The chikuru kushanda World Bank, chidziro, muchinangwa yose upfumi

Zvezvisarudzo nomukurumbira uye pamwero mukuru dzakawanda dzemari masangano - the World Bank. Mabasa sangano iri kunozivikanwa nenyanzvi sezvo zvikuru kubva nemaonero ane mwero kusimudzira upfumi hwenyika. Pakati kiyi mabasa World Bank - kubatsira kusimukira mune kuvandudza muenzaniso National upfumi. Kuti abudirire kugadzirisa izvi uye zvimwe zvinetso nemamiriro World Bank akasika dzakawanda masangano. Chii specificity yavo? Sei chinozoiswa ari WB basa?

General ruzivo pamusoro World Bank

Imhandoi sangano - the World Bank? Zita rizere marongerwo uye mashandiro - kupfuura zvadziri zvinokosha? The World Bank (The World Bank, World Bank) - iri yemarudzi urongwa zvemari, izvo rinobatanidza zvinoverengeka zvakasiyana masangano.

Maererano paruzhinji data, kuratidza mabasa World Bank, chikuru basa kubhengi - kukwidza pachiyero zvoupfumi pakati rinoti kuburikidza nokuvapa zvemari rubatsiro kubva kunyika dzakapfuma. The sangano akasikwa 1945. Chekambani kumuzinda iri mu Washington.

WB mamiriro

Funga chaizvo kuti masangano vanoumba World Bank mamiriro. In pokuongorora urongwa zvemari zvinosanganisira:

• IBRD (International Bank kana Zvokuvakazve uye Development);
• Ida (Association, musoro okukura nyaya);
• IFC (International Finance Corporation, kana);
• MIGA (Agency, izvo dzakabatwa - mari inopikira);
• ICSID (pakati chokuita kugarwa munyaya mukati yechinangwa mari muzvirongwa).

Masangano aya chakagadzirirwa States muna zvikwereti kudiwa panguva kutengeka rates, uye mune zvimwe zviitiko - vasiri kufarira kubereka. Nemiwo yaimutsigira nyika vachibatsirwa kwaanoita. kupa zvakakodzera hanya mamiriro ari WB - upfumi mazvake, privatization, anodiwa kuchinja mune dzidzo, utano, kwezvivako kuvandudzika.

Ngatichiongororai huru mashandiro World Bank.

WB basa

Vanotsvakurudza kuona zvavo unotevera siyana:

• mari basa (kunyanya munyika dzichiri kusimukira, munzvimbo dzine utano uye dzidzo);
• kubvunza kutsigira hurumende dzenyika pamusoro ezvoupfumi nyaya, Analytical basa;
• kuvandudza urongwa mabasa zvemari;
• nhume basa (ari hurumende ichiisa mari pakati dzakabudirira uye zvoupfumi nenhendashure nyika).

Saka, kudzokorora zvemari mamiriro inoita basa rinokosha nokuda yose upfumi. Ndipo World Bank mashandiro zvinokosha kubva nemaonero ane mwero zvoupfumi hwemazuva inoti. Funga zvino, nokuda WB ari pakutevedzera navo Zvipi zvigadziriswe. Unogona kufunga nyaya iyi iri akapoteredza mabasa masangano dzataurwa pamusoro apa, chine World Bank. Ngatitange pamwe IBRD.

Specificity pamusoro IBRD

The World Bank kana International Bank kuti Zvokuvakazve uye Development - urongwa iyo, kunze World Bank, uyewo pasi wenharaunda yaitongwa UN. mabasa akawanda World Bank vari chinozoiswa pachishandiswa musangano. Kutaura zvazviri, World Bank - ndiwo musoro World Bank mamiriro. Zvinogona kucherechedzwa kuti tsika yakatangwa kare, chaizvoizvo, World Bank, muna 1944. International Bank nokuti Zvokuvakazve uye Development yakavhurwa mushure Bretton Woods Conference. Chinangwa chacho pakagadzwa kwaiva kukurudzira apore munyika vakatambura muhondo zvoupfumi.

Munguva 50s World Bank akatanga kuita mamwe mabasa ose World Bank, akati nesu pamusoro - kunyanya kupa zvikwereti kuti dzichiri kusimukira. Mumakore 90 wacho wakakodzera mhando sangano rakatanga kupa zvikwereti kunyika dziri kuchinja, kuti zvoupfumi. Specificity pamusoro IBRD zvikwereti - kwenguva refu. Zvikwereti sangano rinopa Kwenguva inenge 15-20 makore. Financial yesangano of Bank vari inoumbwa nhengo mari yechikoro, uwandu iyo hunotsigirwa quotas vamwe nhengo inoti.

Specificity pamusoro Ida mabasa

Chimwe Chimiro chinokosha basa mashandiro World Bank - naIda uye International Development Association. It yakaumbwa muna 1960. Chinangwa chacho pakagadzwa kwaiva kugovera zvinyoronyoro zvikwereti pamwe kwenguva refu mari - makore 40-50 - inoti dzinoratidzwa pasi kwevari zvoupfumi. Somuenzaniso, muna 1961, sangano asarudza kuti ape nyika runoenzanirana zvikwereti muIndia, Chile, Honduras uye Sudan. Ida kwete chete inopa zvikwereti kuitira kubatsira hurumende munyika ine pasi azvipire zvoupfumi, asi kunosimudzirawo aina nhumbi kubva dzakabudirira kuti dzichiri vaya. Ndirwowo basa of naIda - the Implementation-siyana evanhu zvirongwa. Vimba chikwereti kubva naIda vari States izvo havagoni kushumira zvikwereti musi IBRD mazwi. Kubvira pakutanga kwayo, sangano rakapa zvikwereti anodarika mabhiriyoni 90 US emadhora.

Ko IFC?

IFC kana International Finance Corporation - vamwe zvivako zvinokosha, izvo zvinosanganisira World Bank Group. Its basa ndeyevanyori kupa zvikwereti havi maindasitiri munyika yakaderera azvipire zvoupfumi. Chinangwa chikuru sangano - kukurudzira mari mumabasa munyika dzichiri kusimukira, kuvandudza upenyu hwevanhu vanogara maari. Zvikwereti kubva IFC wakabudiswa private emakambani, izvo zvinoratidza nhamba zvakanaka panyaya profitability. Credit nguva - mukati mumakore 15. Nokuti zvose nguva yawo basa sangano rakapa zvikwereti zvinopfuura mabhiriyoni 20 US emadhora.

Features mabasa MIGA

Chii kunyanya mbiri nokuda World Bank - marongerwo uye kushanda sangano nokururamisira akanaka paradzanisa pakati akasiyana masangano. Pakati masangano anokonzera chisarudzo hombe Vhoriyamu mabasa mumunda mari - MIGA. Zvarinoreva? MIGA, kana International Investment Guarantee Agency, anobata inishuwarenzi pakati nhengo upfumi kubva siyana dzisiri zvokutengeserana njodzi, uyewo Consultancy basa kukurukurirana pamwe nehurumende. MIGA anokurudzira Kukwezva guta kuti kusimukira kuvandudza mashandiro avo oupfumi.

Nengozi kuti sangano nyanzvi ongorora, anogona kuratidza chaizvo kuti mari rokushandura, kuti kutorerwa private pfuma, political kusagadzikana. MIGA anokurudzira kugadzikana zvemari Rwako kuti kusimukira, uyewo makambani 'kuziva pamusoro mari mubhizimisi tarisiro vari nhengo upfumi. Pakati huru zvishandiso MIGA - zvinovimbisa. The sangano kubva pakutanga kwayo vakaapa munokosha kupfuura mabhiriyoni 17 US emadhora. Kubatsira masangano kusimukira rakakundwa oupfumi munokosha kupfuura mabhiriyoni 50 US emadhora.

The chaizvo of ICSID

Kudzidza chaizvo kuti unhu marongerwo uye mashandiro anoita the World Bank, iva nechokwadi kuti kuongorora zvinhu mabasa ICSID, kana kuti International Center Settlement kuti Investment Kusawirirana. Sangano iri rinokurudzira dziviriro, kuita zvakasiyana zvido vamwe pakati mari muzvirongwa mukati iripo pamutemo maitirwo ezvinhu. ICSID ari vaiita non-upfumi hunhu kubviswa nezvipingamupinyi zvinobvira kuti pematanho nesungano pakati hurumende uye mabhizimisi munyika nedanho pamwe dzakawanda. Vaiona tsika zvokurimisa mabasa ayo kuburikidza zvenhengo huru mbiri - conciliation uye aruramisire zvekufamba. ICSID services - vanobhadharwa, nekupinda navo - iri yokuzvidira.

Zvinoumba WB zvikwereti

Tiri kudzidza chaizvo zvikwereti kuti anopiwa kuti chinangwa kugadzirisa matambudziko huru mukati kukwanisa nemasangano dzakadai World Bank - kusimukira vane lagging upfumi. The sangano rinopa zvikwereti zviviri mhando dzinokosha. Chokutanga, hazvina inivhesitimendi Credits. Vari akagovera chinangwa nemari maindasitiri sectors pakati upfumi kusimukira, uyewo mune dzimwe zvikamu hupfumi hurongwa zvinokosha kubva nemaonero kugadzirisa zveupfumi matambudziko. Chechipiri, ichi zvikwereti chinangwa, kutaurirwa kukurudzira enyika kukura. gadziriro yavo inoda States kuitisa zvakakodzera kuchinja.

kubvunza rutsigiro

Mune zvimwe zviitiko, World Bank anogona kuita mabasa kuti chaizvoizvo airarama svitsanisa pakati mamwe masangano mari kana makambani uye hurumende kunyika vanoda mari. Somuenzaniso, kuti vawane zvinodiwa zvikwereti mamiriro mune zvimwe zviitiko kungava nokuda kwekugara zvinoenderana upfumi hwavo uye nevezvematongerwo enyika zvimwe zvinodiwa kuti Lenders vanoda kuona. The World Bank inogona kwakabatana, saka Assisted Hurumende kuti Implementation zviyero zvainanga kuwana zvaidiwa National zveupfumi uye nevezvematongerwo enyika anodiwa zvinodiwa.

Nzira the World Bank Group

The chikuru mirayiridzo yemabasa World Bank, zvose munda zvikwereti gwara, uyewo mune Consultancy mabasa, akanyorwa ari oga gwaro - Strategy nokuda WBG. mabviro Izvi kushanda sechinhu chinokosha pa pamwe World Bank pamwe chete Hurumende of States, anonzwa kudiwa rubatsiro rwemari. Strategy panguva imwe chete riri gadziriro. Dzinenge mabasa World Bank munzvimbo kutsigirwa kune mumwe States kwakashanda, kwakavakirwa dzakananga pemhando upfumi hwayo uye zvematongerwo enyika.

Manyuko mari

Saka, takadzidza vamwe kiyi zvinoumba nesangano rakaita World Bank. Decoding uye mashandiro anoita sangano, tiri inozivikanwawo. Tichave zvino kudzidza ichi zvinoumba mabasa World Bank sezvo vachisimudza mari mari mabasa. Izvo zvinyorwa unoshanda sangano iri dzakawanda?

Pane dzakasiyana kukwezva WB mari kukura uye Implementation ose anokosha mabasa. Somuenzaniso, nokuti IBRD zvikwereti kuti kusimukira, chakakodzera mari akamutsa kuburikidza kutengesa kusungwa rurefu Rating. Chimwe bhuku, kubatanidzwa mabasa World Bank - guta, iro akapinda nhengo nyika dzesangano. Izvi zvekuvaka iri kusashanda kuti mitoro chokuita SERVICING muzvikwereti chikwereti kuna World Bank. At dzinoshandiswa World Bank vanewo guta kuchengeterwa iri uwandu anopfuura mabhiriyoni 193 US emadhora. On zvekuvaka ichi tsika, sangano asati kushandiswa, asi ane kodzero dzakadaro.

The World Bank nemamwe masangano dzakawanda

Saka taidzidza anokosha zvinhu munguva World Bank. zita Full uye kushanda tsika, tiri inozivikanwawo. Zvinganzi kuti World Bank - rakasiyana nesangano rwayo? Izvi pamwe wechokwadi. Asi pachine anoverengeka makambani dzakawanda, vane mabasa vane chaizvo zviratidzo zvakafanana ne mabasa World Bank kuti. Funga mimwe mienzaniso.

Kunyanya, mumwe napedyo the World Bank vane nerevane weOPEC. Chokwadi kuti chikamu chinokosha nhengo rinoti ari Organization Petroleum kwekurasira Countries vari kukura. WeOPEC mabasa kungaratidzwa, kunyanya kukurudzira pave upfumi hwavo kuburikidza maitirwo ekisipoti-yakasimbiswa kuti yakakodzera mhando mbishi zvinhu pamusoro misika nyika.

World Bank uye IMF

Nerevane muchinangwa yose upfumi, World Bank iri zvakakwana pedyo nevaya IMF (International Monetary Fund). Masangano aya vakabatanawo ndechokuti vaviri - makasimba kuti azodzikamisa upfumi hwenyika pashure peHondo Yenyika II. Kuvhara misimboti zvakakwana rakamiswa sangano nemamiriro World Bank uye IMF. Somuenzaniso, kukosha mupiro mumwe State iri zvachose guru tsika kunotema rwakadini nezvichazoitika kwayo pamusoro mabasa tsika. The zvakafanana. mashandiro masangano aya anogona kuonekwa yokuti vari akavakirwa nekugadzirisa matambudziko kumutsa zvoupfumi munyika vanoda rubatsiro rwemari kwokunze - somuenzaniso, nokuda nepakati vachibhadhara dhefisiti.