Nzvimbo dzekare dzenyika: mazita, nhoroondo uye zvinhu zvinonakidza

Zvinonzwisisika kuti nyika dzakare dzekare dzenyika dzakagadzirwa anenge makore makumi matanhatu apfuura, vazhinji vavo vakanyangarika kubva pachiso chenyika, vachisiya mazita avo muchirangaridzo kune zvizvarwa zvakanakisisa. Asi pane avo pakati pavo avo, kuburikidza nemazana emakore, vakakwanisa pamatanho ose ezvakaitika kare kuti vashandise kune zvisizvo zvichishandurwa uye, saka, kurarama mazuva edu.

The First States of the Ancient World

Nezvekupi uye apo nyika yekutanga yakasimuka sei, vatsvakurudzi havangave nemafungiro akafanana, asi vazhinji vavo vanobvuma kuti, zvichida, yakanga iri nyika yeSumer. Yakagadzirirwa pamagumo e IV century BC munzvimbo yeSouth Mesopotamiya (South Iraq) uye yakavapo kwemakore anopfuura zviuru zviviri, yakanyangarika kubva munhoroondo yezvakaitika kare, ichisiya nzvimbo dzakawanda dzezvivako zvechimiro chayo, yakawanikwa panguva yekuchera. Kufanana nedzimwe nyika dzakawanda dzekare dzenyika, dzakaputsika pasi pekuparadzwa kwevanokunda.

Pakutanga kwemhizha, iyo inotaura, sekutonga, inogara munzvimbo shomanana uye isina vanhu vazhinji. Iyo inozivikanwa, somuenzaniso, kuti pakati pechina chemireniyamu BC kwaiva nevanopfuura makumi mana vavo muNai chete. Pakati peumwe nomumwe wavo waiva guta rakavakirirwa, iro raigara nzvimbo yekugara mutongi uye temberi yevanamwari vakawanda vemuungano.

Vakasimba kupfuura vakapona

Nzvimbo dzekare dzenyika dzakagadzirira hondo isingagumi yekupedzisira, sezvo paiva nevashoma minda inobereka, uye paiva nevazhinji vakakumbira kuti vave yavo. Somugumisiro, hondo dzisingagumi dzakapera, umo mutongi wekune imwe nyika akaita semutungamiri, uye kana aine ruzivo akarayira basa rekudiridza. Basa revaranda raishandiswa zvishomanana, nokuti nekuda kwechimiro chezvombo zvezvombo, kuchengeta nhamba yakawanda yevasungwa yaiva nengozi. Vaiwanzourawa, vachisiya vakadzi nevechidiki chete.

Kuumbwa kweHurumende yekare yeEgipita

Mufananidzo wacho wakashandurwa kutanga kwechina chemireniyamu BC, apo mambo wekudenga akabudirira zvikuru akapinda munhoroondo pasi pezita raFarain Minnes akakwanisa kudzora nyika dzakapoteredza dzakapoteredza. Mazita ematunhu eEkare-kare, akabatanidzwa muumambo hutsva, akaramba achizivikanwa zvikuru, asi akakurudzira hukuru hwakakurumbira hwemazuva ano eEgyptologist anodana Umambo hwekutanga.

Pakati pehurumende dzose dziripo, Ijipiti inonzi ndiyo yakwegura. Nhoroondo yaro inopera kwemazana makumi mana emakore uye inopatsanurwa nevatsvakurudzi muzvikamu zvakasiyana, chimwe nechimwe chazvo chine zvinyorwa zvayo zvehurumende yehurumende uye kubudirira kwezvoupfumi. Iyi nyika yakasiyana-siyana yepharao yakagadzirisa nyika nemhando dzakawanda dzeunyanzvi, iyo yakazopararira kune dzimwe makondinendi.

Armenia, iyo yakabva pakadzika kwemazana emakore

Nzvimbo dzekutanga dzeNyika Yekare, dzakachengetedzwa kusvikira nhasi, nokuti chikamu chikuru chaiva nehutano hwakasiyana hwehuwandu hwevanhu kana ichienzaniswa nezvino. Muenzaniso weiyi ndiArmenia, iyo inotora makore maviri nehafu yenguva yenyaya yacho, asi, maererano nevakawanda vevatsvakurudzi, yakatanga kare kare uye inotangira kuumambo hwekare hweArme-Shubri, hwakanga huri muzana remakore rechi12 BC.

Mumakore iwayo iyo yakanga yakaoma sangano rezviduku asi nyika dzakazvimiririra uye vanhu, vachigara vachitsiviwa. Somugumisiro wenzira yakareba yezvakaitika kare pane zvavakaita, nyika yeArmenia yakaumbwa. Iro zita rehurumende iyi mukutaura kwayo kwemazuva ano kunotanga kutaurwa mune rimwe remabhuku akanangana na 522 BC. Ikoko, Armenia inorondedzerwa senzvimbo iri pasi pePersia uye iri munharaunda yekare yeUrtu iyo yakanyangarika panguva iyoyo.

The Old Iranian State

Imwe nyika yekare yeIran. Nezvenguva yekubuda kwayo, masayendisiti anobvumirana kuti akaumbwa kubva kuElam mamiriro ezvinhu aivapo munharaunda imwechete makore zviuru zvishanu apfuura uye Elam nyika inotaurwa muBhaibheri. Muzana remakore rechinomwe BC, nyika yeIranian yakawedzera nharaunda yaro, yakasimbisa hupfumi uye yakashandurwa kuva umambo ane simba uye ane simba, yakakura kupinda munharaunda yezuva ranhasi Iran. Simba rake rehondo raiva rakakura zvikuru zvokuti munguva yakareba vaMedhia vakakunda kukunda vaAsiriya vasingakundiki kusvikira panguva iyoyo ndokudzinga vavakidzani vavo vakavapoteredza.

Iran, se, zvechokwadi, dzakawanda nyika dzekare dzenyika, nemoto uye nemunondo zvakagadzirisa nzira yaro mune ramangwana. Muchivako chakare-kare mabhuku ekare eIrish - "Avesta" - inonzi "nyika yeAryans". Mhuri, iyo yakazotevera yakawanda yevanhu veIran, yakatamira kune iyo kubva kuchamhembe kweCaucasus uye steppes yeCentral Asia. Kurumidza kufanana nevanhu vasiri vemuAryan vemo, vakanyatsogona kugadzirisa kutonga nzvimbo yose yenyika.

Kubudirira Kwekare Kare

Kunyoresa zvinyorwa zveNyika Yekare, iyo yakagadziriswa zvakakonzerwa nekudarika kwezvakaitika kare, munhu haagoni kubatsira kubatsira kuyeuka China. Maererano nevasayendisiti venyika iyi yekumabvazuva, hupfumi munharaunda yaro yakasimuka kwete mushure memazana mashanu emakore akapfuura, kunyange zvazvo nhamba yezvinyorwa zvinyorwa zvinopupurira kwezera duku zvishoma - zvitatu nemazana matanhatu nemazana emakore. Yaiva panguva iyi, yakatarwa nekutonga kwehukuru hweK Shang, kuti hutongi hwehurumende hwakasimbiswa munyika, huchivandudza nguva dzose uye hunofukidza zvose zvevanhu.

Mamiriro echisikiro eChina, akavakwa mumubhedha wehova Huang He neYangtze, ndivo vakanakisisa pakuvandudza kwekurima, nokudaro vachigadza mararamiro ehupfumi hwehupfumi hwayo. Zvimwe, nyika dzakapoteredza dzeNyika Yakare-kare dzakanga dziri munzvimbo dzine makomo uye dzisina maturo, dzisina kukodzera kurima.

Kubvira pakatanga, China iri kushingaira kutsvaga mutemo une utsinye, uyo, nehutano hwakakwana hwezvoupfumi, hwakabvumira kuti huwedzere zvikuru kuwedzera ndima yavo yakareba kare. Inonyanya kuzivikanwa kuti kukwirira kwaive kwakadini yesayenzi netsika muChina chekare. Kufanirwa kutaura nezvekare kare muzana remakore rechi11 BC vagari varo vaishandisa kendendara yemwedzi uye vaiziva zvinyorwa zvekunyora kwekunyora. Munharaunda imwechete, hondo yakagara yakasikwa, yakasikwa pane unyanzvi, yakabuda munyika.

Chikwata chekuEurope chitubu

Ichi chinyorwa chinonyatsokonzerwa neGreece. Zvinonyatsozivikanwa kuti anenge makore zviuru zvishanu akapfuura chitsuwa cheCrete chakava nzvimbo yekuberekwa yemuitiro wakasiyana-siyana uyo wakazoguma wakapararira kunyika. Yaiva yekutanga kokutanga kuti nheyo dzenyika dzakagadzirwa, hutengeserano uye hukama hwezvematongerwo enyika pamwe nenyika dzeEast dzakasimbiswa, uye rurimi rwakanyorwa mumhando yaro yemazuva ano uye nheyo yemutemo yakaberekwa.

Mamiriro ehurumende nemutemo weNyika Yekare yakasvika pakukwirira kwekukura kwavo kumhenderekedzo yeGungwa reAegean, umo mukutanga remakore rechipiri BC dzakabudirira kubudirira kune izvo nguva dzakagadzirwa. Yakanga yakamirira sangano rakagadziridzwa rakagadzirirwa, rakarongedzerwa nechekumaodzanyemba kwenyika uye kuva nemichina yakagadzirirwa yakagadzirirwa. Iko kweGreece munguva pfupi yakaendeswa kumativi makuru ekuchamhembe kweGungwa Dzvuku, kumaodzanyemba kweItaly neAsia Minor.

Pasinei nokuti zvakaitika kare kare zita reHerlas ndeyeGreece yekare, nhasi vagari vemunyika ino vanoiparadzira kune nyika yemazuva ano, nokudaro vachisimbisa kubatana kwechimiro ichocho chikuru, ivo vagari venhaka yavari.

Nyika inobva kuzvitsuwa

Uye pakupedzisa kwenyaya yacho zvakakodzera kuyeuka chinhu chimwezve, nguva ino nyika yechitsuwa, iyo yakauya munyika yedu kubva munguva yekare, ndiyo Japan. Muna 661 BC, kutonga kwaMambo wake wokutanga, Jimmu, kwakatanga. Basa rake rakatanga nekugadzwa kwekutonga pamusoro pezvitsuwa zvose, izvo zvaasina kubudirira kwete nekumanikidzwa kwezvombo semafungiro ekufungidzira.

Mukufambisa kwayo, Japan yakapfuura nenzira yakasiyana. Apo hurumende dzeNyika Yekare, dzine nhoroondo dzakabatana nehondo, dzakaratidzwa pasi pose uye dzakabva dzanyangarika pasina tsanangudzo, Nyika yeKubuda kwemazana kwemazana emakore yakakwanisa kudzivisa chero humwe hutongerwo hwematongerwe enyika uye hwemagariro evanhu. Pasina mubvunzo, izvi zvaive zvakanyatsotungamirirwa nenzvimbo yekutarisana kwenyika. Kunyanya, ndiye iye akaponesa nyika kubva kuMongolia kupikisa kwakaputika munguva yayo chikamu chikuru cheAsia.

Nyika yakazvichengetedza pachedu

Japan ndiyo nyika chete iyo kwemaviri nehafu yemakumi ekutenderera kwemasimba emumambo inochengeterwa dynastic, uye zvinyorwa zvemiganhu zvinoramba zvisingashanduki. Izvi zvinotibvumira kuifunga kuti ndiyo nyika yekare kudarika, yakachengetedzwa nenzira yepakutanga, kubva kune dzimwe nyika dzekare dzenyika, kunyange avo vakakwanisa kukunda nzira yekare yemakore, vakachinja maitiro avo ezvematongerwe enyika kakawanda.