Organelle - ndiko ... mashandiro, maumbirwo organelles

Organelle - kugara inotungamirwa muchitokisi kuti anoita chaizvo basa. Ndivo vakadanwa organelles. Organelle - zvanzi anobvumira sero kurarama. Saizvozvo semhuka uye vanhu rinoumbwa nhengo, saka sero rimwe rinoumbwa organelles. Vane siyana uye azadzise zvose mabasa kuti zvinopa sero upenyu: ichi ndiwo muviri, uye kuchengetera, uye kupesana.

Ndezvipi organelles?

Organelle - kunzwisisa maumbirwo. Vamwe vavo kunyange DNA yavo uye RNA. In masero ose pane mitochondria, ribosomes, lysosomes, sero centre, muchina (zvakaoma) Golgi midziyo, endoplasmic reticulum (reticulum). Plants dzinewo chaiyo cellular organelles: yacho vacuole uye plastids. Vamwe vanotaura organelles uye microtubules uye microfilaments.

Organelle - ndiyo ribosome, uye vacuole uye sero nepakati, uye vamwe vakawanda. Ngatitorei vanyatsoona marongerwo uye mashandiro organelles.

mitochondria

organelles izvi zvinopa sero pamwe simba - ivo ndivo cellular afemeruke. Vanewo zvinomera nemhuka, uye hunokuvadza. Izvi zviviri cellular organelles vane membranes: zvokunze uye nechomukati, riri pakati intermembrane nzvimbo. Chii mukati goko, inonzi chizvaro. Pane zvakasiyana-siyana makemikari - zvinhu zvakafanira kuti kuwedzera nemakemikari. Yomukati Kamudzira ane pazvirugu - cristae. Zviri pamusoro pavo uye muitiro cellular afemeruke. Uyezve, muna mitochondrial chizvaro riri mitochondrial DNA (cDNA) uye mRNA uye ribosome substantially zvakafanana vaya prokaryotic masero.

ribosome

organelle ichi anokonzera rokushandura kwacho, umo munhu amino acids yacho puroteni synthesized. The nemamiriro ribosome organelle nyore pane mitochondria - isina membrane. organoid ichi chine zvikamu zviviri (subunits) - zviduku. Kana ribosome akaneta, vakabviswa uye kana rwunotanga synthesize mapuroteni - vasanganiswa. Uyewo unogona kuuya pamwe chete uye akawanda ribosomes, kana polypeptide cheni, synthesized nazvo, ndiro chaizvo refu. Chivako ichi inonzi "polyribosomes".

lysosomes

Organelles basa iri mhando vari kuderedzwa kuti Implementation pamusoro cellular kugaya. Lysosomes nhaka mumwe Kamudzira mukati vari makemikari - catalysts nemakemikari. Dzimwe nguva organelles izvi kwete chete akanga ozeyewa zvinovaka muviri, asiwo kugaya yose organelles. Izvi zvinogona kuitika panguva masero mazhinji kutsanya uye hunomugonesa kurarama kwenguva yakati. Kunyange kana zvinovaka muviri vasiri vachiri kutanga kusvika, sero rinofa.

Cell centre: marongerwo uye mashandiro

organelle ichi rinoumbwa zvikamu zviviri - the centrioles. dzidzo ichi muchimiro sepombi, iine microtubules. Cell centre - rakakosha chaizvo organelle. It rinobatanidzwa paumbwe mitotic chokurukisa. Uyezve, ndiye musimboti microtubule sangano.

Golgi mufananidzo

Zviri yakaoma dhisiki serin'i Kamudzira SACS anonzi cisternae. Mashandiro organelle ichi vari kufambira, uye kuita vaunganidze vamwe zvinhu. Synthesized vari kazhinji makabhohaidhiretsi, izvo zviri chikamu glycocalyx.

Marongerwo uye basa endoplasmic reticulum

Zviri richikurukura sepombi uye Homwe takapoteredzwa membrane. Kune mhando mbiri endoplasmic reticulum: kumeso uye mafungu. Pamusoro pemvura, ekupedzisira yaiva ribosome. Smooth uye mafungu reticulum mabasa akasiyana mabasa. The rokutanga anokonzera kwetunhu hormone, kuchengetwa uye kutendeuka makabhohaidhiretsi. Uyezve, pane vari vakaumba zvokuvamba vacuoles - organelles chaicho chirimwa masero. Rough endoplasmic reticulum ine ribosomes pamusoro wayo pechiso, iyo pave polypeptide ngetani amino acids. Zvadaro anopinda endoplasmic reticulum, uye pane aumbwa imwe chesekondari, tertiary uye quaternary nemamiriro puroteni (cheni zvakanaka wakarukwa).

vacuoles

organelle ichi kuti chirimwa masero. Vane chete membrane. Vanounganidza muchitokisi muto. The vacuole zvinokosha kuramba turgor. Ari munyaya nedanho osmosis. Uyezve, pane contractile vacuole. Ivo huri kunyanya unicellular zvipenyu zviri mumvura, uye uve pombi efflux kubva masero akawandisa zvokunwa.

Plastids: marudzi, mamiriro uye mashandiro

It ndeimwe organelle kuti chirimwa masero. Ivo vari vatatu mhando: leucoplasts, chromoplasts uye chloroplasts. Wokutanga anoshandiswa kuchengeta chikafu reserves, kazhinji starch. Chromoplasts ane pigments siyana. Pamusana kwavari, zvinomera siyana petals. It unodiwa nomuviri pakutanga kuti akwezve pollinating nezvipembenene.

Chloroplasts - inokosha plastids. Nhamba huru kwavari iri mashizha madzinde zvinomera. Ivo ndivo photosynthesis - ngetani nemakemikari mubishi iyo muviri inowana Organic inorganic zvinhu. organelles ava membranes maviri. Matrix chloroplasts anonzi "stroma". Rine plastid DNA, RNA, makemikari, uye starch activation. membranous hurongwa muchimiro mari - thylakoids dziri mu chloroplasts. Inside pavo, uye photosynthesis. Rinewo chlorophyll, iyo inoshanda se anowedzera nemakemikari. Thylakoids pamusoro chloroplasts ikashandiswa kupinda murwi wemagazini - grana. Uyewo organelles vari lamellae zviri interconnected mumwe thylakoids uye zvinopa kwokubatana therebetween.

organelle mufambo

Ivo dzinoratidzwa zvikurukuru chete-celled zvinenge. Izvi zvinosanganisira flagella uye cilia. Wokutanga ndiripo Euglena, trypanosomes, Chlamydomonas. Uyewo aripo urume flagella mhuka. Cilia vane ciliates uye nevamwe unicellular zvinenge.

microtubules

Vanopa senga kuti zvinhu, uyewo zvechigarire muchimiro sero. Mamwe masayendisiti anoti microtubules kusvika organelles.