The kubvuta masimba - chii ichi?

The kubvuta masimba yakatanga musi rinopisa Svondo masikati. About shanu o'clock masikati August 18, 1991 kusvika pasuwo nehurumende dacha muna Foros muGungwa Dema mhenderekedzo Crimea, apo pazororo purezidhendi Union of Soviet Socialist Republics, Mikhail Gorbachev akasvika shanu dema "Volga". No havana kutarisira, uye varindi haana kuzarura masuo pakutanga uye akabvisa cheni yakatesvera panyanga dzacho akarara mugwagwa.

Chinhu "Dawn"

Zvino kubva motokari yokutanga akabva General Yuri Plekhanov, musoro Ninth Directorate of KGB. Aiva nebasa kuchengeteka kwebasa KGB uye aiva foromani dzavatsvene Gorbachev. Angokandwa munyoro masuwo zvesimbi, yakashongedzwa huru tsvuku nyeredzi, akazarura. Mumakore mashoma anotevera motokari kumusoro unomonereka mugwagwa kubudikidza nemisipiresi miti kuti chesamende chivako bumbiro-anonzi "chinhu" Dawn "."

Gorbachev, sezvo iye akazoudza vaongorori, akanga asingatarisiri vashanyi - shanu mukuru vatariri KGB, hondo uye mukuru vakuru Communist Party, uyewo avo vachengetedzi. Akanhonga foni kuzodana musoro KGB, Vladimir Kryuchkov. Asi mutsetse richivezwa. Akabva ashevedza ake kuchengeteka mukuru General Vladimir Medvedev, uyo akati akabva angoona "Khrushchev" kuita. Vaimbove mutungamiri Soviet Nikita Khrushchev muna 1964, akanga vakazodzingwa nevapanduki panguva pazororo rake muGungwa Dema.

Kutanga mugumo

Mumakore akatevera maawa 73, vaviri mukuru vakuru veSoviet wakarwira kodzero kuti nhoroondo. The nhume, iyo akasvika Foros, Kryuchkov akatumwa abvume Gorbachev kusvikira kurutivi masere vatungamiri vebato uye vehondo, akasimbisa Emergency Committee State (Emergency Committee), uyo nhengo vaifanira kutora pamusoro pfupi achitonetsekawo Soviet Union. The kubvuta masimba akanga akatakurwa achiburitswa kunze, nekuti mazuva maviri gare gare, August 20, President aifanira kusaina itsva chibvumirano kwomubatanidzwa, izvo akashandura Soviet Union rive mubatanidzwa. Vazhinji vaitya kuti izvi zvichaita kuti pokuwa nyika yakawanda akazvimirira anoti. Chinangwa kubvuta masimba kwaiva abvume Gorbachev kuzivisa mauto atonge uye kumbosendeka kusaina chesungano.

Kubvuta masimba yabudirira vanetsane. Kusika kubvuta masimba kwete chete akasimbisa Soviet Union, izvozvo akagovera Borisu Eltsinu, achangobva kusarudzwa purezidhendi RSFSR, risina parinogumira simba. Communist hawks vakarambidzwa vachimhanya munyika. Kuedza kuponesa Soviet Union, vakuru kubvuta masimba pakupedzisira Akarovera padanda kuburikidza mwoyo wake. Papera mwedzi mina, Soviet Union yakaguma kuvapo.

Asi chii chakaitika mumazuva izvi zvikuru mazuva matatu August, kunyange nhasi, anoramba kujeka. Pasinei nemakumi emakore ongororo: 140 mavhoriyamu magwaro, vatatu kuferefeta, ngarava pfumbamwe uye kakawanda akabudiswa pachavo zvipupuriro - zvizere nyaya yacho kubvuta masimba akaramba hushed kumusoro.

Zvinokonzera kuti kubvuta masimba

Conspiracies anenge nokuda tsanangudzo, haagoni kunzwisisa. Asi vazhinji, kufanana Watergate, pakupedzisira kuva pachena. Zvishuwo vakwegura unoranganawo zvitadzo zvavo, kuvhurika kwechakavanzika yamabhuku uye kusvika neChikomonisiti enyika itsva vaidzidzisa kuti chokwadi pakupedzisira chinobuda.

Nokuti vamwe, kukundikana kubvuta masimba - ndiye kuchakunda hweruzhinji pamusoro masimba zvakaitwa, vanhu Politburo. Ichi chinhu chinokosha yechiitiko yokukurumidzira muna 1991, iyo ichienzaniswa 1789 uye 1917, nguva achichinja kubva pevatongi utongi kuti worupo hweruzhinji. Emergency Committee - a kudhumhana mbiri hurongwa, mumwe icho dzakakundwa. Sezvo Yeltsin akati pashure, ityai remakore yakapera uye mumwe akatanga. Chiratidzo ipapo zvakohwewa nezvakanga akava mufananidzo pake - amire pasi pfuti uri tangi akasanangurwa mutungamiriri nyika.

The chete dambudziko nokunzwisisa uku kubvuta masimba ndechokuti Hakupindirani chokwadi. The zvakawanda yakawanda yokunyatsoongorora izvi mazuva matatu, kashoma pachena rova. Zvinokosha, kusarudza nguva shoma chokuita hweruzhinji. Chii chaizvo rakabatsira chaizvo, ndiye anogona hoaxes, vatsause uye zvinomukira. Zvakanga makwikwi runofarira, uye akahwina yakanakisisa.

Iri shanduro halftones mukuru hapana chirahwe pane basa vatambi vaviri, Gorbachev uye Yeltsin. Vapedzisira Somuenzaniso, akanga zvinoshamisa kuudzwa pamusoro Nhaurirano putsch. Sezvo anotsigirwa nevanhu vakawanda zvapupu zvinoshamisa kunetsana muMoscow, ushingi Yeltsin vake, vakakwira padenga rimwe tangi kurwisa mauto akanga ine chokwadi kuti hapana asina kupfura.

President of USSR aiziva zvose

kana Gorbachev akanga chokwadi, iye nguva dzose akaramba, pasi imba asungwa muna Foros? Kana, sezvo nhamba vechikamu zviitiko, ayo voga akaita kuti kumirira uye kuona migumisiro asati mhosva kubvuta masimba musi waAugust 21? Maererano Vasily Starodubtsev, Gorbachev kuti chete kudzoka akatora nzvimbo yake.

Nhasi, aichimbova purezidhendi ari airemekedzwa somunhu muvandudzi uyo akamedura musana komiyunizimu uye vakasiya mutambo, kana paiva chisingadzivisiki mugumisiro kukundikana kubvuta masimba - kuparara Soviet Union 26 December 1991. Asi muzhizha iroro, ake political chikuru vavengi vakanga kwete weConservative bato akwegura, izvo akaramba akabatirira kuedza kugara simba. Sezvo June, zvazova dambudziko, Yeltsin akasarudzwa ichi mwedzi, purezidhendi mutsva RSFSR. Akauya kuna simba 57% of sarudzo uye aiva aikwanisa munhu wechokwadi, dzakakurumbira kusarudzwa muvandudzi. With kuuya musi kusaina kuti Gorbachev kwenguva itsva pamwe chibvumirano zvainzwisisika: kana Soviet Union anowira voga, sokutaurwa kwazvakaitwa vaiomerera, ndiwo musoro wake mukuru rucharamba kubva basa. Kana akanga achitsvaka chikonzero kumisa nzira zviitiko, paumbwe Emergency Committee kwakaitika panguva imwe yakakodzera nguva.

Maererano Starodubtseva unoranganawo, kubvuta masimba Varongi vaiva maoko Gorbachev, uyo aiziva zvose pamusoro payo. Muna 1991 Starodubtsev aiva mutungamiriri 40 millionth of murimi mudiki Union. Kwapera nguva mujeri mushure kubvuta masimba, iye akasarudzwa gavhuna vapfumi okurima munharaunda Tula, aiva nhengo yeparamende kubva Communist Party uye vakafa chemwoyo muna 2011

Putsch kana farce?

Starodubtsev akazvidemba kuti Emergency Committee akaita zvakawanda nezvikanganiso, havashandisi vezvenhau kukurudzira vanhu kuti vatsigire kubvuta masimba. Old conspirator ari vakatadza putsch raive nebutiro vatengesi uye deginamajai, asi vakawanda, kushaya professionalism ari kubvuta masimba inoramba chimwe chezvinhu chakavanzika mativi Emergency Committee. Mufananidzo mazuva iwayo rinotaura kuvaraira vasingachapfidzi, ruzivo vanonyanyisa uye zvakaipa vakadzidziswa vanongofungidzira, akakwakuka dzakakwirira kupfuura musoro wake.

Kwete kuti vakanga vasina ruzivo mune the uye ropa nemhirizhonga. Kutaura zvazviri, zvinosuwisa, vaiva pamwe mberi vamwe panyaya iyi, akanyora papera yake autobiography kuvarindi Gorbachev, General Medvedev. Leon Trotsky, enyika anokumhan'arira pamusoro Stalin, muna 1940, akaurayiwa apo mune dzimwe hemisphere. Chii chaitadzisa kusungwa Yeltsin, akanga ari mumaoko?

Mibvunzo kutanga wokutanga musangano pakati Gorbachev uye chisingatarisirwi nhume, iyo akasvika kunetesa August zuva. Maererano pamutemo shanduro, purezidhendi pakutanga vakatya, asi, chokwadi kuti akanga asina kusungwa, akava pikisa uye vakaramba ienzane.. Maererano Gorbachev, akadana unoranganawo uye vatengesi, adventurers, ndiani kubhadhara nezvaakaita.

Mhuri uye shamwari Gorbachev nguva dzose vakaomerera kuti dzichiratidza kushora wake kubvuta masimba kwaireva placement ake asungwa imba, panguva yaakanga vaityira upenyu hwake. Pashure nhengo Emergency Committee nendege Moscow yokumubata simba, Gorbachev wake Raisa, uyo akafa muna 1999, vakanga vasara pasi murindi muna Foros. Kana iye akazova akapupura Leonid Proshkina, mukuru dzendege of General Muchuchisi Hofisi kuongorora kubvuta masimba, akati kuti kana aiva muduku sitiroko. Akazvisimbisira kuti vaviri raiva ezvinhu akaoma, uye akapiwa imwe yakawanda nokuda chokutya muchetura.

The chirwere rava nguva yokupedzisira venhau raitevera zuva, apo, pasi maziso nyika Deputy Gorbacheva Yanaev, uyo aiva aizviti mutungamiriri vamukira, yakazivisa kuti achipfeka kuurayiwa mabasa purezidhendi. Akati, asingakwanisi kukurira tremor rakasimba mumaoko ake uye inzwi rake, kuti Mikhail Gorbachev zvino pazororo, achirapwa kurapwa kumaodzanyemba uye vanotarisira kuti achangopedza Gorbachev anonzwa nani, ipapo anotora hofisi zvakare.

Zvimwe uchapupu kumusangano Foros kupa mufananidzo zvizere. Maererano Valery Boldin, Gorbachev yaichimbova mukuru chourongwa, uye mumwe conspirator, uyo akafa muna 2006, mutungamiriri Soviet marasha, asi aivawo akagadzirira chero mutengo kubvisa Yeltsin. Pakupedzisira, purezidhendi akati: "To kugehena nemi, ita zvaunoda," uye zvadaro akapa mazano sei yokusuma mauto atonge.

Saka imba asungwa mutungamiri?

Insulation Gorbachev muna Foros inoverengeka mibvunzo: angava aiedza kutiza, kuedza kana kuti kuonana nevanhu, kutsanangura kusavapo yake kamwe kamwe? runhare hurumende vake akagurwa, asi foni iri motokari yake yakanga ichiri kushanda sezvo imwe foni mumba nevarindi. Kutaura zvazviri, pane uchapupu hwokuti Gorbachev akanga wakadana panguva asungwa imba, kusanganisira President Nursultan Nazarbayev, purezidhendi kuitwa Kazakhstan, aiva mutungamiriri Communist Party munyika muna 1991 uye, maererano Alexander Hinstein, Nhengo ye Paramende inekodzero uye wenhau Arkady Volsky, mumwe mazano ake. Pakukurukura, Gorbachev akapikisa kuti haasi kurwara.

32 murindi purezidhendi - ndeimwe nyaya yegakava. Hakuna asungwa mushure kubvuta masimba, uye dzendege Proshkin vakawana kuti vakanga vasingaitiri kana pamusoro kubvuta masimba, pasinei kutyisidzirwa mukuru dzavo Plekhanov. Zvapupu vanoti Gorbachev aigona siya kana aida, asi iye anoramba. Vakapa murayiro wakanyorwa nezvaidiwa kuenda kuMoscow, asi iye akati, haana kugamuchira chero mhinduro. Makore matatu gare gare Military Collegium Supreme Court akagumisa kuti Gorbachev akanga asiri asungwa imba, nekuti haana kuedza kunzvenga.

In autobiography yake kuchengeteka mukuru General Medvedev akatoti kuti kwenguva ya akatarisirwa kwemamiriro kurasa purezidhendi aiva Tu-134.

Dzhon Danlop, munyori wenhau wokuAmerica uye nyanzvi pamusoro kubvuta masimba d'pokupidigura hurumende nechisimba muna 1991, anoti Gorbachev kwakaita isingadzorwi avhiringidzike Aleksandra Yakovleva, kwemakore akawanda, uyo akanga ari mumwe dzepedyo vatsigiri mutungamiriri weSoviet. Maererano naye, haana kunzwisisa kuti nei President haana kutiza, nokuti varindi tisina akatoedza kurega.

Kunenge kuti tichazomboona kuziva kana Gorbachev akatya kuita kana kungomirira kuti abatane kuhwina divi. Chero bedzi akaramba pasina kukurukura kunze nyika iri Foros, akanga ari munhu akakwana nzvimbo: kana kubvuta masimba akatadza, aizova akuvara; dai zvisizvo yaigona kutora pamusoro utungamiriri basa. Kunenge kuti purezidhendi mvumo kubvuta masimba, asi kuti haana yakazarukira naye rinobatanidzwa, akagumisa Dunlop.

Gorbachev akaramba mhosva idzi kwemakore. Palazhchenko, ake wokudhinda munyori, anonyevera pamusoro bofu kutenda inoti kubvuta masimba vanofarira discrediting yaimbova mutungamiri. Zvisinei, muna 2006, Gorbachev akapomerwa pachena Yeltsin kuti kubatanidzwa mune kubvuta masimba. Pashure pemakore 15 kubva rutsigiro voruzhinji shanduro aimbova Soviet President kurwara Boris Yeltsin akaudza terevhizheni Russian kuti panguva kubvuta masimba, Gorbachev akaudzwa pamusoro zvose uye vakamirira kuona ndiani kuhwina. Chero zvaitika, aizoita abatane vakundi.

Achipindura, mukuru Gorbachev Foundation, mumwe vanofunga tangi akasikwa vaimbova mutungamiri Soviet kusimudzira gutsaruzhinji kuRussia, pakarepo mhosva Yeltsin kuti blackening zita aimbova purezidhendi mukuedza abvisa pfungwa dzavo muchinangwa disintegration of USSR. Asi kupopotedzana dzakaguma ari stalemate. Yeltsin akafa.

Matangi muMoscow

Vamwe vanhu Soviet Union akadzidza kubvuta masimba muna 1991 kusvikira rakatevera asvika achibva Foros akanyarara. On mangwanani oMuvhuro, zuva akamuka pamusoro mbiru matangi, pamwe akadzvova uchifamba munzira Kutuzovsky Prospekt - wakafara unoenda pakati Moscow. Pashure nhepfenyuro zvinangwa 7 am pamusoro pehurumende redhiyo uye terevhizheni akatanga kutepfenyurwa kuramba "Swan Lake" by Tchaikovsky Committee.

Pasina yakajeka rutsigiro Gorbachev kubvuta masimba akanga chete rehondo, izvo zvave zvinouraya. Marshal Dmitry Yazov, mupomerwi mushumiri conspirator, uyo atuma dzehondo, akazobvuma kuti akanga aita munhu nhamba zvikanganiso. Maererano naye, kubvuta masimba d'pokupidigura hurumende nechisimba akanga improvisation zvakakwana. Pakanga pasina urongwa. Hapana akafunga kusunga Yeltsin kana taramba kuti "White House" (Supreme Council chivakwa). Varongi aitarisira kuti vanhu vachanzwisisa uye kuvatsigira. Asi vakatanga kupomera chokwadi kuti vakatumira Matangi kupinda pakati Moscow.

Chokutanga, unoranganawo aisagona nezvokudzivirirwa mauto. Political akavimbika mumauto eSoviet akanga zvakaomarara damage akatevedzana ropa apesane demonstrators rugare muzvirevo maviri nemaviri. Muna 1989, ivo Marines akarwiswa kuratidzwa muna Tbilisi (Georgia), zvichiguma norufu 20. Uyezve, gore pakusikwa Emergency Committee - gore rufu 14 zvavo panguva storming of KGB chaiwo chikwata kurwisa ugandanga of Omani Parliament uye terevhizheni pakati, kuti demonstrators vakabata. Pashure vanopara mhosva idzi anokonzera policies dzavo mhosva vemauto.

Izvi kunyimwa hondo chido uye kunyange KGB kuti zvematongerwo enyika, kunyanya pakati Moscow. Naivowo vakasiya musuo Yeltsin, aichimbova mukuru guta reDare Communist Party, uyo akatsiva Gorbachev muzhizha 1991 sechinhu aitungamirira muvandudzi of Soviet Union uye vakaedza kuwana pamusoro chikamu pakagadzwa yeSoviet. Frank uye akazaruka kuna West, Yeltsin mudzidziso tariro pamusoro sunungukei vokuRussia muduku, uyo aida chaizvo kuita kubvisa munyika yose nevamwe. Denham ose simba rake ndokukura.

Yeltsin aiziva zvaakanga yokuzogumbura. Mavhiki mashomanana asati kubvuta masimba akaenda Pavel Grachev, mukuru kurwisa mauto, uye akabvunza kana aigona kuvimba vanhu vake kana kubvuta masimba. Yeltsin akanga ari kugara vachionana General Evgeniem Shaposhnikovym, akanga basa mhepo simba. Kuvapo muvakutsiri dzakadaro, zvakaratidza kusarudza.

asinganzwisisiki ruzivo

Yeltsin akasvika muMoscow mangwanani August 19 anamapako, kutyaira kare raiva musango pedyo KGB nokupesana, waiva kumubata, asi vakakundikana kuita kudaro. Kunopera zuva, maawa 24 pashure kushanya kubvuta masimba pamusoro Gorbachev, akasiya kuvaka Supreme Soviet of USSR uye akakwira pamusoro tangi, uyo akaenda kurutivi rwake. Achitendeukira vazhinji vakanga vauya vomutsa bharikedhi pamusoro kubvuta masimba, akadana pamusoro vokuRussia zvose kupa mukana wakakwana pakupindurwa kubvuta masimba uye kuti vanoda kudzoka chakaipa yepamutemo murayiro.

VeMubatanidzwa Yeltsin paterevhizheni mamiriro akaisa kubvuta masimba pamusoro wayo. Foreign TV vashandi, wakapiwa rusununguko rwakakwana, akabvisa makumi ezviuru vokuRussia vakanga vakabuda nechokwadi chokuti nyika haridzokeri zvakapfuura. Vanhu pasi pose vakaona Matangi pamwe turrets dzavo richibhururuka tricolors democratic Russia.

Nemhaka kwokubatana ake muuto chinotevera maawa 48, Yeltsin aiziva pamusoro zvose zvimwe zviito Emergency Committee. Rakanga vakawana makore matatu gare gare apo wenhau American Seymour Hersh akati kuti President Dzhordzh Bush chikwereti munhu National Security Council of Agency nechokwadi chokuti Yeltsin anozivikanwa zvirongwa revapanduki.

Russian President pamusoro Nhaurirano inotaurwa-zvechokwadi nguva. Yeltsin pachake akabvuma kuti munguva yokukomba of White House maviri-zuva, US vamiriri vaimushanyira. Iye akanyora autobiography ake kuti pane imwe nguva, kunyange kuenda kumhanyira US Embassy, asi akasarudza kuita kudaro, nokuti "vanhu havadi vatorwa vachipindira muzvinhu zvedu."

Mushure mutambo muna 19 Monday, August, Chipiri aiva Chipangamazano chaVa zvakaoma muMoscow. Vairatidzira akavaka kwezvinovharidzira, uye kubvuta masimba vatungamiriri waiyera njodzi renguva pamwero uto oparesheni. Asi kana usiku dzakawira, Yeltsin akaratidza akadzikama unoshamisa. Zvinyorwa zvose akashuma kuti Emergency Committee asarudza taramba White House. Zvisinei, maererano ake venhau munyori Pavla Voschanova, purezidhendi wokuRussia akapedza usiku muimba yepasi, muchidya uye kudhakwa. The mukuru akati Medvedev, aiziva kuti kurwisa haana kutora nzvimbo.

magumo

Pakazosvika mangwanani yaAugust 21 ndiye chete dzaishandiswa dzakasvikwa Emergency Committee aigona kuverenga. Yakanga boka "Alpha", iro akarayirwa wokurwisa White House. Asi, rangarirai sei ivo azviveza muna Lithuania pakutanga kwegore rino, mhirizhonga mapurisa vakasarudza kuteerera mirayiro, uye pamwe mambakwedza, zvakava pachena kuti vamukira vakarasika. Defense Minister Yazov akarayira kuti mubve Moscow kwakaita matangi, tichigadzira nzira yokuti pave nezuva raitevera, apo Gorbachev akauya pachena kutsiura Kuronga Emergency Committee. Mumazuva okupedzisira nguva revapanduki vakaenda Foros, ane nendege pamwechete guru uye kuti akakodzera nzvimbo munhoroondo mumabhuku.

In kwayo kunzwisisa uye kuzivikanwa - mune musanganiswa asingashumbi uye vakaronga - August putsch yaiva munzira dzakawanda munhu aizotangira kuti mutemo post-nokukurumidza muRussia. Populist gutsaruzhinji Yeltsin nokukurumidza akasvimha zvakaoma paternalistic Hurumende: Makore maviri gare gare, iye aizotuma Matangi pamusoro paramende pacharo, zvaakanga paakaedza muna 1991.

Kubvira ipapo, nokumukira kwakaitika mitemo kubva Vladimir Putin akauya simba muna 1999, "tsime" izvo rakaenderana pokurwa, kutamba leapfrog Putin uye mutsivi wake, Dmitry Medvedev. Kremlin yayo uchinakidzwa spiers chinoramba muchakavanzika nechepakati upenyu Russian.

How zvakaitika

• 18 August: Gorbachev ari kuedza kufadza musoro KGB, Vladimir Kryuchkov rubatsiro. Asi Kryuchkov akatungamirira nevapanduki.
• August 19, 7 am: Soviet State redhiyo uye terevhizheni dzeredhiyo uye kubvuta masimba kutaura panopindwa Matangi muMoscow.
• August 19: Raisa Gorbachev anoti achiri mujeri Foros vakatambura chiduku sitiroko.
• August 19, 5 pm: Vice President Janaev inozivisa mutungamiri chirwere.
• August 20: vanhu vakatanga kuvaka kwezvinovharidzira pamberi White House, umo Yeltsin aiva.
• August 20, Gorbachev vakamirira. Maererano Vasily Starodubtsev conspirator, aiziva zvose.
• On August 21, 3 am: chinokosha vamapoka KGB - "Arufa" boka - akarayira kuti taramba White House. Kusateerera ake kunoguma nokuvhiringidzirwa rangano.
• 22 August, Gorbachev rinobva Foros kuti atonge kubvuta masimba. Unoranganawo vakasungwa.
• December 25: migumisiro kubvuta masimba - Gorbachev basa sezvo mutungamiri Soviet Union, uye zuva rakatevera racho Soviet Union pamutemo havasisipo.