Permanent Revolution: tsanangudzo, pfungwa inokosha hachishandi uye vatsigiri. Leon Trotsky

Chii Permanent Revolution? Ndiani akanyora nezvazvo? On vamwe mibvunzo iyi uye isu achapindura munyaya ino. Zvinofungidzirwa kuti ichi izwi iri akasuma Leo Trotsky. Asi mutauro wokuRussia, mashoko aya akauya ndatenda G. V. Plehanovu, uyo akanyora nezve "kuchinja zvachose" iri yechi12 nyaya "Datebook Social-Democrat" (June 1910). Uyu murume akavamba Social-Democratic kufamba mu Russia. Mune zvaakanyora, akashandisa izwi Karla Marksa (Makore 1918-1883) - kufa Revolution muna Permanenz (risina kumiswa chimurenga) kuti vakwira naye.

chitarisiko

Sei okuti "zvachose chimurenga"? Pakutanga Trotsky muna 1905 akanyora nezve "echimurenga continuum" uye "kuramba chimurenga" ( "The Mavambo" pepanhau, musi November 8). Mashoko okuti "zvachose chimurenga", akatanga kushandisa pashure February 1917, apo mubhurocha, "Chii chakazoitika?" Published mumwe sirogani kuti "zvachose kubvuta masimba pamusoro pakuuraya zvachose!". Muna 1932 akabudisa bhuku rake pamusoro Fani iyi, uye itsva izwi vakatanga kutaura chete pamwe zita Trotsky.

Sezvo kutsvinya, mutsara zvinoreva kwenguva refu nedanho zvinhu, shanduko uye zvichingodaro.

pfungwa

Chii Pfungwa chimurenga zvachose? Dzidziso iyi inotungamirwa basa mupanduki iri underdeveloped uye peripheral nyika. Wakatanga wakatangwa na Shona uye Marx, pashure akarondedzera Lvom Trotskim, Vladimir Lenin, Ernest Mendel nevamwe Marxist dzematongerwe (kusanganisira avo Trotskyist vanyori vakaita Dzhozef Hansen, Michael Levy, Livio Majtán).

mutauro

Sezvo zvachose chimurenga akanga adudzira nokuda havaoni kuti Marxism? Mumufananidzo chaiwo Fani iyi akatsanangura Fridrihom Engelsom uye Karlom Marksom kare 1840 mu "yechiKomonisiti Manifesto" uye "Mharidzo Central Committee of Communist League." The creators pamusoro Marxism vaidavira kuti Implementation munhu democratic-Bourgeois chimurenga, vashandi haana kumbomira kubudirira zvinangwa nyore.

Zvinozivikanwa kuti bourgeoisie anoedza nokukurumidza kupedza kupandukira. Uye proletariat vanosungirwa kuita izvi rukuru sokuvapo tinazvo zvidzidzo hachizobviswi kubva bhodhi kusvikira vashandi havana kuwana mamiriro simba. Friedrich Shona uye Karl Marx vakasimbirira kubvumirana echimurenga kwebasa vanhuwo zvavo uye proletarian chimurenga.

Lenin nezvetsika

By rokuti "chimurenga zvachose" uye kufarira Lenin. Lenin vakati mamiriro ezvinhu ari Russian Bourgeois-democratic chimurenga kunogona kuva rudzi mugovanisi nokumukira. nuance Izvi zvinogoneka tichifunga chaizvo ezvinhu munyika capitalism - Kuwanikwa hunyambiri mhando kusiyana zvose pakati paumbwe kusimukira capitalism uye serfdom residues, uye mukati hurongwa pachayo.

Pakadaro, ari bourgeoisie uye proletariat, akatungamirirwa neMweya echimurenga nebato, chinhu yepamusoro simba chimurenga. Vanhuwo zvavo, anoda kubatsira kupanduka kubudirira zvinangwa zvayo, kunyanya kuparadza landlordism, mutsigiri vashandi.

Lenin pfungwa maonero iwayo kujairika. Aidavira kuti musimboti zveEl kuti Bourgeois-democratic chimurenga munzvimbo mugovanisi mauto ndiwo dikidiki nemamiriro rwekuita kirasi kunhivi kuguma democratic-Bourgeois chimurenga. Akataura kuti kana democratic-Bourgeois proletariat yakapanduka kunoitika kubatana ose vachengeti, ipapo pakarepo kupfuura kune mugovanisi chimurenga vashandi vanofanira chete kumaruwa murombo uye dzimwe murombo, vanomanikidzwa zvinhu. Democratic-echimurenga udzvinyiriri vashandi uye vanhuwo zvavo akasungwa kutora chimiro mugovanisi udzvinyiriri pakati proletariat.

Pfungwa kusanduka Bourgeois-democratic Kupanduka mugovanisi akasikwa 1905 kubudikidza Lenin nemabasa "democratic echimurenga udzvinyiriri vashandi uye vanhuwo zvavo", "Vaviri rinoshamisa evanhu gutsaruzhinji kuDemocratic kupandukira" uye vamwe. Lenin aiona mugovanisi uye Bourgeois-democratic chimurenga sezvo zvikamu zviviri neketani rimwe. Uyezve, vaviri kupandukira vakavaitira sezvo rimwe kosi.

Tarisiro yokupanduka kwenyika

Pfungwa chimurenga zvachose - kudzidzisa anonakidza zvikuru. Zvinozivikanwa kuti paumbwe Lenin Kufungisisa mupanduki kufamba mumaratidzirwo dzemadzinza echimurenga maonero. Akaona kwakakwana kuvakwa gutsaruzhinji zviri pose Anti-imperialist kosi.

In nomumwe mabasa ake Vladimir Ulyanov vanopinda October Revolution ari echimurenga pose chechinyorwa. Kunyange zvazvo, sezvo Trotsky akanyora nhamba mabasa pamusoro Soviet Republic sezvo nyika okupidigura nhare.

Social Democrats tarisa

Pfungwa chimurenga zvachose, ivo Mensheviks vakanga kufarira Russian uye Western magariro democrats. Mukuona kwavo kwakaratidza pfungwa yokuti anoshanda kirasi rairo mugovanisi yokupanduka anoruramisa zvose asiri proletarian makirasi, kusanganisira kupikisana miduku yokuruwa.

Nokuda kwechikonzero ichi nokuda yakunda mugovanisi yokupanduka, kunyanya kuRussia, pashure kuzadziswa Bourgeois-democratic chimurenga anofanira kutora nguva yakareba kusvikira voruzhinji chavagari rikasauya kupinda proletarians uye vashandi musava voruzhinji hurumende. Kana vashandi haisi kukwana, chero zvachose kumukira achakundikana.

Trotsky mafungiro

Mune dzoro yayo maonero tarisiro nezvokumukira zvachose, Trotsky akatsanangura, kugadzirira, muna 1905, dudziro yayo itsva. Chimwe chezvinhu zvinokosha zvikamu pfungwa chimurenga iri dzidziso okukura vasanganiswa. Marxists vasati 1905 vakanga vakaongorora nokuda Implementation of mugovanisi kupanduka akura capitalist nyika.

Maererano Trotskii, mune zvakawanda kana zvishoma yepamusoro nyika dzakadai Russia, iyo ichangobva yakabuda zvachose proletariat muitiro kukura uye maindasitiri, zvaibvira kuti chimurenga nokuda nhoroondo Socialist kusabetsera bourgeoisie dzika democratic-Bourgeois zvinodiwa.

Mune zvaakanyora, Leon Trotsky akanyora kuti enyika kusaita zvinhu nomazvo kuti bourgeoisie kunotemwa zvakananga nenzira ukama rayo miduku yokuruwa uye proletariat. Aiti kuti mukupera Russian nokupandukira haana chete dambudziko dzenguva asi dambudziko kwemarongerwe evanhu maumbirwo rwacho.

Saka, isu kare akazoziva kuti Trotsky - mutsigiri dzidziso chimurenga zvachose. nokukurumidza akatanga kukudziridza nayo mushure October 1917 yemuna. Trotsky akaramba akapedza mugovanisi hunhu kwokumukira, vakarondedzera chete sezvo Danho rokutanga pakufamba mumugwagwa mugovanisi kupandukira kuMadokero uye pasi pose. Akati kuti gutsaruzhinji angakunda muna Soviet Russia chete kana mugovanisi nokupandukira kuva zvachose, kuti rakapinda mu huru nyika dzokuEurope, apo proletariat ndiyo richakunda kuWest kuchabatsira Russian mushandi Musara mukurwisa zvakasiyana makirasi ake, uye ipapo achava zvinobvira kuvaka komiyunizimu uye gutsaruzhinji pamwero wenyika yose. Akaona iri migumisiro yokupandukira nokuda vashoma Russian proletariat uye kuvapo kuRussia chaunga chikuru yokusawirirana kuduku Bourgeois pachisikigo zviyo vachengeti.

Basa vokumaruwa vagari

Kazhinji dzidziso zvachose yaifamba Trotsky akatsoropodza nokuti chokwadi chokuti munyori zvichipomerwa underestimates basa miduku yokuruwa. Kutaura zvazviri, akanga zvikuru kwazvo zvaakanyora anoti kuti vashandi havazokwanisi kuita mugovanisi kumukira, kwete kutsigira vanhuwo zvavo. Trotsky anoti, kuva chete chikamu maduku Russian munzanga yacho, nekubata kirasi kungaita kumukira kuti nekodzero dzevanhu miduku yokuruwa uye pakudaro kuwana kufarirwa varimi sezvo chikamu pokuchinja, mukutsigira iyo zvichava vimba.

Panguva iyo proletariat nokuda zvido uye kuvandudza mamiriro avo vaizotsvaka ezvidzidzo kuchinja kwakadaro echimurenga, izvo achazadzisa kwete chete mashandiro ari Bourgeois chimurenga, asi kutungamirira paumbwe basa simba.

Panguva iyoyowo, Trotsky arikuti proletariat vachamanikidzwa kuti kirasi kunetsana mumusha, kuti kwaizova kutyora kuti nenzanga mhindu, iri zvechokwadi kuwanikwa varimi vose, asi ari pazera diki zvakawanda. Vashandi mune kutanga munguva kwake, kuti vatsvake rutsigiro pavanotaurirana iri kumaruwa murombo kumaruwa vapfumi, okurima proletariat - hlebopasheskoy bourgeoisie.

Kutongwa dzidziso iri USSR

Saka, imi munotoriziva kuti munyori dzidziso zvachose yechimurenga Russia - Trotsky. MuSoviet Union, kudzidzisa kwake akatongerwa panguva plenary purogiramu yacho Central Control Commission of RCP (B) Central Committee uye chisarudzo kutaura Trotsky, iro rakagamuchirwa muna 1925, musi waJanuary 17 uyewo mu "zvichemo pamusoro mabasa yeRussian Communist Party (Bolsheviks) uye Comintern", kushandisa 14 fung chidzidzo of RCP (b) "On fronderskom bloc muna CPSU (b)." Similar mhinduro vave vakagamuchirwa ose Semi-pamutemo Communist kumapati, kuva nhengo Comintern.

Policy wesangano iri China kwakanyatsobatana chikonzero nokuda Classified okuti dzidziso Trotsky raMwari chimurenga zvechigarire uye kutsoropodzwa paitonga Stalin kududzirwa "nzendo echimurenga kufamba." Zviri munyika ino, Chinese Communist Party varayirwa Moscow akaedza kuumba mubatanidzwa pamwe bourgeoisie People - kutanga utungamiriri Kuomintang (musoro Chan Kayshi), asi mushure Shanghai hwokuuraya 1927, kwakaitika nokuda mhosva yake, - Van Tszinveyem ( "Left KMT").

tarisiro of USSR

Sezvo chimurenga zvachose kungakanganisa kukura USSR? Tsanangudzo iyi kwakaita kuti vakawanda vafunge. Vatsigiri okupandukira zvachose kwainzi rokuvaka gutsaruzhinji mune rimwe Russian "vanhu mumwe kuzviitirwa", mumwe kubva chinokosha maonero proletarian yokubatana.

Trotskyists akati kuti kana mune ramangwana mushure October kwebope muna West kuchawanda chimurenga rwekuita kirasi muna USSR vanotanga 'rokuvakazve capitalism. "

Trotsky vakati Soviet Union yakabuda kubva October chimurenga sezvo kushanda nesimba. Re-privatization nzira inoshandiswa chinhu chinodiwa zvimiso mugovanisi kukura. It akazarura mukana nokukurumidza mauto zvibereko. The mudziyo achishanda iyi munyika rwauya mumba chombo bureaucratic mhirizhonga pamusoro vaienda kumabasa, uye zvakawanda - ive chishandiso yokukanganiswa upfumi. Okazonivanie zindoga uye shure imwe nyika vachishanda uye Kushandurwa muboka revatungamiriri ive neropafadzo vanhu vakaderera-simba zvose ndiyo kuoma musoro inoshanda gutsaruzhinji mune imwe nyika chete.

Trotsky akazivisa kuti hurumende yeSoviet, ndiko saka, ari inotyisa kunetsana. Asi yasara nyika iri yazova vashandi '. Ndicho evanhu pfungwa. The Muchiitiko enyika ane multivariate hunhu: kana ari muboka revatungamiriri vanoshamba nyika shure capitalism, tichigogodza pamusoro mhando itsva pfuma, kana kuti proletariat anoparadza muboka revatungamiriri uye kuchaita kuti gutsaruzhinji.

Evolution kudzidzisa

Sei kukura dzidziso pashure peHondo Yenyika II? Dzidziso iyi vakaramba kuva vazhinji vakasiya Marxist theorists munyika Southeast Asia, Western Europe, South uye North America, apo paiva Trotskyist inotungamirwa. In pakati XX remakore paiva kuwedzera Anti-dzayaitonga. Panguva iyi Rechina International Akaongorora shanduka ari echimurenga kufamba munyika dzichiri kusimukira, kunyanya Cuban uye Algerian nokumukirana.

On rimwe congresses of Rechina International muna 1963 nayo chisarudzo "Dynamics wenyika chimurenga nhasi." Vanyori varo vaiva Ernest almond (mutungamiri muBelgian chikwata) uye Dzhozef Hansen (nhengo management US Workers Socialist 'Party).

Chisarudzo waiti vatatu hukuru masimba venyika chimurenga - enyika nokumukira ari akaremara vashandi 'masimba, yaitonga kupanduka uye proletarian yemuna mu capitalist munyika - kuumba yokukakavadzniswa mubatanidzwa. Mumwe nomumwe Mauto izvi kunokanganisa mumwe, uye kudzokera anogamuchira kurudziro huru kukura kana braking yaro yemberi. The kunonoka of proletarian kwebope iri Bourgeois masimba, Chokwadi, wairambidza yaitonga chimurenga itange pamusoro mugovanisi nzira saka nokungwaririra uye nokukurumidza sezvinobvira pasi kumanikidzwa Triumph vashandi dzakabudirira kana rinokunda echimurenga nokupandukira. kunonoka Izvi zvinokanganisa kukura enyika yemuna muSoviet Union, kusanganisira nokuti kuti vashandi Soviet haina kuona pamberi pake muenzaniso multivariate kune pakasikwa gutsaruzhinji.

Bukharin

Shoko rokuti "zvachose chimurenga" Bukharin wo kufarira. Mubhurocha wakayeriswa kuna October chimurenga, kumavambo 1918, akanyora kuti kuwa imperialist hurumende yakarongwa zvose yapfuura echimurenga kare. Akataura kuti kuderera uku uye yakunda rwekuita mukirasi, vachitsigirwa kumaruwa murombo, nokukunda, wakasvinudza pakarepo risingaperi horizons yepasi rose, kwete kutanga ane makemikari panguva. The Russian proletariat yakabvunza sezvo nehasha sezvo nokusingaperi, basa dzakawanda chimurenga. The kunzwisisa rose ukama, dzakatangira Europe, zvichiita kuti zvisingadzivisiki pakuguma. Saka, zvachose chimurenga muRussia ichachinjwa kuva European chimurenga pamusoro proletariat.

Aidavira kuti upfu keg muEurope chakakandwa reropa okuberekwa tochi Russian Socialist kupandukira. Haasi akafa. Anonakidzwa. It anowedzera. Uye vaizongoguma Kubatanidza pamwechete nokupanduka kukuru rworukundo munyika proletariat.

Kutaura zvazviri, Bukharin akanga kure mugovanisi ezvinhu munyika changamire. Munhu wose anoziva kuti yaiva huru theorist ari kurwisa Trotskyism, vari akapfupikisa mukurwisana pfungwa chimurenga zvachose. Asi apfuura, apo magma echimurenga kumukira haana kumbova nenguva atonhodze yakawanda, Bukharin, zvinoitika kwete kutsvaka kuongorora kubvuta masimba akasiyana pane imwe mhosva iyo ari mumakore mashoma aifanira dzinotyisa kurwa.

bhurocha Bukharin kwakaita kwakaitwa Party Central Committee, "Surf." Hapana akataura izvozvo vemanyepo. Mukupesana, vose vakaona mairi undisputed uye pamutemo kuratidza mafungiro Central Council veboka. Bhurocha chimiro ichi ikazobudiswazve kakawanda kwemakore kuuya, uye pamwe chete nomumwe kabhuku yakatsaurirwa kuna February nokumukira, pasi mukuru waiti "Kubva pokuwa autocracy kuti kuwa bourgeoisie", rakashandurirwa mumutauro French, German, Chirungu uye nemimwe mitauro.

Mumakore 1923-1924, vakawanda vakatanga nharo pamusoro Trotskyism. kusawirirana izvi makaparadza zvizhinji chii kwave yakavakwa ne October Revolution, leaked kuti kuverenga namakamuri, mumaraibhurari, mapepanhau uye akavigwa vasingaverengeki magwaro maringe ichikosha mukurusa kukura chimurenga uye webato. Nhasi, zvinyorwa izvi zvine kuvakazve nhindi imwe neimwe, kuyeuka mazuva ekare.

tsika

Saka, munoziva, kuti tarisiro nyika chimurenga iri kuedza chaizvo. In tsika, dzidziso zvachose kubvuta masimba pachake chaiyo kutarira. Pokutsoropodza dzidziso Trotsky, Radek (enyika Soviet) anobatana wake uye "nzira, iyo anotevera pairi." Ichi chinhu chakakosha kwazvo Kuwedzera. Open kukurukurwa 'Trotskyism' iri mubvunzo nokuchenjera zvishoma dzidziso. Asi Radek hakuna kukwana. Ari vachirwa Bolshevik nedzenyu mutsetse mu China. Iye uderedze aizonyatsovachenesa kosi iyi dzidziso nokupanduka zvachose, uye anofanira kuratidza kuti dzidziso iyi kare hoyerera zvakaipa tactical mutsetse.

Radek vaverengi vavo vari kutsausa. Zvichida haazivi nhoroondo pokuchinja, yakanga kumbobvira zvinobatanidzwa pachake. Asi zviri pachena kuti haana havatsvaki mubvunzo pamusoro magwaro.

History haridzimi nenzira yakarurama mutsetse. Dzimwe nguva iye opinda siyana semhinganidzo.