Tactical chombo "Tochka-U": unhu

Musi waJuly 29, 2014, nhau yeAmerica inobudiswa CNN yakaudza nyika yose kuti ballistic missile "Tochka-U", yakatangwa munguva yehondo dzaitungamirirwa neUkraine, yakanga isingayambuki muganhu wenyika. Zvichida izvi ndizvo zvairehwa neshoko rinoshamisa. Sei paigona kuva nekufungidzira kuti chinangwa chekugadzirwa kwacho chingava chinhu munharaunda yeimwe nyika? Ndeupi? Uye kana chinangwa chacho chaiva muUkraine, sei uchishandisa misoro yeBercist kuti iiparadze? Pane mibvunzo yakawanda ...

Chero zvaive, asi zvakanyatsoitika nekuda kwezviitiko izvi, vanhu vose vaifarira muhutano hwakaoma "Tochka-U".

Diplomatic incident

Imwe yemibvunzo mikuru yaive yakawanda sei iko kukanganisa kwakaitwa apo missile inotarisirwa kuchinangwa? Kuti uzvipindure, zvinokosha kuti unzwisise chimiro chemhando iyi yezvombo.

Hondo Yemauto eUkraine yakabva yakazivisa kusabatanidzwa kwayo, ichidaidza kamwechete zvikonzero zvitatu zvaisakwanisa kuita kudaro. Chokutanga, hapana mitsetse yeblastistic munhare ye APU. Chechipiri, havana kusvika kupi. Uye chechitatu, uto reUkraine harina kushandisa. Zvadaro, pamutungamiri weUnited States Dhipatimendi, musangano wevamiririri vake nevatungamiri veRussia vekune dzimwe nyika Lavrov yakaitika, apo iyo yekupedzisira yakazovimbiswa zvakare kuti kupisa kwacho kwakanga kusiri kuendeswa munharaunda yeRussian Federation. Chiitiko chacho chakange chapera, kunyange zvazvo "Tochka-U" missile, zvichida, iri muchikwata cheuto reUkraine, yakakodzerwa zvakananga kune tsanangudzo yezvisinganzwisisiki "zvombo zvakakwana" iyo Prime Minister Yatseniuk akaedza kutya vatungamiriri veDemocratic People's Republic of France neLNR. Zvichida, APU, pachena, haina chinhu chakanyatsojeka.

Zvechokwadi handina kukwanisa kupinda chero chinhu. Asi izvi hazvirevi kuti kwakanga kusina kuedza. Nyanzvi dzemauto dziri kuvaka mafungiro akasiyana-siyana akasimba, achiwana zvimwe zvakafanana pakati pekubudirira kwekuratidzwa kweIsrael missile kurwisa neSiriya missile kudzivirira system uye chiitiko ichi. Inonyanya kuzivikanwa ndeye shanduro inoenderana neiyi maUkraine "Tochka-U" zvombo zvinopfurwa neRussia zvidziviriro zvehurumende. Zvinyorwa zvinoratidza izvi hazvisi, asi mamwe mazivikanwa anozivikanwa anoratidza izvi.

Saka, rudzi rwei rocket iyi uye rwakabva kupi muUkraine? Ndeipi uye kupi kwaibudiswa? Makore mashoma ndeapi? Ndezvipi zviratidzo zvemarudzi aya? Izvo zvinofanira kuiswa sei uye ndezvipi zvakasikwa? Ndezvipi zvehondo zvingatakura? Ndiani anokwanisa kutarisira izvi zvakaoma?

Nyaya ino ichapindura mibvunzo iyi nezvimwe zvakajeka uye pasina tsanangudzo isina kukodzera.

Nzira dzeTactical uye a modified military concept

Zvose zvombo zvenyukireya zvakakamurwa kuita zvikamu zviviri zvikuru. Zvombo zvinoshandiswa, zvombo zvenyukireya zvepasi pemvura uye nguva refu-mhirizhonga zvinotakura zvikwereti zvinoshanda kuti zvive nehuwandu hwakanyanya, hunokuvadza kuhupfumi hwenyika yevavengi kana mhirizhonga yenyika yose. Asi panewo zvigadziri zvishoma zvishandiso zvinogadzirisa mabasa emutambo wepamberi-dzinonzi tactical. Nokuda kwezvinangwa izvi muna 1965, injini dzeSoviet kubva kuKoe "Fakel" dzakagadzira dombo "Tochka". Akange ane unhu hwakanaka, asi pakupera kwemakumi matanhatu makumi matanhatu ivo vakanga vasisipo kugamuchira zvido zvehondo. Apo paishandiswa hondo ye nyukireya, kutendeseka kwakanga kusina basa, asi panguva iyoyo kuchinja kwakaitika mune imwe nyika mitemo yakakanganisa maitiro edzidziso yekudzivirira. Strategic simba dzakapiwa basa rekudzivirira pasi rose nekuchengeteka kwenharaunda yekuvimbika kwenyika yekambani yevanhu, asi nhamba yemakakatanwa emunharaunda yakawedzera. Pfungwa yekushandiswa kwemhosva dzakakosha munguva yeVietnam kana yeMiddle East hondo inogona kunge yakashanyira mumwe munhu, asi, nerufaro, pasina. Basa rezvombo zvekare rinowedzera, saka, raifanira kuwedzera zvakanyanya kunyatsorurama kwekurova chinangwa. Uye panguva imwe chete, uye wedzera huwandu. Basa racho rakapiwa ku Design Design yeMashini. Sangano rekuvanza rine zita rakaderera raitungamirirwa naS S. P. Invincible. Surname kutaura.

New rocket

Izvo zvinyorwa zvinyorwa zvemuenzaniso wekare wemisasa zvakaendeswa kuMSC kubva kuMKB "Fakel". Zvinhu izvi zvakaratidza kuva chinhu chakakosha zvikuru chebasa racho, rakachengetedza nguva yakawanda nesimba. Zvikwata zvizhinji, magungano uye maitiro zvakachengetedzwa, rudzi rwekuyera mubhedha iyo "Tochka" rocket yakashandira. Mumuenzaniso mutsva, mamwe magadziri, kusanganisira gasi-jet, akavhiringidza kuora mwoyo, unyanzvi hwekutonga uye hutungamiri hwakashandurwa. Somugumisiro webasa rakaoma rejiniya muna 1968-1971, kuvandudza kwakakomba mukushanda kwakaitwa, apogee uye perigee yakawedzerwa. Uye-zvinonyanya kukosha - kurova chinangwa chakava chakarurama. Iko kuedzwa kwakaitwa paKapustin Yar Cosmodrome, uye muna 1973 Komisheni yeHurumende yakagamuchira zvinyorwa. Mugumo wakatanga. Zviratidzo izvi zvakaitwa paVolgograd Barrikady Plant (kutanga-kutonga uye maitiro ekugadzirisa) uye Votkinsk Machine-Building Plant (iyo misoro yega). Mune mutsara iyo nzira yakaenda kumiti yezvigadzirwa zvinorema muPetropavlovsk. Mukuwedzera, mirairo yezvikamu yakasarudzwa pamabhizimisi akasiyana-siyana ekudzivirira munyika yose. Kugamuchirwa kwepamutemo kwebasa kwakaitwa muna 1975, vaive vakagadzirirwa masimba emunharaunda.

Kuwedzera kwemazuva ano ekuoma kwakaoma kwakaitika pakati pemakore makumi masere. Mamiriro ezvinhu akasiyana-siyana emamiriro okunze ekushanda akatorwa, nokuti mamwe maedzo akawedzerwa muTransbaikalia neCentral Asia.

Tictical missile "Tochka-U" (yakadaro ndiro zita idzva rechimbo ichi) rakavakwa muguta reVotkinsk.

Point-P uye mitsva yenhungamiro itsva

Kutanga kwekutanga kwakatanga muna 1971, kwakagadzirwa nevekambani vekufekitari. Kwemakore maviri, kukanganisa nekugadzirisa kwekupedzisira kwekutsanangurira kwedhidhiro yakagamuchirwa kuhurongwa hwehurumende yakaitwa. Unhu hwakanyatsogadziriswa mukuru wekutumwa. Kusiyana kubva pane chinangwa chakanga chisina kudarika mamita mazana mashanu nehuwandu hwemakiromita gumi nemashanu uye kusvika makumi manomwe.

Izvo zvinangwa zvitsva zvirongwa zvakare zvakavandudzwa. "Pano-R" ingashandisa musoro usina kutarisa kuti utarisire mafirimu uye radars, iyo yakawedzera huwandu hwekushandiswa kwayo uye yakabvumira kushandiswa kwezvombo izvi kubvisa muvengi wezvidziviriro zvemhepo kana kuora mwoyo kwemauto ehondo nekutaurirana maitiro emuvengi. Nechinzvimbo chekuparara kwemahekita maviri, kururama kwakawedzera - ikozvino kwaiva mamita makumi mashanu.

Idzi dzaiva zviratidzo zvakanaka.

Kusarudzwa

Kushandisa kwezvombo zvemauto kunoreva kukwanisa kurwisa zvitsva zviduku, izvo mauto anonzwisisa mashizha makuru uye makuru, mahofisi makuru, mahofisi ekukurukurirana, zvivigiro, zvivako zvekuchengetedza, zviteshi zvezvitima, ports uye zvimwe zvivako zvekugadzira izvo zvinonyanya kukosha zvehondo.

Panguva imwecheteyo, ukuru hwechinangwa chakadaro haugoni kudanwa kuti chiduku. Iko kunokonzerwa ne-ballistic missile (kunyange iyo duku) mune imwe sarudzo yakasiyana, ngarava, ndege, helikopta kana motokari yemotokari haigoni kuenderera mberi. Iyo inoshandiswa inoshandiswa pamusoro penharaunda, iyo iyo yose nhumbi dzehondo dzakasiyana-siyana dzakarwa dzakagadzirwa.

Panguva iyo Soviet Army yakagamuchira Tochka-U missile, vagari veUSSR vakaziva nezvehugandanga hwepasi pose zvikuru kubva purogiramu "Time", uye kunyange panguva iyoyo chete apo vaitaura nezvemamiriro ezvinhu muUlster. Zviitiko zvemakumi emakore achangopfuura zvave zvichiratidza kuti chigadziro ichi chinogona kubatsirawo pakurwisana maitiro ekudzivirira, kunyanya, kuparadzwa kwezvigadziro zvevarwi uye mapoka avo okudzidzisa. Asi hapana chakanga chiri kushandiswa kweMikoropu yeTochka-U yekupfura panzvimbo dzekugara dzemaguta kana misha. Chero zvazvakarurama, hazvibviri kukwanisa kukunda kusarudzwa kwemapoka evanhu vakakombwa nevanhu.

Nenyika nemvura

Idambudziko pacharo harigoni kutanga nemutambi. Nzira yacho inofamba, ndiyo korona yemotokari dzinoverengeka, nhamba yayo inopesana zvichienderana nebasa racho. Chokutanga, tinoda mutezi, uyo anonyatsobudisa kutanga kweTechka-U missile. Asi kwete nekuda kwepfuti rimwe chete kwakagadzira zvinetso! Iyo PU inotevera kamukomana inosanganisira mhepo yekudhura uye kutakura, foni yefoni uye chekuchengetedza uye musangano wekuchengetedza. Nzira idzi dzinotakurwa muzvigadzirwa zvakakonzerwa zvakagadzirirwa kuchengetedzwa kwakachengeteka kwezvombo. Mushandisi wokugadzirisa une zvigadziriswa nekugadzirisa uye kudzikinura midziyo. Iyo midziyo nemichina yakagadzirirwa kutarisa kuvimbika kwenheyo nemauniti. Chinenge chinhu chose chinopiwa nokuda kwekuitika kwemamiriro asina kunaka.

A mafuta refueler inongodiwa chete kana pane kufamba kwemarefu marefu (kupfuura 650 km - ndiyo simba rinodzivirira). Iyo ngarava inowanikwa mufekitari, inenge ine injini yakasimba yefurairi.

Iyo yakaoma inogona kufamba kwose kwose, kunyange pamvura. Nhanho yemugwagwa wakanaka ndeyemakiromita makumi matanhatu / h, pamapurasi - kusvika pamakiromita makumi mana / h, munzvimbo dzinotyisa - 15 km / h. Apo magetsi emvura anoshandiswa, magetsi achakunda chigumbuso chemvura pamhanyire 8 km / h. Iyo motokari yemotokari ndeye makiromita zviuru gumi.

Special charges

"Point-U" inonzi ballistic missile. Zviratidzo zvaro, kunyange zvinyanyisa kudarika zvezvigadziriswa zvemhuka, zvakakosha kuifunga kuti inogona kunge inotakura mutoro wepamusoro. Nezwi iri , mauto anonzwisiswa senzira yekuparadza kukuru, nyukireya uye makemikari. Kuti urove muvengi, iwe unoda hutungamiri musoro huri, iyo inonziwo chirwere chekutengesa chiteshi. Tictical missile "Tochka-U" inogona kuve yakagadzirirwa zvombo zvenyukireya zvichienderana neidiwa rinoputika simba. Nokudaro, chikamu chikamu che 9H39 ine trotyl yakaenzana kusvika kusvika zana zana, uye 9H64 ine kusvika mazana maviri.

Paunenge uchishandisa maserekireya akasiyana-siyana, anokwanisa kugadziriswa nemusasa "Tochka-U", nzvimbo yekukuvara (yakasimba), yakayerwa kubva kune epicenter, ichava pamusoro pemakiromita imwe nehafu.

Kuita maitiro emakemikari hondo, hondo 9N123G uye 9N123G2-1 inopiwa, ine 65 sub-zvikamu zveB muhuwandu hwe60.5 uye 50,5 kg maererano ("Zoman").

Zvibvumirano Zvisungo

Izvo zviyero zvekuparadza zvombo zvakakura. Hondo yepamusoro-soro kuparadzanisa zviito 9Н123 "inopa detonation ye 162 kg yeTTT, iyo inoparadzira anenge anenge gumi nemashanu fragments. Nokuda kwechiitiko chikuru, kugadzirisa kwekupedzisira iyo "Tochka-U" rocket inoita inokosha. Nharaunda yekuparara kusvika mahekita matatu anopiwa nekuputika kwemhosva kune imwe nzvimbo yemamita makumi maviri shure kwekutsvaga kubva pamagetsi ekutengesa kusvika kune hurumende yepamusoro. Iko kusanganiswa kwekoni yezvimedu zvakapararira kunoshandiswa kuwedzera chikamu chekombodha.

Iko 9N123K katekesi musoro rine makumi mashanu ezviyo (imwe neimwe inorema makirogiramu masere), yakaputirwa nezvinhu zvinotyisa zvinenge zvichisvika 16,000. Imwe yemakatekete inomiririra mifananidzo yegrenade yakazara yevarwi, inongova yakakura. Zvombo izvi zvinoparadza zvinhu zvisina kudzivirirwa munzvimbo inosvikira mahekita manomwe.

Izvo zvinogonawo kushandisa shanduro ye "Tochka-U" kuparadzira mabhuku anotsamwisa.

Technical details

Nokuda kwechigadziriswa, hazvikoshi kwete chete huwandu hwomhanya wehupenyu, asiwo huwandu. Kana zvisina kudaro, muvengi achakwanisa kuswedera pedo zvokuti haazogadziriswi, uye saka zvakanyanya kuipa. Nzira yechipfuva chakakosha nemakiromita gumi nemashanu kubva pamakiromita ndiyo nzvimbo duku kudarika iyo "Tochka-U" (ballistic missile) inogona kupfura. Nzvimbo dzekudzidzira dzichava dzinotevera: kureba - kusvika ku 26 000 mamita, kukwira - 9800 kN, nguva yejini - kusvika kumasekonzi makumi maviri nemasere. Zvadaro kuenderera kunofamba nebhasikiyo.

Kana chinangwa chiri kupfuura-kure, ipapo zviyero zvichave zvakasiyana. Iyo yakakwirira zvikuru (apogee) ichaderedzwa zvikuru. Maminitsi maviri nemaseremanana missile ichakunda 120 km - iyi ndiyo nzvimbo yakakwirira ye "Tochka-U" missile.

Kuti iite kubudirira kupfura, zvakakoshawo kuti kuendeswa kwevarwi vehondo kunonoka. Vashandi vakanyatsodzidziswa vauriridzi, vane vanhu vana, vanogona kutamisa dambudziko kubva kunotakura kusvika kurwisana nemamiriro ezvinhu mumaminitsi gumi nematanhatu, ndizvo zvakaita. Kana kudiwa kwekutanga kuchizivikanwa pachine nguva, ipapo maminetsi maviri chete mushure mekusunungurwa komurairo kuti uitange ichabudiswa. Hondo yehondo inenge inenge hafu yegumi inobhururuka ichienda kune chinangwa. Nhanho ye "Tochka-U" missile inosvika khilomitha imwe chete pamusi wechipiri,

Rudzi rumwe rwezvombo rwakagadzirirwa kugadzirisa mamwe mararamiro emabasa, ayo, zvichienderana nemamiriro ezvinhu chaiwo, anogona kunge akawandisa. Chimbo ndechimwe chechigadziro, pane dzimwe nguva chinofanira kuva chakasimba kwazvo uye chakashata, uye mune mamwe mamiriro ezvinhu zviri nani kushandisa chimwe chinhu chisingaoneki uye chakaoma. Tactical ballistic munitions, pasinei nekukwirira kwakakwana kwechinangwa chekutsvaga, haigoni kuisa pachena kusarudzwa kwekukundwa, saka, munzvimbo dzine vanhu vakawanda, havawanzoshandiswa.

Kushandisa tactical application

Iyo Tochka-U missile, iyo inoshandiswa kunyoresa isingapfuuri makiromita zana, inonyatsokodzera kuparadzwa kwemisasa uye zvigaro zvegandanga zviri mumakomo kana murenje. Munguva yekutanga kuparidzira muChechnya, yakashandiswa nokuda kwechinangwa chayo, sezvo Jenerali G. N. Troshev akanyora mubasa rake-memoirs (bhuku racho rainzi "Chechen Break"). Mazano ekushandisa zvombo izvi anofunga kuti murairo une ruzivo rwakavimbika uye zvakarurama zvinoratidzirana. Ruzivo rwakadaro munguva yedu runogona kugoverwa nenzvimbo yekugamuchirwa (kana zvichienderana nemamiriro okunze akakodzera pamusoro pemaitirwo emabasa uye kusavapo kwemakore kuchivanza nzvimbo yebhodhi). Hazvisi zvachose uye kushandiswa kwemamwe magwaro, kana akawanikwa kubva kune imwe sangano rinoshandiswa vane ruzivo mukushanda nemavara mapepa.

March 2000, pedyo neguta reKomsomolskoye ... Zvinonyatsozivikanwa kuti munharaunda iyi ibasa revarwi. Chinhu chacho chakasimbiswa zvakanaka, chiyero chekuchengetedzwa kwakadaro kuti kana dutu richiedzwa, kurasikirwa kukuru kwevashandi hakugoni kuitika. Pedyo nemusha, uyo, zvechokwadi, haagoni kuparadzwa. Kuputika kwe "Tochka-U" missile yakavhara nzvimbo yakachengeteka, uye simba rakagadzirirwa rakaguma risati ravapo, kusambopinda muhondo, iyo yakanyatsogadzirirwa. Mabasa akafanana akashandiswa nemaitiro emashandisirwo emamwe mapoka ekutanga, kuderedza kurasikirwa nekuwana kubudirira kunoshamisa, uko chikamu chinokosha chaive chidzidzo chakanaka chekuverenga.

Izvo zvakafananidzirwa zvepamusoro zvakaratidzwa nevashandi veRussia kugoverana panguva yezviitiko zve 2008 mu South Ossetia. Syrian servicemen vari kuita zvakanaka chaizvo nemabasa akadaro, kudzvinyirira kurwisa hurumende. Zvinangwa zvavo zvinowanzova magandanga munzvimbo yerenje.

Ukraine haigoni kuzvirumbidza nezvakarurama zvakadaro. Zvombo izvi "Tochka-U", zvakatorwa kubva munyika ino neU.SR, zvingave zvakapedza upenyu hwavo hwemafuri (makore gumi). Muna 2000, panguva yekudzidzira paGoncharov Range, kutangwa kwakatangwa, izvo zvakaita kuti kufa kwevatatu uye kukuvadzwa vashanu vagari veBrvarov (Kyiv region). Hondo yakashandiswa pakudzidzisa, pasina mari, kana zvisina kudaro paigona kuva nevazhinji vakaurayiwa.

Kugadziriswa kwekuoma

Control midziyo "Point" rakanyatsojeka yakaoma kunzwisisa. Kuwana anodiwa zvinodiwa anotora yakawanda, uye panguva imwecheteyo, kunyange kana vakawanda akanaka ezvinhu (usamhanya kubva pasherefu upenyu, unyanzvi kukarukureta uye kusavapo basa nokushorwa muvengi) yakarohwa vimbiso izere kubva pakutanga pakutanga-uko. The chombo "Tochka-U" mukuru-zvakarurama chombo hachisi. Nyanzvi dzinoti migumisiro yakanakisisa inogona kuitwa pamwe nokubudiswa anoshongwa mina, mumwe chiri zvikuru fungidzira kuti panopera iri ballistic trajectory achava mukati nharaunda wezviuru metres kubva chipfuro. Zvinofanira kufungawo kuti zvinodiwa nguva kubva pakatsaurirwa kukura kunzwisisa ichi zvachinja. Kushandiswa "pfungwa" kurwisa mauto, evapanduki anopamba kushanda pedyo nemisha, kwete chete mapenzi asi tsotsi, kunyanya kupiwa yakaderera zvinodiwa kuti chitundumuseremusere Masvomhu.