Radioactive simbi uye ayo zvivako. Ndoupi radioactive simbi

Pakati ose okunze periodic ezvinhu, zvikuru ndohwevakadai, iyo vanhu vakawanda vanoti nokutya. Uye sei chingazvitadzisa? Nekuti ivo radioactive, izvo zvinoreva zvakananga pangozi utano hwevanhu.

Edza kunzwisisa chii chaizvo zvinhu kune ngozi uye chii dzinomirira, uye kuziva chii zvazvinokonzera zvinokuvadza pamusoro womunhu.

The vakawanda Pfungwa boka radioactive zvinhu

boka iri zvinosanganisira simbi. Vakawanda vavo, ivo inoiswa periodic ino pakarepo pashure kutungamirira kusvikira ichangobva muchitokisi. Mukuru yokuona nayo iyo unogamuchirwa kuna imwe nhengo boka radioactive - raro kukwanisa kuva imwe hafu upenyu.

Nemamwe mashoko, radioactive kuora - kuchinja zvesimbi chinoumba mumwe, chikamu, izvo pamwe ne akabuda nemwaranzi imwe mhando. Kana izvi zvaitika Vamwe kutendeutsa kupinda dzimwe zvinhu.

Radioactive simbi - ndiye ane kanenge imwe isotope haasi. Kunyange kana yose kwemarudzi kwaizova matanhatu, uye pamwe chete mumwe wavo uchava mutakuri pfuma iyi, yose chinhu ichakurukurwa radioactive.

mhando nemwaranzi

The chikuru embodiments nemwaranzi riri chaibwinya mune decays chainge chakagadzirwa nesimbi ndiwo:

• Alpha-inoramba;
• Beta PARTICIPLE disintegration kana neutrino;
• isomeric Kuchinja (wegamma mwaranzi).

Pane shanduro mbiri nezvokuvapo kwakadaro zvinhu. Chokutanga - wechisikigo, kureva, apo radioactive simbi inowanikwa zvakasikwa uye nyore nzira vakadhakwa nechitarisiko mauto ari dzikwanise zvakasiyana siyana pamusoro nguva (rinoratidza yaro radioactivity decays).

boka rechipiri - iri artificially akasikwa nemasayendisiti nesimbi vaikwanisa nokukurumidza disintegration uye kusunungurwa yakawanda simba mwaranzi. Izvi zvinoitwa nokuda kushandiswa mune dzimwe nzvimbo. Fitting, umo anobudiswa neZvapupu zvenyukireya Zvinoitwa transformations mumwe chinhu kupinda mumwe, wainzi synchrotron.

Kusiyana maviri akasarudzwa hafu nzira-pachena: zvose kacho nomuzvarirwo, asi chete artificially dzikabereka simbi ndizvipe zvenyukireya kuchaita nedanho deconstruction.

Nezvigadziko kunan'anura kufanana maatomu

Sezvo vakawanda chinobatanidza isotopes chete kana vaviri vari radioactive, akatorwa kuratidza kana imwe mhando notation, kwete chikwata yose yose. Somuenzaniso, vatungamirire - kungotadza zvinhu. Kana tinofunga kuti - a radioactive simbi, saka vanofanira kunzi Somuenzaniso, "kutungamirira-207."

The hafu-upenyu pamusoro nezvimedu anogona siyana zvikuru. Pane isotopes iyo iripo mumasekonzi 0,032 chete. Asi pamwe navo pane avo vane mamiriyoni makore kuti kuputsa norudo enyika.

Radioactive simbi: Pamazita

A mazita ose vari mapoka zvinhu zvakakwana kunogona kuva zvinoorora zvakakwana, nokuti zvose hazvina muri simbi anenge 80. Izvi anonyanya zvose, vamire periodic table pashure vatungamirire, kusanganisira boka lanthanides uye actinides. Kureva, bismuth, polonium, astatine, radon, francium, Radium, Rutherford uye zvichingodaro Serial nhamba.

Above akasarudzwa muganhu chinhu yakatarwa wevamiriri, mumwe nomumwe wavo rinewo isotopes. Zvisinei, vamwe vavo vangave chete radioactive. Zvinonzi saka zvinokosha, chii kwemarudzi makemikari maatomu akafanana. Radioactive simbi, kana pane imwe yayo isotopic kwemarudzi vane chinenge nhengo dzose patafura. Somuenzaniso, ndivo:

• karusiyamu;
• selenium;
• hafnium;
• tungsten;
• osmium;
• bismuth;
• indium;
• potassium;
• rubidium;
• zirconium;
• Europe;
• Radium nezvimwe.

Saka, zviri pachena kuti zvinhu kuti aratidze ehupfumi kuti radioactivity, vazhinji - ruzhinji. Vamwe vavo vane njodzi kwenguva refu hafu-upenyu uye akawanikwa zvakasikwa, umwe artificially akasika munhu kuti siyana zvinodiwa mune zvesainzi uye ngozi kwazvo kuti vanhu muviri.

Radium Feature

Zita chinhu kunopiwa ayo akawana - the Curies, Pierre uye Marie. vanhu ava kutanga vawana kuti mumwe isotopes of simbi - Radium-226 - ichi ndicho akatsiga zvikuru chimiro, anonyanya ehupfumi kuti radioactivity. Izvi zvakaitika muna 1898, uye izvozvo kutanga chete chakazivikanwa. Uchida zvidzidzo ake chete kuita madzimai mishonga.

Mabviro ezwi rokuti anotora nemidzi kubva mutauro French, zvinoita pacho sezvinoita Radium. Total 14 anozivikanwa isotopic okunatsiridza yacho chinhu. Asi akatsiga zvikuru siyana vakawanda nhamba:

• 220;
• 223;
• 224;
• 226;
• 228.

Iziviswe radioactivity chimiro ane 226. By pacharo, Radium - makemikari chinhu pa nhamba 88. The mabhomba uremu [226]. Somunhu nyore fuma inokwanisa yokupona. Zvinonzi munhu silvery-chena radioactive simbi ane utsotso pfungwa dzinenge 670 ⁰ C.

Kubva makemikari nemaonero izvozvo akava zvakakwana anokudzwa nezvebasa uye anokwanisa kuita pamwe:

• mvura;
• Organic acids yokuumba igadzikane zvivako;
• okisijeni iumbe oxide.

Properties uye Applications

Uyewo Radium - makemikari Kufananidzira rinoumbwa yaitevedzana munyu. Rizivikanwe ayo nitrides, chlorides, sulfates, nitrates, carbonates, phosphates, chromates. Panewo miviri munyu pamwe tungsten uye beryllium.

Chokwadi chokuti Radium-226 kungava youtano, akawana kwayo Per Kyuri akadzidza pakarepo. Asi ndakakwanisa kuona ichi, kana inoitwa kumwe kuedza: zuva akafamba ane kuyeuka yokumusoro ruoko bvunzo chubhu ine simbi. Panguva pfungwa kunyorerana ganda akazviratidza telephium, kubvisa kuti musayendisiti akakoniwa mwedzi anopfuura maviri. Kubva kuedza avo Chiitiko kuti radioactivity mukadzi asina kusiyiwa, uye saka akafa, zvose kubva guru dose nemwaranzi.

Kuwedzera zvakaipa ukoshi, pane nzvimbo dzinoverengeka umo Radium-226 rinoshandiswa uye zvakanakira:

1. Chakarurama yomugungwa mvura pamwero zvaizopedza.
2. Rinoshandiswa huwandu uranium exchange padombo.
3. Vanobatanidzwa okuvimba wemisanganiswa.
4. In mushonga rinoshandiswa kuti paumbwe zvokurapa radon dzokugezera.
5. Anoshandiswa nokubviswa dzemagetsi mhosva.
6. Narwo akabata vachikanda chinanga uye welded vazvo mashoko.

Plutonium chacho isotopes

chaikosha Izvi rakaonekwa muna forties masayendisiti ari XX remakore American. Wakatanga kure uranium exchange mhangura, pazviri yakaumbwa kubva neptunium. Last iyi nyaya - Mugumisiro uranium exchange musimboti. Kureva, ivo vose chokuita zvikuru mumwe nokuda zvakafanana radioactive transformations.

Kune akawanda akatsiga isotopes yacho simbi. Zvisinei, vakawanda uye anokosha anobatsira mhando ndiyo plutonium-239. Dzinozivikanwa nemakemikari of simbi pamwe:

• okisijeni,
• acids;
• mvura;
• alkalis;
• halogens.

The ehupfumi kuti plutonium-239 muviri mumwe pfava simbi ine utsotso zvokusvika 640 ⁰ C. The chikuru nzira nezvainoita muviri - zvishoma nezvishoma paumbwe kenza, kuunganidza mu pfupa uye induction rokuparadzwa kwavo, zvemapapu chirwere.

Munda kushandiswa - kunyanya indasitiri yenyukireya. Zvinozivikanwa kuti kuora mumwe giremu kuti plutonium-239 iri dzinounzwa mari nokupisa riri akafanana matani 4 marasha chinopiswa. Ndokusaka ichi mhando nesimbi iri zvikuru kushandiswa zvavaifunga. plutonium Nuclear wegiredhi - tsime simba mune zvenyukireya reactors uye yenyukireya mabhomba. Iye rinoshandiswa pagadzirwe zvemagetsi simba okuchengetera mano, ane basa unogona kusvika makore mashanu.

Uranus - kunobva nemwaranzi

chaikosha Izvi rakaonekwa muna 1789 neboka kemisiti kubva Germany Klaproth. Zvisinei, kuongorora zvivako ayo uye kudzidza kushandisa navo uchidzidzira vanhu vakakwanisa chete XX remakore. The chikuru runoratidza ndechokuti radioactive uranium exchange anokwanisa achiumba rwokuzvarwa kuora ari musimboti:

• Kutungamirira-206;
• krypton;
• plutonium-239;
• Kutungamirira-207;
• xenon.

Zvakasikwa, chicherwa ane chiedza pfumbu ruvara, ane utsotso pfungwa pamusoro 1100 ⁰ C. It rinowanikwa mune zvicherwa zvinosanganisira:

1. Autunite.
2. Uraninite.
3. Pitchblende.
4. Autun.
5. Tyuyanmunit.

Kune zvitatu kugadzikana isotope rwokuzvarwa uye artificially synthesized 11, pamwe vakawanda nhamba kubva 227 kusvika 240.

The indasitiri zvinowanzodavirwa kushandiswa radioactive uranium exchange, anokwanisa dziparare nokukurumidza chete kusunungurwa simba. Saka, rinoshandiswa:

• mu geochemistry;
• kuchera;
• Nuclear reactors;
• ari kugadzirwa kwezvombo zvenyukireya.

Sei muviri hakuiti kwakasiyana yapfuura zvakurukurwa - simbi kuwanda kunotungamirira yakawedzerwa nemwaranzi dose uye panowanikwa kenza.

transuranic zvinhu

Unonyanya kukosha simbi, akamira shure uranium exchange mu periodic table ndivo avo kuti akasvinudzwa ichangopfuura. Just muna 2004, chiedza akabuda zvinyorwa achisimbisa kuzvarwa chiedza vanzwe 115 periodic hurongwa.

Vakava kupfuura radioactive simbi kubva zvose zvizivikanwe kufambidzana - Ununpentium (Uup). ehupfumi Its havana kudzidza kusvikira ikozvino, nekuti nehafu upenyu 0,032 mumasekonzi! Funga uye anozivisa mashoko marongerwo uye zvinonyanya mumamiriro ezvinhu akadaro hazvitomboiti.

Zvisinei, ayo radioactivity ndiyo nguva zhinji kupfuura inofananidza pazuva rechipiri pfuma chinhu - plutonium. Zvisinei, kushandiswa mune tsika Ununpentium uye "anononoka" mamwe masoja ake patafura - uranium exchange, plutonium, neptunium, polonium nezvimwe.

Chimwe chinhu - unbibium - hunonzi zviripo, asi izvozvo kushanda masayendisiti kubva kunyika dzakasiyana haagoni kubva muna 1974. Wokupedzisira kuedza yakaitwa muna 2005, asi haana kwechokwadi zvavo kanzuru mishonga.

thorium

Chakazarurwa ari XIX remakore kubudikidza Berzelius uye mazita mwari Odin Thor. Ko zvakaneta radioactive simbi. Nyaya iyi vane mashanu ayo 11-isotopes.

The dzinonyanya kushanda mu simba renyukireya hakutsigirwi kukwanisa emit yakawanda kupisa simba iri kuora. The chinhu kuti thorium musimboti anokwanisa rokutora neutrons uye dzikwanise uranium exchange-238 uye plutonium-239, kwasvika zvakananga uye zvenyukireya siyana. Naizvozvo, kuti thorium anogona kunzi kune boka simbi pasi kukurukurwa.

polonium

Silvery chena radioactive simbi pasi nhamba 84 ari periodic ino. Chakazarurwa neMweya iwoyu zamu vatsvakurudzi kuti radioactivity uye zvose zvine chokuita nacho, mudzimai wake Maria uye Pierre Curie muna 1898. The chikuru chinoratidza fuma ichi ndechokuti ariko pachena anenge 138,5 mazuva. Kureva, ichi ndicho hafu-upenyu simbi.

Zvakasikwa, akawana Zvinoumba uranium exchange nezvimwe ores. Rinoshandiswa sechinhu simba bhuku, uye zvakakwana simba. Zviri inokosha simbi sezvo kushandiswa kugadzirwa kwezvombo zvenyukireya. Nhamba iri zvachose paanogumira uye riri kudzorwa nomumwe ehurumende.

Also kushandiswa ionize mumhepo, kubvisa kunofambira mberi magetsi mumba, iri kugadzirwa nzvimbo Heaters uye nezvimwe zvinhu zvakafanana.

The nezvainoita muviri

radioactive nesimbi All anokwanisa kupinda ganda dzevanhu uye -wedzera mukati mumuviri. Vari chaizvo havaratidzi yabudiswa muna tsvina, regai sokuti ziya.

With nguva kutanga kukanganisa kufema, kweropa, tsinga, kukonzera kusingarapiki kuchinja mavari. Zvazvakaita pamusoro masero, zvichiita kuti kwete kushanda zvakanaka. Zvinoguma paumbwe nyanyisa namamota, kenza muka.

Saka, mumwe radioactive simbi - njodzi huru kuvanhu, kunyanya kana isu kutaura nezvavo wakachena chimiro. Regai kuvabata nemaoko uye kugara navo mumba pasina chinokosha kudzivirirwa.