Qualitative kuita kuti makemikari zvinhu anions, cations

Qualitative pakarambwa Organic zvinokuvadza, ions uye cations vanogona kuona pamberi siyana yeimwe vachishandisa anowanika, kazhinji nyore nzira. Vanogona kuitwa pachishandiswa zviratidzo, hydroxides, oxides. Sayenzi kuti vanodzidza zvivako uye maumbirwo chepfu zvakasiyana siyana, anotaurwa so "kemisitiri". Qualitative akadaro chikamu muchikamu rinoshanda nesayenzi ichi.

Kupatsanura pakati inorganic zvinhu

All zvinhu zviri rakakamurwa Organic uye inorganic. Boka rokutanga ndezvaJehovha makirasi aya yeimwe, zvakadai munyu, hydroxides (nechigadziko, asidhi uye amphoteric) uye oxides pano zvinosanganisirawo nyore yeimwe (SІ2, I2, N2 uye mumwe ina chete maatomu akafanana).

Munyu rinoumbwa rimwe nokuo- nga resimbi uye iine acid anion vakasara. The mamiriro asidhi mamorekuru vanosanganisira H + cations uye anions ose acidic residues. Hydroxides akaumbwa cations simbi uye anions muchimiro hydroxyl boka OH-. Zvinoumba oxide mamorekuru zvinosanganisira maatomu maviri zvine maatomu akafanana, mumwe wavo runodiwa Kwezvokudya Nemiti. Vanogona kuva acidic, chikuru uye amphoteric. Sokunzwisiswa yavo rokuremekedza, ivo vanokwanisa nokuumba zvidzidzo akasiyana zvinhu mune dzimwe siyana. Saka, asidhi oxides nokuda maitiro nemvura kuumbika asidhi uye zvinokosha - pakadarowo. Amphoteric, zvichienderana nezvirango, anogona kuratidza ehupfumi vaviri marudzi oxides. Izvi zvinosanganisira simbi, beryllium, aruminiyamu, tini, chromium, kutungamirira. hydroxides ava zvakare amphoteric. Kuti uone kuvapo muna mhinduro-siyana inorganic zvinhu inoshandiswa Qualitative siyana ions.

A-siyana Organic zvinhu

boka iri zvinosanganisira makemikari, mamorekuru mu murwiyo izvo zvaida kuti zvinosanganisira kabhoni uye rehydrogen. Vanogonawo dzine maatomu pamwe okisijeni, Nitrogen, Sarufa nezvimwe zvinhu zvizhinji.

Vari akakamurwa inotevera huru zvidzidzo: alkanes, alkenes, alkynes, makemikari acids (nucleic nuna zvakakangwa, amino acids, etc.), aldehydes, mapuroteni, kwemafuta uye makabhohaidhiretsi. Vazhinji Qualitative siyana pamusoro makemikari nyaya kuitwa kushandisa dzakasiyana-siyana hydroxides. For reagents izvi zvinogona kushandiswa zvakadai potassium permanganate, asidhi oxides.

Qualitative kuita organics

Kuvapo alkanes dzinowanzotsigi- pakutsvaga nzira chokudzingwa. Kana iwe wedzera potassium permanganate, hazvingaiti discolor mbeu. Kupisa izvi zvinhu nomurazvo chiedza rwebhuruu. Alkenes anogona kuonekwa kubudikidza kuwedzera pamusoro bromine mvura kana potassium permanganate. izvi zvinhu zvose zviri rakabuda ruvara nokuda zvokuverengera navo. Kuvapo phenol anogona tsunga nokuwedzera kugadzirisa kuti bromine. Saka anova Hauoneki uye precipitate kuwa. Uyezve, kuvapo fuma anogona kuonekwa pachishandiswa ferric chloride mhinduro iyo kupa Violet mashava ruvara nokuda zvokuverengera naro. Qualitative kuita kuti makemikari zvinhu vari alcohols kirasi Kuwedzera Sodium navo. Panyaya iyi, kuti vakashanduka rehydrogen. Combustion alcohols achiperekedzwa yebhuruu chiedza womoto.

Glycerin anogona kuonekwa Via Cuprum hydroxide. Saka kuumbwa glycerate, iyo kupa mhinduro kubva cornflower ruvara. Anogona kuona pane aldehydes uchishandisa Argentum oxide. Somugumisiro, ichi kuita unobereka wakachena Argentum iyo precipitates.

Panewo Qualitative maitiro pamusoro aldehyde, iro rinoitwa kushandisa mhangura hydroxide. Nokuti kwayo Implementation inofanira neshungu mhinduro. Muchiitiko chino, chinofanira kutanga kuchinja ruvara kuti yebhuruu kune yeyero uye ipapo tsvuku. Mapuroteni anogona kuonekwa nokushandisa imwe nitrate acid. Somugumisiro, rikawira tsvuku precipitate. Kana isu wedzera Cuprum hydroxide, zviri pepuru. Qualitative kuita kuti makemikari zvinhu boka acids zvinoitiswa kushandisa litmus kana simbi chloride. Muzviitiko zvacho zvose, mushonga anochinja ruvara kuti tsvuku. Kana isu wedzera yavaibvisa carbonate kusunungura carbon dioxide.

Qualitative kuita cations

Vanogona kushandiswa kuona kuvapo ari mhinduro pamusoro ions chero simbi. Qualitative bvunzo asidhi vanofanira kuziva nokuo- nga kuti H + iyo Rinowanikwawo sezvamunoita yavo. Izvi zvinogona kuitwa nenzira mbiri: achishandisa litmus kana methyl Orange. The yokutanga isina acidic svikiro Kuchinja ruvara vayo mutsvuku, wechipiri - iri Pink.

The cations pamusoro lithium, yavaibvisa uye potassium zvinogona kupatsanurwa nomurazvo womoto yavo. First anotungidza mu tsvuku, wechipiri - yero, wechitatu - the Violet womoto. Karusiyamu ions aonekwa nzira zvokuwedzera zvinogadzirisa ose carbonates, pakwakanga chena precipitate.

Qualitative kuita anions

Vakawanda vavo - ari kuziva OH- apo unogona kuwana kana pane chikonzero mhinduro. Kuti aite izvi, zviratidzo inodiwa. It phenolphthalein, methyl orenji, litmus. Origin mune zvakatipoteredza ichi anowana naka ruvara, wechipiri - yellow, wechitatu - Blue.