Raster graphics. Mifananidzo ye raster graphics. Kukanganiswa kwemavara ejeri

Computer maikirwo isingaoneki, asi yakanyatsopinda muupenyu hwedu hwezuva nezuva. Yakarega kwenguva refu kuva mujenya wevasanangurwa. Nguva imwe neimwe, kutumira mapikicha kubva pane kamera yemadhini kumakombiyuta kana kungovhara bhodhi "yega" kuti uwedzere kuunganidzwa yemufananidzo wako unofarira, unoshanda nekombiyuta maitiro.

Ndinofanira kupedza nguva pachidzidzo here?

Kuziva zvinyorwa zvekuti nzira yemufananidzo inoshanda sei, ichaita iwe basa rakanaka. Zvinyorwa pashure pezita refaira zvicharamba kuva kwauri mamwe mararamiro abracadabra, asi inotanga kupa mashoko anokosha. Iwe unokwanisa kusarudza kuti zvifananidzo zvipi kukumanikidza zviri nani, kuitira kuti usasvibisa dhayi disk space, uye usarudze nzira yakarurama yekuita nayo.

Kugadziridza mapepa ako pachako kuchabvawo kubva kune imwe nzvimbo ye "method poke yesayenzi" kune imwe nzvimbo itsva. Uye kune vamwe, kunakidzwa kusina mhosva nemifananidzo iri pachivako zvishoma nezvishoma zvakapfuura uye kuita basa rakakosha.

Musiyano pakati pe raster uye vector maikirwo

Panguva ino, nzvimbo yemakombiyuta inonyanya kushandisa vector uye raster graphics. Izvo zvakasiyana zvakasiyana kubva kune imwe neimwe nenzira iyo inonyora mashoko.

Haisi chakavanzika chekuti data yose mukombiyuta inonyorwa uchishandisa kadhi yebhinari. Nokudaro, chero ruzivo rupi zvarwo, kana runyoro, mifananidzo kana runyararo, rwakanyorwa mune imwe nzira. Kuti uchengetedze vector image, yakakamurwa kuva maumbirwo emakemikari ekugadzirwa kwemashizha, ayo, uyewo, anorondedzerwa nemashoko echidimbu emasvomhu. Nokudaro, somuenzaniso, tsamba "uye" nokuda kwemugadziri wemifananidzo icharondedzerwa nezvikamu zviviri zvakafanana zvehurefu hwakapiwa, izvo zvakabatana nemutsara paakona ye 45 degrees.

Mufananidzo we bitmap wakaputsika nenzira yakasiyana. Iyo kombiyuta inoparadzanisa mufananidzo ichiita seti inonzi pixels, uye inoyeuka ruvara uye nzvimbo ye pixel imwe neimwe.

Kubatsira uye kusagadzikana

Kana iwe ukashanda nemufananidzo wevikorori, saka iwe unogona kuti uwedzere kusvika kune zvishoma. Uye hutano hwechifananidzo hahuna kuratidzwa. Sezvo zviyero zvinopiwa nenzira yejiometric formula, kombiyuta inongodzorera zvakare uye inozadza zvose void nemirairo yakarurama. Somugumisiro, une mufananidzo wakajeka.

Kukanganiswa kwemavara ejw.org kunonyatsoratidza kuti kudzvinyirira (iyo iyo yakawanda inowanzoitika panguva yekuchengetedza faira) inogona kukuvadza zvakanyanya kunaka. Inooneka inonzi "granularity". Zvisinei, iyo ijasisi yejastairi inoshandiswa mumifananidzo yakaoma. Mune vector mifananidzo unogona kugadzira mifananidzo yakajeka chete. Saka ikozvino tichaisa pfungwa pane iyo mafirimu e-raster anoshandiswa.

Applications

Mifananidzo yakadzika inonyatsoratidza zviri mukati mezvinhu zvakaratidzwa. Nekubatsira kwavo unogona kushanda ne halftones uye kushanduka kwakanaka kwevara. Mifananidzo yakatorwa nekamera yemagetsi inoshandisawo mifananidzo yejasta chete. Uyewo iyi fomu inoshumira sechinhu chisingaverengeki mumunda we web design.

Bitmap graphics graphics

Yeuka iyo ruzivo pamusoro pemufananidzo medu matiri yakakodzwa uchishandisa mapeji. The unit of measurement in encoding iyi ndiyo pixel. Ichi ndicho chiduku chiduku chisingagoni kugoverwa kana maererano nemasikirwo ehukuru kana ruvara.

Nhamba yezvikwereti izvi pane imwe nzvimbo inopiwa nzvimbo inonzi kusarudzwa. Pachifananidzo chepamusoro chekugadzirisa (nhamba huru yemadhandiro) tinoona muenzaniso wakajeka uye mararamiro akajeka. Zvisinei, kana chigadziro chacho chiri chiduku, unhu hwechifananidzo unogona kutambura kwazvo (shure kwezvose, kombiyuta inongoratidzira nhamba yepfungwa dziri mumurangariro wayo uye inoatambanudzira kusvika kukura yakakumbirwa).

Iyo faira yefaira inogona kunge yakafananidzwa nemamiriro ekuenzaniswa nemutauro. Kuti uwedzere ruzivo rumwechete mumitauro yakasiyana, iwe unoda nhamba yakasiyana yeetsamba, inzwi nemashoko. Uyewo kakawanda, chivakwa chegiramatic chichasiyanawo. Uye "vashanduri" vanobva kune "mitauro" iyi mumakombiyuta edu mapurogiramu chaiwo anokwanisa "kuverenga" iyo, kana kuti kuishandura kuva maitiro akanaka.

Mhedzisiro huru pakati pezvikwata ndiyo nzira yekuchengetedzwa kwemashoko. Funga zvakanyanya.

BMP

Uyu ndiwo mumwe wemapiyona. Pakave yakagadzirwa, mafirimu eredzi aiva, iwe unogona kutaura, pamidzi chaiyo yehuripo. Vakasika havana kunyanya kushungurudza uye vakaronga BMP kuti iite sequentially yepamusoro pikisendi imwe neimwe. Zvechokwadi, iri kungofananidza, asi nehumwe kurasikirwa kwemavara, sezvo 256 mavara chete aripo muBMP maitiro.

TIFF

Zvinonyanya kuoma pamusana pekuchengetedzwa kwedhijitori, asi inongonyanya kukosha kana kudhinda mashoko. Kusiyana neBMP, inotsigira kukwanisa kudzvinyirira (compress) ruzivo. Uye nokuda kweizvi iwe unogona kushandisa kwete imwe chete, asi maitiro akasiyana-siyana akasiyana-siyana. Zvisinei, kana iwe usingashandisi mubhizimusi rokudhinda kana kuti zvimwe shanduro yekudhinda, iwe haugoni kuve nesimba rakakura remutauro uyu.

GIF

Izvi zvakanyanya kufanana nekushandiswa kwechokwadi (kwevanhu vasiri vadzidzisi). Anonyanya kuzikanwa nokuda kwekushandisa shanduro yehupenyu. Computer graphics, yakaitwa mumutauro uyu, inokubvumirawo kugadzira mifananidzo yakajeka. Zvisinei, hauzokwanisi kutamisa kufamba kwakachena kwemavara. Kazhinji kacho, mafirimu e-raster muGIF format anogona kuonekwa mu web design. Inowirirana nemapuratifomu ose uye akabatanidzwa zvakakwana kuti apedze ruzivo, icho chinhu chinokosha mukukurumidza kokuvhura mapepa eInternet.

JPEG

Iyo yakakurumbira mafaira. Uye zvakakodzera chaizvo. Vose vanyori vanofananidza mafirimu ejasta pasina mubvunzo vanotsigira iyi mafomu. Yakanga yakagadzirirwa chinangwa chakanaka-kubvisa kukanganisa kwakagadziridzwa nekunyorwa kwefaira maGIF. Iko kushandiswa kwegorgorithm mune iyi maitiro kunosvika chimwe chezvikamu zana. Ichi chiratidzo chikuru. Zvisinei, kudzvinyirira kwakadaro kuchiri nezvine zvipingamupinyi zvayo - kumwe kurasikirwa kwebasa kunowanikwa, uye zvinogoneka kuti mufananidzo wakachengetwa uchave wakanyanyisa. Sezvo ichi chimiro chinongorasira ruzivo rwavanofunga sechinhu chisina basa, pane nguva dzose njodzi yekukanganisa mamwe mashoko.

JPEG 2000

Shanduro yakagadziridzwa yepurogiramu yekare. Mashoko pamusoro pechifananidzo chacho akaomeswa kunyanya kugadzikana, uye kurasikirwa kwehutano kwakanyanya. Kazhinji kazhinji iyi iyi mafashoni inoshandiswa kuchengetedza mifananidzo pane dhirairi yekombiyuta uye paInternet. Zvisinei, zvinofanira kurangarirwa kuti kana iwe uchidzoka zvakare mufananidzo wakafanana muzvikwata zve JPEG kana JPEG 2000, zvicharamba zvichirasikirwa nezvidimbu zvezivo, uye pakupedzisira uchawana mufananidzo wakaipa zvakakanganiswa uchienzanisa neyakatanga.

PNG

Zvinonzwisiswa zviri nani muhutano hwevamwe GIF. Kuchengetedza zvakanakira zvese zvekugadzwa kwake, iye anoregererwa nezvikanganiso zvake. Inoshandiswa pakusangana kwechifananidzo uye web page yakagadzirwa. Mukuwedzera, PNG, kusiyana neGIF, inowanikwa zviri pamutemo.

PSD

Raster graphics mu format PSD inongororwa chete muAdobe Photoshop. Iyi ndiyo yepakati yepurogiramu iyi. Inotsigira basa nematanda emufananidzo wakagadziriswa.

CDR

Izvo zvakare inopinza mukati meCorel DRAW raster graphics program . Kazhinji, purogiramu iyi inoshandiswa nemagetsi ekugadzira mapikicha kubva pakatanga. Asi basa rokugadzirisa hapana mubvunzo rinotsigirwa.

Vatungamiri ve-raster graphics

Uye zvino zvishoma nezvemapurogiramu anoshanda nekugadzira mifananidzo.

Inonyanya kuzivikanwa pakati pevashandi panguva ino ndiyo chirongwa cheAdobe Photoshop, mune vanhuwo zvavo vanonzi "Photoshop" chete. Izvi zvakagadzirwa, chaizvoizvo, zvakagadzirisa basa nemifananidzo yeRaster mumamiriro ekugadzira nyanzvi. Zvisinei, purogiramu iyi inobhadharwa uye haina mari shoma. Nokudaro, kukura kweimwe makambani yakatanga kuonekwa. Zvimwe zvacho zvatove zvakashandiswa zvikuru.

Kana iri "Photoshop", haina kuchinja kudiwa kwayo. Izvo zvinyorwa zvepurogiramu yacho zvakajeka, uye mumitambo yakasiyana-siyana yezvikamu uye zvidzidzo hapana kushayikwa.

Mu "Photoshop" haugoni kungoita collage yemifananidzo kana kuwedzera kumufananidzo zvakavakwa mumigumisiro. Mabasa akajeka epurogiramu iyi anogona kuve akajeka zvikuru kwazvo, uye izvi zvichazarura musuo wekudzivirira kusingadzorwi kwefungidziro. Iwe unogona kugadzirisa kukanganisa kwekunze, kugadzirisa ruvara gamut, shandura ruvara uye mazhinji akawanda.

Graphical editor yeGIMP

Kana iri mapurogiramu akasununguka, iwe unogona kurumbidza nekuchengetedza GIMP. Uyu mufananidzo wegadziri anokwanisa nyore nyore kudhinda "untwisted" Photoshop ". Inonyatsopindirana nemabasa ose anodiwa pakugadzirisa mifananidzo ye raster, uye ine mamwe mabasa ekutanga ekushanda ne vector graphics.

Purogiramu yeGIMP inokubvumira kutora mifananidzo yakazara uye yakazara, inobvisa nyore nyore zvinhu zvisingakoshi kubva mumufananidzo uye inogona kushandiswa kugadzirira mapurogiramu ekugadzira unyanzvi. Computer graphics yakagadzirwa nehurongwa uhwu, inotarisa uye yakasununguka inopindirana mumifananidzo yose.

Graphic editor Corel DRAW

Zvingava zvisina kunaka kupfuura zvigadzirwa zveCorel. MuCorel DRAW, iwe unogona nyore kushanda nemadzimai maviri uye vector mifananidzo. Mikana dzechigadzirwa ichi dzakawanda kwazvo zvokuti kuongorora kwechirongwa Corel DRAW kunowanikwa mumutambo unomanikidzwa wegadziriro yezvigadzirwa zvekugadzira mujiji.

Iyi purogiramu inobhadharwa zvakare, uye arsenal yemishonga yayo inozadzikiswa nekunonoka nguva dzose. Asi, pasinei nemikana yakawanda iyo ino mifananidzo yemupepeti inopa kumushandisi, iyo intuitive interface inoita kuti basa rifadze.

Free image editors

Uye nemashoko mashomanana pamusoro pezvirongwa zvimwe zvekugadzira mifananidzo. Muzviitiko zvakawanda, vanonyatsopindirana nekukumbira kwevashandi vekushandisa, uye nzvimbo uye zvigadzirwa pamakombiyuta enyu zvinotorwa kakawanda zvishoma. Uye kushanda navo kunowedzera nyore, sezvo iwe haungakanganwi nechisarudzo chekusarudza pakati pemhando dzose dzebasa, chinangwa chacho chinoramba chiri pachena.

Kana uchida mifananidzo isina kujairika uye yakawanda, edza kushandisa purogiramu Funny Photo Maker. Ikoko uchawana zvikamu zvakawanda zvepakutanga uye zvinonakidza zvinooneka.

Kune mamwe mabasa akakomba Picasa achaita. Iyi mharidzo yakarodzwa kuti ishandiswe mumakombiyuta. Zvinhu zvayo zvitsva zvinokubvumira kunyatsogadzira mapeji ako mumagariro evanhu. Uye iyo yakavakwa nemigumisiro yekugadzirisa haina kuodza mwoyo kunyange nyanzvi yevanyanzvi.

Imwe chirongwa chinonakidza ndiPaint.NET. Izvo zvakafanana zvikuru muzvinhu uye zvigadziri kuAdobe Photoshop. Uye zvishandiso zvinoshandiswa muPaint.NET zvinogona kukwikwidzana zvakanyanya neyeyo mutengesi wezvokutengeserana.