Panguva kwetunhu mapuroteni zvakananga aisanganisira chii zvivako uye mamorekuru?

Protein - zvinokosha zvikuru kuti chero nhengo zvinhu. Ivo vanobatanidzwa mune zvose metabolic dzinotsanagura masero ndiwo Dzokuvaka nhengo uye nyama kushanda sezvo achipa chiratidzo mamorekuru. Panguva kwetunhu mapuroteni avepo kutora makemikari akawanda, uyewo muchitokisi organelles uye neerekitironi.

Matanho mapuroteni usage: Biological Chemistry

Mashandiro mapuroteni mamorekuru kuvaka kwakatooma zvikuru uye kunoda chikuru zvinoverengeka. Peptides rinoumbwa anoverengeka mamorekuru ose amino acids, uye nhamba yavo zvichisiyana ndakasununguka chaizvo-siyana.

mashandiro Yakafanira pakuti mapuroteni conformation pamusoro Morekuru, uye uwandu amino acids wavo akarurama kutevedzana ari peptide. Information pamusoro ichi anochengeterwa DNA urongwa, uye kuvhiringidza yayo nokuda kunotouraya uye zvimwe zvinhu kungaita kuti shutdown kwemapurotini zvinokosha uye masero rufu.

Govera anotevera mapuroteni usage muchitokisi ;

1. Transcription.

2. dzeShona.

Step One: transcription

Panguva kwetunhu mapuroteni zvinobatanidzwa nucleic asidhi mamorekuru zvakananga. DNA sezvo dzigare mairi yokugara mashoko zvose zviri encoded kushandisa zvayo STRUCTURAL nucleotide kutevedzana pamusoro peptide munguva yemberi. Kutanga pakutanga codon (triplet) kuti chinouraya, mashoko ari kuverenga mapuroteni mumwe nucleic asidhi - RNA. Chain chete Morekuru iri Kutamiswa kuburikidza pores muchitokisi musimboti iri cytoplasm.

Kana eukaryotic transcription kwacho hwakazara neerekitironi, prokaryotes ake kusavapo nyore peptide usage. RNA, iyo yakaumbwa pamusoro kwemabhakitiriya chromosome, ipapo chinogadzirwa uye wanamatira kuna ribosomes.

Makemikari kutamba inokosha basa nokuumbwa uye kwetunhu RNA pamusoro DNA template. Mukuita mapuroteni usage zvakananga kwaisanganisira mamorekuru akadai transcription zvinhu, kana TF. Ichi dzakatevedzana mapuroteni kuti unyatsoshanda muitiro kuverenga mashoko kubva kuna deoxyribonucleic acid.

Danho Rechipiri: dzeShona

Apo RNA achipinda cytoplasm muchitokisi kubva chinoumba, mashoko pamusoro Kuronga peptide kuti kuverengwa chaiwo hurongwa. Panguva kwetunhu mapuroteni zvakananga yaisanganisira ribosomes - asiri Kamudzira, duku dhayamita zvivako rinoumbwa subunits maviri: huru neduku. RNA wakaiswa pakati izvi subunits maviri, uye ipapo atanga kuverenga mashoko.

Codon ari codon nokuti akavaka refu mapuroteni mamorekuru yacho pfuti mhando. Izvi zvinotsanangurwa sezvinotevera: mune inosvika mezhribosomalnom wakaiswa maviri chete codon pakarepo. Kana mumwe wavo raverengwa, kuti amino asidhi wanamatira kuti peptide, uye anowira kubva ribosome kuburikidza unokosha buri muchimiro mhando muswe. Izvi zvinoitika sezvo ruoko anodonhedza kubva nepfuti pashure vachiridzira.

Panguva kwetunhu mapuroteni zvakananga yaisanganisira mapoka KANA mapuroteni, kana kudzidziswa zvinhu. Uchibatsirwa wavo, polypeptide usage rinotanga kutanga codon, izvo kazhinji kacho ndiye methionine.

Zvinokosha kutaura kuti amino acids akaiswa kuna ribosomes kubudikidza vatakuri anokosha anonzi tRNA kana chinja RNA. mamorekuru izvi vane chimiro cloverleaf, uye pakupera iyo inobatanawo amino acid, uyewo ATP uye anokosha mapuroteni - aminoacyl-tRNA synthetase. Zvose izvi zvakaoma pamwe chete kunoita imwe simba zvekushandisa chinoumba kununura STRUCTURAL mapuroteni kuti ribosome uye batanidza inotumirwa imwe peptide chisungo.

Ndezvipi nucleotides?

Nucleic asidhi - boka Organic yeimwe zviri Polymers. Zvinosanganisira mumwe purine (adenine, guanine) uye pyrimidine (thymine, cytosine, uracil) zvigadziko. The kutevedzana kwezviitiko nucleotides izvi anosarudza mashoko anochengeterwa DNA kana RNA. ruzivo iri kuverenga ribosomes kubereka mapuroteni, uye kuti nyore Implementation mabasa dzaputswa kupinda nucleotide vatatu. Mumwe triplet inofananidzira amino acids ayo, izvo anonunura tRNA kusvika ribosome.

Kwetunhu mitochondrial mapuroteni

Mitochondria uye plastids vane nevamwe chinhu - vane dzeraundi DNA yavo, kwemabhakitiriya chromosome kwemabhakitiriya dzakadaro. With organelle ichi nucleic asidhi anogona kushanda autonomously synthesize zvavo ruzhinji yacho STRUCTURAL mapurotini.

Zvisinei, mitochondrial DNA haina kuchengetwa mashoko chinhu mapuroteni kuti zvinodiwa nedanho transcription uye shanduro. peptides aya akaungana pamusoro ribosomes uchishandisa RNA kwete mitochondria uye mwoyo. Naizvozvo dvumembrannye Zvivako havasi zvachose akazvimirira.

How mitochondria uye plastids vakawana DNA yavo? Zvinofungirwa kuti organelles idzi vazukuru mabhakitiriya. Ivo Zvisinei vakarasikirwa intracellularly rusununguko,, akauya nechinu annular nucleic acid. Izvi zvinoratidza zvakafanana uye mitochondrial DNA pamwe morekuru prokaryotes yakafanana.

mhedziso

Matanho ose mapuroteni usage chokuita mumwe, uye basa ravo riri kuvaka peptide mamorekuru vachishandisa ruzivo inochengetwa nucleic acids. Pakarepo vatambi zvivako dzakadai neerekitironi ribosomes, uye vamwe unyanzvi mapurotini.

In prokaryotes, ivo peptides kwetunhu muitiro inoitika zvikuru nokukurumidza nokuti kuti vashayiwe mumwe neerekitironi. RNA, iro transcribed mu chizvaro kwemabhakitiriya DNA, ipapo inobatanawo ribosomes, uye ipapo panguva runoyerera zvakare kutepfenyura.