The inokosha siyana nyaya inofamba

siyana nyaya inofamba - ndiye anokwanisa ane pfuma kutamira muchadenga uye nguva. Nyaya yokudana mumwe "nyaya" kunorondedzerwa se ubiquitous chaiko kwazvo aine zvinotevera ehupfumi:

1. fuma iyi.
2. Muviri une, uyewo munhu parameters: uremu, urefu, pane imwe nzvimbo.

Pane imwe tsanangudzo nyaya. Kubva kwouzivi zvinhu nemaonero, ndiyo fuma, iyo ine mhando mbiri chokwadi: nechinangwa iyo kunozivisa musimboti awekutanga, uye kuzviitira - kuziva.

A nzwisisika maonero pamusoro pfungwa yacho

On pfungwa "nyaya" vakatanga muGirisi yekare. Izvi izwi ipapo raireva kurarama zvose uye zviripo munyika, yakanga iri hwaro kwakabva upenyu Panyika. Leucippus uye Democritus - musayendisiti wokutanga kuzoumba tsanangudzo yakadaro.

KuMiddle Ages musoro: "Basa, inofamba uye chimiro chayo kuvapo" chakakurukurwa chaizvo nokushingaira. Mukuru vasayendisiti nevazivi vakaratidza maonero avo panyaya iyi, kuvaka hypotheses, uye kwemashoko kudzivirira nezvaunofunga.

Somuenzaniso, Thomas Hobbes vaifungidzira nyaya sechinhu venhumbi iri "wechipiri". Anaro, akavapindurawo, aireva nheyo zvose imwe mhando. Muchiitiko chino, nokuti Thomas Hobbes kwakanga kusina yokuti "yokutanga nyaya", nekuti pasi payo akaziva kushayikwa zvakakwana chimiro nzvimbo uye nguva. Hezvino zvaakanyora ari bhuku rake: "nyaya iyi ndiyo isina chimiro - munhu werudzii pfungwa muviri, iyo kunoratidzwa apo pfungwa dzedu okuyerera zvose zvinooneka pfungwa, dzakakudzingai mari uye nguva."

The akakurumbira mudzidzisi British Dzhon Lokk akaisa mberi dzidziso yake. In ake anonzwisisa nyaya - nevazukuru muviri have arambe achirema. Maererano Locke, ndiwo mugumisiro wedu ruzivo kuti hakuna chamunovavarira kana kunzwa havagoni kuva kusina pakwakavakirwa. Sezvo akanyora mutsamba dzake: ". Nyaya Chokwadi, pane Zvisinei, achiri zvimwe zvinhu kwatiri - mutakuri dzinokosha unhu mukurumari uye arambe achirema, asingaoneki kuti ziso uye kwete panoonekwa pfungwa"

Uyewo, muzivi wokuGermany Immanuel Kant akadana yacho "chikamu zvikamu zvakasikwa", uye avo pamwe - "kunokosha fomu". Vachishandisa pfungwa iyi, iye akasarudzwa vaviri mhando nyaya :

1. Kukurukurwa. Hazvina pfungwa yakasiyana kubva chimiro.
2. Mumuviri, kana risingagumi. It inyaya ose chiito, zvakawanda chete musiyano nzira umwe neumwe.

On hwaro ichi, Kant akapa zvinotevera tsanangudzo yacho: gobvu, ane muviri refu, achitora yose nyika yakatipoteredza uye ndiyo hwaro kwakabva nezvekufadza. maonero ichi richiri kushanda uye mujinga vose vaivapo uzivi kufamba.

Zviratidzo nyaya

The kudzidza nzira inofamba kwenyaya yakazara zvakakonzera voga yawo huru zvinhu:

1. Nokuti kuzvicheka-kukura muchimiro inofamba anofanira pachako kuzvipokanidza ayo.
2. Hwaro nerimwe Foroma chinhu ukama munzvimbo dzokuzororera dzaiva kunze migove marongerwo yacho iyo mutakuri zvinhu aumbwa gare gare.
3. We zvachose chero kupi vhoriyamu nzvimbo, vakazadzwa zvinhu iwayo, pezvakaitwa uye mananara kuti hamusi dzimwe nzvimbo.
4. Chero fomu kufamba tinoberekwa kuvapo yepamusoro nokudzikama, zvichiita kuti nechitarisiko kubatana mune zvakasiyana-siyana nechitarisiko kuratidzwa.
5. Form okukura ane yakazvimirira kuroorwa sangano, pasi chete kuti zvokudya yayo parwendo.
6. Mumwe mhando kufamba unoumba munhu interconnection chete yakakodzera inotakura zvinhu kwairi, kuva parinowanika uye kukura nzira.
7. Zvachose nomumwe chimiro anomiririrwa mu sayenzi nomumwe yose zvayo uye indivisible therebetween.

Saka, nyaya yacho, chimiro kufamba ayo uye kuvapo vari pfungwa zvakadzama kupfuura zvingaita sokuti pakutanga kuaona.

Mharidzo uye anokosha kupatsanura kwenyaya

The maitiro zvinhu nyaya zvitatu zvinoriumba: sangano, nzvimbo uye nguva puranga. Panguva iyoyo vari vakaparadzana payo. Uyewo, zvinhu kwenyaya zvakafanana pfungwa nzvimbo uye nguva.

Muzivi wokuGermany, shamwaridzana pamusoro Marx uye muvambi mabasa ake Friedrich Shona uyewo akateerera nyaya iyi. rakanyorwa ake ndohwaJehovha zvinotevera kupatsanura pakati siyana inofamba Nhau:

1. budiriro Physical.
2. Chemical kukura.
3. Mechanical.
4. Biological.
5. Social.

Aiona navo interlinked uye zvakazara nopindirana.

Pamwe nezvimiro, nefuma anenge chaizvo ehupfumi:

1. Kusavapo akagadzirwa zvisikwa uye kuparadzwa nezvaanogona.
2. Infinity nzvimbo munguva uye nzvimbo.
3. Nyaya iri nguva dzose kuri mumashoko rwokufamba nokuchinja, kuzvicheka-kukura, tinoshandurwa uye achichinja kubva mumwe ehurumende kune mumwe.
4. Opredeljaemost pezvakaitwa zvose.
5. A causal ukama. It kunoreva ukama mananara uye midziyo kuti maumbirwo ukama nyaya, uyewo avo chinokonzera uye zvinhu.
6. Chadzera. Izvi ari ose mabasa, asi kunobva pakuti maumbirwo interconnection gadziriro uye Kufurirwa nevamwe. Imhaka Fani iyi anobva chimiro zvakadai, sezvo husingaoneki pfungwa pezvakaitwa.

Ane mirayiro yayo pamusoro placement chimiro inofamba:

1. Murairo kubatana zvakapesana uye kuvenga. Shona aidavira kuti mumwe mufananidzo nyaya ine pakatarisana rayo, pamwe pacho ane ukama panguva iyoyo uye tose kuvenga.
2. Kuchinja kubva uwandu kuna unhu. Pasi urongwa uhwu, nhamba yemabhuku rine zvimwe runobatanidza nyaya siyana uye unhu - zvakasiyana zvinhu izvozvo uye zvakavapo. Pasinei musiyano uyu, ari kuda pfuma, vari mumwe - chiyero kuenda mhiri miganhu iyo inosvitsa kuparadzwa kubatana. Somuenzaniso, uwandu doro zvakakwana kuponesa munhu nekuzvidzora.
3. Complete negation of negation. Zviri kuenderera mutemo rapfuura. Rinoreva chiyero KUYAMBUKIRA, nokuputsa mutana kuumbwa uye kuitwa mashoko matsva, akatorwa kubva kare miganhu.

Ichangobva kupatsanura kwenyaya

kupatsanura pakati siyana Shona 'The kumusoro kuitika kuMiddle Ages. Zvisinei, sezvo nguva yakafamba, takachinja pfungwa, uye pamwechete navo siyana inofamba kwenyaya. Izvi imhaka yokuti, somuenzaniso, chimiro inofamba mumuviri kuti hupere chete kupisa, kuva yepamusoro pfungwa uye zvakavapo. Saka, ichangobva kupatsanura siyana hadzikwanisi:

1. Uchifamba muchadenga.
2. Kufambira electromagnets sezvo rairatidza ukama zvikamu mhosva.
3. Development of rinokweva munda: nuclei kuwirirana kwakasimba nzvimbo uye simba, sezviri Absorção de Água uye akabuda Nyuturoni inoramba.
4. Makemikari muchimiro inofamba. Maitikiro uye inoshamisa zvachose interconnection mamorekuru uye mhosva inoramba.
5. Kubva munda inoongorora. Inoratidza kuchinja inokosha Geological hurongwa: makondinendi, nyika nechepasi akaturikidzana.
6. The zvipenyu pakuonekwa inofamba. To zvingasanganisira dzinongoitika pezvakaitwa zvakasikwa: kwetunhu, cellular kuchinja.
7. Social chimiro. Rinomiririra zvose mananara kuti kuitika munharaunda. Ndicho kunzwisisa uye kuita zvinhu zvizhinji dzose pamusoro.

siyana boka chitsungo

The chikuru chimiro inofamba vane tsanangudzo yavo, maererano zvavakanga vari siyana rwokufamba hukama pfuma okuti mikuru kuchinja kubatana kwavo. Pahwaro chinyorwa ichi dzakabudirira shanduro iyi: zvachose fuma wose handivo voga chete uye muuzhinji zvinhu kufamba muchadenga uye nguva. Souchapupu dzidziso iyi nhatu dzinonyanya mapoka nezvimiro kufamba, chimwe nechimwe chine vazhinji Sub-mapoka.

Neorganichno chimiro. Inoitwa zvinotevera mapoka makuru:

1. Sangano iri muchadenga.
2. Kufambira zvokutanga nezvimedu uye siyana yeminda: remagetsi, giravhiti kubva munharaunda, pamwe zvakasiyana inosiyana interconnection.
3. Kufambira uye Kuchinja kwemaatomu uye mamorekuru mune zvakasiyana siyana, kusanganisira chikamu makemikari.
4. Kuchinja miviri iri Universe - mapuraneti, nyeredzi, mapoka enyeredzi.

Organic hunhu. Unosanganisira zvose kwemasayendisiti kuri mumashoko zvipenyu:

1. Muviri.
2. Kuramba epamba Kugadzikana, utariri uye kubereka mune zvoutachiona uye zvimwe zvipenyu nehurongwa.
3. The ukama zvipenyu ino pamwe zvakasikwa.
4. Kurongedza zvoutachiona hunhu, kuitika mukati mumuviri uye kuita kuti ndichengetedze zvipenyu.
5. The dzinotsanagura zvoutachiona hunhu uye zvokuimba muchimiro inofamba kuitika zvipenyu hurongwa, uye kuziva nzvimbo yacho nucleation uye zvipenyu zvose.

Social chimiro. Zvinosanganisira:

1. The kunyatsoshanda of vanhu.
2. The soro dhigirii tishandurwe uye kufungisisa zvivako chaicho.

The kupfuura akaoma siyana misha fuma hwokurara apasi zvinosanganisira kuchinja yavo. Zvisinei, kunyange zvazvo ukama uye chaizvoizvo, wakakwidzwa siyana zvakasiyana zvachose kubva pasi.

Kudikanwa kuwana ruzivo pamusoro yezvakaita ukama iri zvinosiyana chido kuziva musimboti wenyika wechokwadi, ayo kuratidzwa guru, uyewo basa mashandiro.

Mhando inofamba kwenyaya

In dzidziso dzouzivi iripo kwete chete inokosha siyana nyaya inofamba, asi zvaro mhando. Pane zvinotevera kupatsanura emarudzi:

1. Maererano nhamba. Rinomirira kufamba nyaya nzvimbo venguva ndichengetedze zvivako uye unhu.
2. Quality. Nokuvhiringidzirwa chero chinhu - kusvikira nemukuparadzwa zvakakwana pamusoro maatomu uye mamorekuru - a kutendeutsa kuti rakasiyana zvachose mashoko pamwe zvivako zvitsva mhando.

The mhando rwokufamba wechipiri ane subgroups maviri:

1. The guru kufamba muchadenga. uku yokuchengeta kurwisa ari chinhu kusvikira kusavapo nechitarisiko kuchinja kunyange pashure kwenguva yakareba. Uyezve, pano zvinokwanisika kutakura chiedza zvinhu kuberekwazve inoti mune zvakawanda kunzwisisa uye akaoma. Somuenzaniso, izvi zvinoitika panguva yokuberekwa uye shanduka enyeredzi, kana kutevedzana pane pamwero nyaya.
2. A vemo. Zvakananga chakatarisana simba kwebasa chinonakidza. Rinoreva kufamba kwakadaro unhu kune mumwe yakazara kuchinja kwevari sangano. Kune vaya zvinosanganisira zvivako kutamira inorganic kana makemikari kwakabva upenyu hwevanhu.

Regressive, mberi voga uye inofamba kwenyaya

Pakutanga kunzwisisa ari kuchinja kubva nzvimbo muviri mumwe, sangano / budiriro pamusoro nguva, muchimiro inofamba akanga adudzira nzvimbo zvikuru - sezvo makemikari maitiro, kuvapo pezvakaitwa ari anorarama uye munzanga munzanga.

Zvisinei, mukuru kupatsanura pakati fuma sechinhu rudzi akaonekwa zvachose itsva muchimiro inofamba - yakananga:

1. Progressiveness, kureva, kugara kufamba uchikwira.
2. Regressive, kureva, zvachose kudzokera kuna hwepakutanga.
3. Voga. Kureva kuramba kwebasa namahwindo redunhu. Zvisinei, zvinonzi zvakaratidza kuti chimiro ichi haana pfungwa, uye saka haana kodzero iripo: hapana matanho haigoni kuitwa anawo nzira uye adzokera pokutangira.

nezvemaitiro uzivi

Masayendisiti munyika muMiddle Ages vakanga nharo pamusoro sei nyika akatanga hwaro, iro zvinoenderana iri kwaita pfungwa dzakadai muchadenga, nguva, muchimiro inofamba. mapoka maviri akaumbwa panguva gakava:

1. Pane chete monism, kuti chinhu chimwe pokutangira dzose nheyo norugare.
2. Pane zvinotaurwa akawanda, kureva. E. hunyambiri.

Zvisinei, pane pati rechitatu. Masayendisiti aya akaramba zvachose uye basa, idealism uye vanosarudza kuti "mutsetse rechitatu" vasingazivikanwi - mirayiridzo isina ukama kuti kana pfuma kana idealism. Kuti pfungwa iyi kwapera uye vava chakanakisisa masayendisiti, vazivi kubva pasi pose. Zvisinei, zvakanga musoro uye saka vaisafanira aurayiwe: maererano dzidziso, ose ayo shanduka vairima vakananga idealism, ari, chokwadi, kwavari, asi chete mune rakafukidzwa chimiro.

Vitalism sezvi- mutsetse kufamba

Kuwedzera kunzvimbo dziri pamusoro nzira nyaya inofamba uzivi chinosiyanisa uyewo akadai vitalism, kureva kugwinya. Maererano naye, wakaratidza yakasiyana zvachose zvinokonzera munhu hakusi musanganiswa wefizikisi uye kemisitiri vakawanda nyaya uye chinhu ane simba mupenyu - mweya. Maererano yakadaro zvokuita sezvo pfuma, ichi chinonakidza rinogona kutsanangurwa se munhu wechisikigo mutoo tishandurwe kwenyaya, ayo achichinja kubva padanho mumwe chete nokuchinja ayo noruzhinji zvivako.

Uyewo anojekesa chokwadi chokuti mweya womunhu kunoratidzwa chavanoziva. It ariko chete kana inofamba saka ndiyo hwaro yose. Kuziva akaratidza pakutanga sezvo kudiwa kugovera wokuwedzera tangi kuti kubudiswa mashoko evanhu. Kunzwisisa chokwadi ichi zvingaita kuti Kuziviswa ruzivo rwakavanzika muminda siyana.

Nheyo kubatana kwenyika, basa nesayenzi yemazuva ano uye uzivi kuti kupembedza nayo

The yose - siyana mananara, pezvakaitwa uye nezvimiro. Mumwe nomumwe yenhengo idzi ine nzvimbo yayo, chimiro rakaramba kwenyaya iwayo unochinja. Zvisinei, izvi ndizvo chete rumwe dzidziso kwouzivi. Kana kutarira dambudziko nemamwe maonero, unogona kuona zvose kuvimbika uye kubatana kwenyika, dzikaumba pakati pavo munhu reupenyu chisungo. Ndicho ichi sangano rinonzi musimboti kubatana.

Izvi zvinoshandawo zvesayenzi ichi sezvo nesayenzi. Maererano naye, nyika yose iri interconnected, uye kunoita kuti kwaita mananara vangasimudzira itsva uye nyaya. Heino mienzaniso mishomanana:

1. Kubatana mitumbi yokudenga iri zuva nenyika dzinotenderera pariri kwakatungamirira kuzvarwa mapuraneti zvose.
2. All mitemo kuchengetedza simba uye rwokufamba muchadenga - iri muchimiro nyaya kufamba.
3. Kubatana zvine maatomu akafanana zvakakonzera kusikwa Dmitriem Mendeleevym tafura.
4. Kuvimbika vakawanda micheka vapenyu vakabatsira chitange Charles yaDarwin pamusoro Origin of Species.

izvi zvose kamwe zvakare kunosimbisa kubatana kwenyika sezvo kubatana zvokutanga nezvimedu inokosha kudyidzana. Saka, nyaya yacho, chimiro kufamba ayo uye kuvapo vane kunzwisisa, pfungwa yakadzama kupfuura zvingaita pakutanga kuaona. Ndosaka kufarira masayendisiti kuti chiitiko ichi anoramba vachimuvenga zvokutoda kumuponda kuti kare emakore akawanda.