu havagoni kuwana tsanangudzo dzakawanda zvakasikwa kuti vapindire nenzira yavo, kuchinja kana kutumira.

Rei yose zvigadziriswe zvakasikwa kuridza nyika mupenyu, sezvo zvaiva pachena pakarepo. Zvisinei, muzivi Russian, biogeochemist V. I. Vernadsky akakwanisa kusika dzidziso akava hwaro uye anoramba saka nanhasi. Kuti anotsanangura izvozvo, chii nyika yose, chii pane ukama pakati mapato. Uye Chikurukuru, kuti dzidziso iyi chinopa mhinduro yomubvunzo wokuti basa zvipenyu panyika Earth. Inonzi dzidziso sechivako biosphere paNyika.

Biosphere yaro mamiriro

Biosphere musayendisiti zvinganaka achishevedza nzvimbo yose vapenyu uye asiri mupenyu, riri pedyo vachionana, uye pamwe kwavanoita kunobatsira kuti paumbwe dzimwe zvinoumba yacho geochemical hunhu.

Kureva kuti, biosphere zvinosanganisira zvinotevera nemamiriro Earth:

• rezasi chikamu mumhepo kusvikira ozone rukoko;
• hydrosphere zvose;
• lithosphere yokumusoro pamwero - ivhu akaturikidzana yaiva pazasi uye kuti Pasi Pevhu zvichibatanidzwa.

Kureva, ndizvo idzodzo zvose zvinogona inogarwa zvipenyu. Vose zvavo, uyewo, vanomiririra zvachose biomass, unonzi nyaya mhenyu biosphere. Izvi zvinosanganisira vamiririri hwose zvakasikwa uye murume. Properties uye mashandiro kurarama yacho vari determinant iri zvinoratidza biosphere rose, sezvo chaiyo - zvayo chikuru zvinoriumba.

Zvisinei, kunze mupenyu, emit mhando dzakawanda nezvinhu anoumba goko paNyika runoonekwa nesu. Zvinoita akadai:

• biogenic;
• inert;
• biokosnyh;
• radioactive;
• Space;
• vakasununguka maatomu uye zvinhu.

Pamwe chete, marudzi awa kubatana uye vanoumba zvakatipoteredza biomass, zvinhu zvoupenyu naye. Panguva iyoyowo vamiririri poushe zvakasikwa pachavo vane yakawanda rokuchinja paumbwe marudzi akawanda izvi zvinhu.

Kazhinji, zvose akanzi zvinoumba ari biosphere ndiwo uwandu hwezvinhu zvose zvabatanidzwa. kurema Kumbofungatira zvinhu zvakasikwa. Pavanondirwisa vapinda pedyo pamwe, kuita ichitanga simba, zvinhu, kuunganidza uye processing vazhinji yeimwe. Asi chikuru chikwata - nyaya mhenyu. Mashandiro yokurarama kwenyaya vakasiyana, asi zvose zvinokosha chaizvo uye zvakakodzera kuti tirambe kwomuzvarirwo mamiriro panyika.

Muvambi dzidziso yacho biosphere

Uyo akasika pfungwa "biosphere", kuikurukura, muronga uye zvakazara pachena, akanga ane nzira anoshamisa mafungiro, kugona kuongorora uye kuenzanisa zvinhu uye mashoko uye kuzochera musoro mhedziso. Munhu akadaro panguva yaiva V. I. Vernadsky. A mukuru murume, musayendisiti, academician uye nyanzvi, akatanga zvikoro zvakawanda. mabasa ake vava inokosha hwaro hwokuvakira ose dzidziso kudaro kure.

Ndiye musiki yose biogeochemistry. Iye ndiye pakusikwa chicherwa zvekuvaka mujinga Russia (ipapo USSR). vadzidzi vake vakanga kuzivikanwa mune remangwana Russia neUkraine Scientists.

Vernadsky zvakafanotaurwa pamusoro chikuru chinzvimbo vanhu vari makemikari nyika uye mamiriro ezvinhu ari Virtual biosphere kupinda noosphere, vane zvikonzero huitike.

nyaya Living. Mashandiro yokurarama nyaya biosphere

Sezvatakurukura akasarudzwa kumusoro, mupenyu nyaya vaiona mhepo kwePasi anonzi kuva raora kuti zvinenge kuva hwose zvakasikwa. Chaiwo chete nzvimbo vanhu kugara pakati zvose. Zvikonzero ichi chaiva:

• mutengi wacho nzvimbo, pane zvibereko;
• kukura mupfungwa uye kuziva.

zvimwe zvose Vamiririri - ane fuma mupenyu. Mashandiro anoita nyaya mhenyu kunge kwakatanga uye akarongwa ne Vernadsky. Anotora basa zvinotevera zvipenyu:

1. Redox.
2. Zvinoparadza.
3. Transportation.
4. Environment-dzichiumbwa.
5. Gas.
6. Energy.
7. Information.
8. Concentration.

The inokosha kushanda nyaya biosphere mupenyu - gasi, simba uye redox. Zvisinei, vamwe vari Zvinokoshawo, ichipa kuoma dzinotsanagura nekuita pakati kumativi ose uye zvinhu mhenyu goko panyika.

Funga nomumwe mashandiro muudzame kuti tinzwisise zvinorehwa uye chii ndiwo.

The redox basa nyaya mhenyu

It richiratidzwa dzakawanda nokukanganisika transformations zvinhu mukati neimwe muviri mupenyu. Pashure pezvose, sezvo utachiona kuti mhuka huru, kamwe kechipiri maitiro. Somugumisiro, vamwe zvinhu tinoshandurirwa vamwe, vamwe nokuputsa kupinda zvinoriumba nhengo.

Mugumisiro pezvakaitwa dzakadaro nokuti biosphere ndiye paumbwe kuti biogenic zvinhu. Chii yeimwe anogona kupa muenzaniso?

1. Carbonate matombo (nesuko, machena, reraimu) - dzemugungwa tsvina chigadzirwa, mamwe gungwa nenyika zvisikwa zhinji.
2. Deposits ose nesilicon marudzi - kuchaguma emakore siyana zvichiitika mhuka anoshongwa anoshongwa uye pasi pevhu.
3. Coal uye peat - mugumisiro nokukanganisika transformations kuitika pamwe miti.
4. Oil uye nevamwe.

Naizvozvo, nemakemikari - ndiyo hwaro pakusika akawanda anobatsira zvinhu kumunhu uye hunhu. Ndivo mashandiro anoita nyaya kurarama biosphere.

The wevasungwa basa

Kana isu kutaura pamusoro Kuziviswa pfungwa basa pomutumwa, zvakakodzera kutaura kwayo hwepedyo yapfuura mumwe. Zvichitaurwa zviri nyore, wevasungwa mashandiro nyaya mhenyu kuunganidza mumuviri kwezvimwe zvinhu, maatomu ari yeimwe. Zvinoguma paumbwe matombo, zvicherwa uye zvicherwa ataurwa pamusoro.

Wanda munhu nezvezvakanga zvimwe mhando anokwanisa chisikwa ose. Zvisinei, nokuti zvose akasiyana zvakaoma. Somuenzaniso, zvose kuunganidza mumwe kabhoni. Asi kwete muviri wose anokwanisa pfungwa anenge 20% simbi, sezvinoita simbi utachiona.

Mumwe anogona kumbotipa mienzaniso mishoma kuti zvakajeka zvinoratidza basa iri nyaya mhenyu.

1. Diatoms, radiolarians - nesilicon.
2. Ngura notumwe - manganese.
3. Dyarai lobelia inflated - chrome.
4. Plant halophyte - Boron.

Kuwedzera okunze, vazhinji sentient vanhu vanokwanisa rokuumba afa yose kunzwisisa kuti zvinhu.

Gas mamiriro fuma

basa iri nderimwe huru. After gasi Exchange - zhizneobrazuyuschy muitiro nokuda venyama zvose. Kana isu kutaura biosphere seboka, gasi kushanda panyaya mhenyu rinotanga basa chirimwa, izvo zviri nedanho photosynthesis, voritora, carbon dioxide uye kupa kubvisa okisijeni yakakwana.

Zvinokwana chii? Nokuti upenyu vose avo venyama vasiri kubereka pachavo. Uye zvose mhuka, notumwe tupukanana mabhakitiriya akawanda. Kana isu kutaura pamusoro gasi basa remhuka, ndiyo okisijeni zvinodyiwa uye zvakatipoteredza kuti carbon dioxide inobvisa panguva afemeruke.

Izvi zvinoita nevakawanda kutenderera, inova hwaro upenyu. Masayendisiti akaratidza kuti zviuru zvakawanda zvinomera uye zvimwe zvipenyu vaigona chose modernize uye kuchinja kuitika nyika voga. Zvinotevera zvakaitika:

• wevasungwa reokisijeni kuva kwakakwanira upenyu;
• kuumbwa ozone layer iyo anodzivirira zvose zvipenyu nzvimbo kubva inokuvadza uye ultraviolet nemwaranzi;
• mhepo sezvamunoita akava saka chii chinodiwa kuti zvisikwa zvikuru.

Naizvozvo, gasi basa wevapenyu nyaya biosphere uye anonzi chimwe chezvinhu zvinokosha.

senga basa

It kunoreva kubereka uye dispersal ezvinhu zvipenyu munharaunda dzakasiyana. Kune vamwe mitemo zvemhoteredzo inodzora rokupa neyokufambisa zvigadziko venyama. Maererano navo, mumwe nomumwe anotora dzinogarisana. Panewo nemakwikwi ukama kuti anonamata kugarwa uye kugadzira ndima itsva.

Saka, mashandiro anoita nyaya iri biosphere mupenyu - a kubereka uye kugadzirisa, kunoteverwa nokuumbwa itsva zvinhu.

zvinoparadza basa

Ichi chimwe chinokosha kunoratidzwa zvipenyu zviri biosphere. It kunoratidzwa kukwanisa nokuputsa kupinda nyore zvinhu afa, kureva zvokurega upenyu yatinofema. Nepo muviri mupenyu, kune kushingaira kunzwisisa mamorekuru. Apo rufu kunoitika, anotanga chirongwa deconstruction, disintegration kupinda nyore zvinoriumba.

Izvi zvinoitwa rinokosha boka masangano, kunzi detritus kana decomposers. Idzi dzinosanganisira:

• vamwe Honye;
• mabhakitiriya;
• notumwe;
• majemusi uye nevamwe.

mararamiro basa

The chikuru mashandiro anoita nyaya mhenyu Hatingamboti tapedza kana tisina kutaura sredoobrazovanie. Zvinorevei? Takatodzidza hwairatidza kuti kurarama venyama mukufamba shanduka ndakasika pachako mhepo. Chetezvo Vakaita uye zvakatipoteredza.

Kusunungura uye rokunyorovesa pasi chicherwa yeimwe, makemikari nyaya, ivo kusikirwa pacharo chakakodzera topsoil - ivhu. The chete zvinogona kutaurwa pamusoro mvura kemisitiri nyanza uye makungwa. Kureva, zvinhu zvipenyu vakazvimiririra kuumba upenyu hwake ezvinhu. Izvi akaratidza kwayo mararamiro basa iri biosphere.

Information kunoita nyaya mhenyu

basa Izvi wakananga zvipenyu, uye zvikuru kuikurukura ndiko kunonyanya basa sezvo mutakuri ruzivo uye processor Anoita. Hapana zvisina upenyu chinhu hachisi kukwanisa kuyeuka, "nyora" pamusoro subconscious uye kuridza mamwe mashoko ose. Zvinogona chete kuita zvipenyu.

Haisi pamusoro kukwanisa kutaura uye kufunga. Information basa kunosanganisira Chiitiko kuti vachengetedzwe uye kupararira dzakananga seti zivo uye uchapupu nhaka.

simba basa

Energy - ndiko kwainyanya simba, nokuda iyo pane fuma mupenyu. Mashandiro anoita nyaya mhenyu zvinozarurwa kunyanya kukwanisa ironge simba pamusoro biosphere dzakasiyana siyana, kubvira rezuva uye anopera kupisa uye magetsi.

Hapana saka kuunganidza uye kuchinja nemwaranzi kubva zuva asingagoni. Heano kubatana wokutanga Chokwadi, zvinomera. Ivo Sechipanji chiedza chezuva zvakananga pepasi mitema nhengo dzomuviri. Zvadaro kuichinja kwemakemikari simba riwanikwe mhuka. The yokupedzisira ari kutendeuka nazvo-siyana:

• chafariz;
• magetsi;
• zvemaziso uye nevamwe.