The physiology mwoyo womunhu

The physiology kwomwoyo ndiwo mafungiro umo chero chiremba anofanira kunzwisisa. ruzivo urwu zvikuru kukosha kurapwa tsika uye kubvumira kunzwisisa mwoyo romuzvarirwo kuenzanisa mabasa kana chirwere mwoyo tsandanyama kana zvichidiwa.

Chii mashandiro mwoyo tsandanyama?

Kutanga kunzwisisa kuti mashandiro mwoyo, kuti physiology muviri ipapo kunzwisiswa zviri nani. Saka, chikuru kushanda pomwoyo iri kupomba ropa kubva tsinga kupinda tsinga iri mutinhimira kumhanya, iyo pave kumanikidzwa gradient kuti rinobatanidza ayo risina kumiswa kufamba. Ndizvo mashandiro mwoyo kupa kweropa ropa mashoko kinetic simba. Vanhu vazhinji rinobatanidza myocardium ane pombi. Chete, muna Kusiyana mashandiro ichi, mwoyo une matunhu kuita uye nokukurumidza transients kumeso uye kumahombekombe kuti vakachengeteka. Panguva mwoyo rinenge vari kuramba achiudza.

Circulation yenhengo dzayo

Kuti tinzwisise physiology mwoyo ropa riparadzirwe nayo, zvinonzwisiswa, chii vari zvinoumba ropa kutenderera.

The kweropa Hurongwa ine zvinhu zvina: pomwoyo, tsinga, murau mashandiro uye miviri, zvinova ropa dziva. Ino - varimowo muboka revaya zvemwoyo zvinoriumba maitiro (uye nhengo dzinobudisa gadziriro iri mune kumwoyo).

Nemhaka ichangobva hurongwa ropa runoita zvakanaka kuburikidza nhumbi. Asi pane vanotungamirirwa zvinhu zvakadai: basa pomwoyo se "pombi" kumanikidzwa pamwero mutsauko kumwoyo, mwoyo mavharuvhu uye mutsinga kuti kudzivirira ropa kuyerera shure, uye voga. Uyezve, kunyengera elasticity mudziyo masvingo, intrapleural kunaka kumanikidzwa, apo ropa "tsotso" uye nyore anodzoka mwoyo kuburikidza mutsinga uye kumanikidza ropa regiravhiti. Akaroromesawo ropa akasunda, skeletal tsandanyama kufema anova kakawanda uye zvakakomba, uye izvi zvinotungamirira chokuti pleural kumanikidzwa ipfupi, vakawedzera basa proprioceptors, kuwedzera excitability ari nechepakati tsinga uye cardiac tsandanyama contractile maitikiro.

kutenderera

Mumuviri womunhu mune mbiri kuparadzirwa: huru neduku. Pamwechete mwoyo, zvinoumba namahwindo-loop hurongwa. Ongorora physiology mwoyo uye ropa midziyo kunzwisiswa, sezvo ropa circulates navo.

Kare muna 1553 M. Servetus akarondedzera pulmonary riparadzirwe. Iye zvinobva kurudyi ventricle uye anopinda pulmonary hunde uye mumapapu. It ari zvemapapu gasi Exchange rinoitwa, ipapo ropa anomhanya kuburikidza mutsinga chiedza uye achipinda atrium kuruboshwe. Nokuda kwaizvozvo pane ropa oxygenation. Uyezve, oxygenated, inoyerera ichipinda ventricle kuruboshwe, iyo yakatanga kusvika guru denderedzwa.

Pamusoro systemic riparadzirwe vanhu zvakazivikanwa muna 1685, uye akavhura ake William Harvey. Maererano zvinokosha physiology mwoyo uye kweropa ezvinhu, ropa anenge makapfumiswa pamwe okisijeni, chinoita pamwe yeropa, vakananga mudziyo duku kuburikidza iyo hwakatamisirwa nhengo uye munyama. Mavari, gasi Exchange kunoitika.

Uyewo ari mumuviri womunhu mune okumusoro vena cava zvikasabudiswa kupinda zvakanaka atrium. Maererano naye zvinofamba venous ropa, rine zvishoma okisijeni. Zvinofanira kucherechedzwa kuti hombe denderedzwa arterial ropa inopfuura nomunyika arteries, uye venous - kuburikidza mutsinga. Munguva duku denderedzwa rose nzira kumativi.

The physiology kwemwoyo uye vascular hurongwa

Zvino ngationei muudzame physiology mwoyo. The myocardium ane striated tsandanyama rinenge iro rinoumbwa mumasero anokosha anonzi nomumwe cardiomyocytes. Masero aya interconnected chokuumba nexus uye tsandanyama faibha mwoyo. The myocardium haisi anatomically RUBATSIRO RUNOTARISA muviri, asi anoita somunhu syncytium. Nexus nokukurumidza kuitisa excitation kubva muchitokisi chimwe.

Maererano physiology yemoyo chidziro, pane mhando mbiri tsandanyama pamusoro chaizvo hwokushanda, uye zviri atypical tsandanyama uye kuita myocardium, iro rinoumbwa tsandanyama fibers, vanoonekwa ne zvakanaka-dzakabudirira-mitsetse transverse striations.

The chikuru vasiri ehupfumi of myocardium

Heart Physiology rinoratidza kuti muviri ane vasiri ehupfumi akawanda. Uye ichi:

• Excitability.
• Conductivity uye vakaderera lability.
• Contractility uye refractory.

Panyaya excitability, ndiko kukwanisa striated tsandanyama kupindura tsinga nomunhu. Hazvina sezvo mukuru chete yakafanana skeletal tsandanyama mhando. Masero kuti myocardium dzinoratidzwa guru kukosha Kamudzira mukana, izvo chinoita zvavaiita chete chinokosha bundu.

Physiology pamusoro cardiac conduction hurongwa ndechokuti nokuti chokuti conductive excitation mwero iri diki, kuti atria uye ventricles dzinotanga kubata rave.

Refractivity, Asi yokusafa refu nguva, riri uchikurukura ukoshi nguva. Nokuti chokuti refractory nguva kuripo, mwoyo tsandanyama ipfupi mumwe chete mhando, uye maererano nomutemo "zvose kana hapana".

Atypical munyoro tsandanyama fibers yokusafa contractility ehupfumi, asi fibers akadaro nhaka mukuru azvipire muviri. Pano kuyamura mitihondrii, mashandiro iri pedyo kushanda tsinga fibers. Mitihondrii kuitisa tsinga nomunhu uye zvinopa oscillation. Cardiac conduction ezvinhu vakaumba chaiyo nokuda atypical infarction.

Atypical myocardium chacho zvinokosha zvivako

• Atypical pamwero excitability of myocardium idukusa kuti skeletal tsandanyama, asi zviri kupfuura izvo chakanangana contractile myocardium. Tsinga nomunhu kunotangira pano.
• Conductivity atypical infarction zvakare kudzika pane kuti skeletal tsandanyama, asi nekusiyana, wakakwirira kupfuura myocardial contractile.
• The refractory nguva kuripo simuka chiito kwaniso uye calcium yakawanda ions.
• For atypical infarction kunoratidzwa lability duku uye mano duku kuti ndizvipete.
• Masero vakazvimiririra vaunze tsinga zvairatidza (otomatiki).

The conductive maitiro atypical mhasuro

By kudzidza physiology kwemoyo, zvinofanira kutaurwa kuti conductive hurongwa atypical tsandanyama rine raiva pedyo nebundu sinoatrial riri necheseri madziro kurudyi, pamuganhu raiparadzanisa okumusoro vena cava, raiva pedyo nebundu atrioventricular kutumira pulses ventricles (riri pazasi interatrial septum), danda His- (inopfuura nomunyika atrial septum kuti-gastric ventricle). Chimwe chikamu atypical tsandanyama - munhu Purkinje fibers, mapazi zvinopiwa cardiomyocytes.

Uyewo pano, pane vamwe hurongwa: Kent mwanda uye Meygaylya (tanga ichiyerera achitevedza lateral kumahombekombe mwoyo tsandanyama uye unobva atrium uye ventricle, uye wechipiri pazasi atrioventricular raiva pedyo nebundu, uye transmits kuti anonongedzera kune ventricles pasina kukanganisa mutundu wake). Nokuda zvivako izvi, kana atrioventricular raiva pedyo nebundu washandukurwa kure, kuchinjwa kupomba inopiwa, izvo kunotoreva zvisingakoshi mashoko aibuda mune chirwere uye kukonzera kumwe marwadzo mwoyo tsandanyama.

Chii chinonzi cardiac kutenderera?

Physiology mwoyo kushanda zvokuti marwadzo mwoyo tsandanyama anogona kunzi rakanyatsorongwa batch mangé muitiro. Ronga izvi kunobatsira cardiac conduction hurongwa.

Sezvo mwoyo zvibvumirano rhythmically, neapo ropa adzingwa kupinda kweropa hurongwa. Cardiac kutenderera ndiyo nguva apo mwoyo tsandanyama zvibvumirano uye relaxes. Izvi kutenderera ine systoles uye ventricular fibrillation, uye kumbomira. Kana atrial systole kumanikidzwa inowedzera kubva 1,2 mm HG kuti 6-9 uye 8-9 mm HG ari kurudyi nekuruboshwe atria azvaitwa. Somugumisiro, ropa anoenda ventricles kuburikidza atrio-ventricular mawindo. Kana nevamwe kuruboshwe uye ventricles zvakanaka 65 uye rinosvika 5-12 mm HG ukuwo, kunoitika uye ropa kudzingwa kunoitika ventricular diastole, entailing akurumidze ichidonhedzera nevezera ari ventricles. Izvi anowedzera kumanikidzwa nemidziyo guru kuti tipedzisire pokuwa ari semilunar mavharuvhu. Kana kumanikidzwa ari ventricles kuwira kuti zero, anozarura kurova-rova mhando mavharuvhu uye muuye danho panguva iyo ventricles azere. danho iri rinopedzisa mashoko diastole.

Chii ya ichitanga maitikiro zvomwoyo tsandanyama? mubvunzo uyu ndiwo ichifarirwa nevanhu vakawanda vaifarira physiology pamusoro cardiac murau. Tinogona kutaura chinhu chimwe chete: wavo nguva haasi kuramba ukoshi. Pano kuramba chinhu ichaongororwa kuti kakawanda pakati mutinhimira mumoyo tsandanyama. Kana basa kwemoyo vakanyadziswa kuti panguva iyoyo mutinhimira danho nguva anogona siyana.

External zviratidzo mwoyo basa

Kuti mwoyo tsandanyama mamirire chokunze zviratidzo basa rake. Idzi dzinosanganisira:

• Kusundira chakaderedzwa mutengo.
• Electrical mananara.
• Heart kurira.

Minute uye systolic Vhoriyamu infarction vari zvakare zviratidzi vayo unongotaura.

Panguva iyoyo, apo pane ventricular systole, mwoyo anoita dzoro kubva kuruboshwe kuenda kurudyi, kuchinja chepakutanga elliptical chimiro kuti tenderera. Yokumusoro Chikamu pomwoyo chinomutswa uye anoisa vomanikidza chipfuva iri V-zvakaumbwa intercostal nzvimbo kurutivi rworuboshwe. Zvanzi unovapo pakati apical chido chacho.

Maererano physiology mwoyo pasi, ipapo vanofanira kutaurwa yoga. The pasi zvikonzero zviitiko kuti munguva nokushanda mwoyo tsandanyama. Uwandu mwoyo zvoga zvenzwi maviri. inzwi First - iye systolic - izvo kwese kuti atrioventricular mavharuvhu. inzwi Second - diastolic - kunoitika panguva nokuvhara mavharuvhu ari pulmonary hunde uye yeropa. Wokutanga Matauriro refu, negomba uye pazasi yechipiri. Matauriro yechipiri zvakakwirira uye pfupi.

Mitemo cardiac basa

Just mutemo maviri cardiac basa kunogona kusiyaniswa: mutemo uye murayiro cardiac fibers mutinhimira mwoyo tsandanyama.

Wokutanga (O. Frank - E. Starling) rinoti zvikuru tsandanyama faibha ruchatambanudzirwa, kwakasimba achava zvakare kwayo rutapudzo. On the tatamuka pamwero kunokanganisa chitsama ropa anenge aunganidza mumwoyo panguva diastole. Mukuru bhuku, zvikuru nesimba achava rutapudzo panguva systole.

Wechipiri (F. Bainbridge) rinoti kana BP ichibuda muchanza mutsinga (mu estuaries), nokuwedzera kakawanda uye kusimba tsandanyama sunga pamusoro dzepanguva chechetere.

Vose mitemo iyi ushande panguva imwe chete. Ivo chokuita mashandiro kuzvidzora, izvo zvinobatsira kuchinja basa pomwoyo kuti akasiyana ezvinhu kuvapo.

Tichitarisa physiology mwoyo zvishoma, tisingatauri chokwadi kuti basa muviri ichi chiri kukanganiswa nevamwe hormone, neurotransmitters uye chicherwa munyu (electrolytes). Somuenzaniso, atsetilhopin (murevereri) uye pachisara kuti potassium ions kuderedza basa mumwoyo, achiita isingawanzowanikwi mutinhimira, saka kuti zvive kunyange cardiac kusungwa. A yakawanda calcium ions, adrenaline uye noradrenaline nekusiyana, zvinobatsira nokusimbaradza mwoyo basa yayo kakawanda. Epinephrine, uyewo anowedzera kuti coronary midziyo ropa, nokudaro nani myocardial kudya kunovaka.

Zvigadziriswe pakati mutemo cardiac basa

Maererano zvinodiwa kuti okisijeni uye kunovaka muviri, kakawanda uye simba marwadzo mwoyo tsandanyama unogona siyana. Basa moyo nokudzorwa chaiwo neurohumoral zvigadziriswe.

Asi mwoyo iine pamutemo zvigadziriswe pachako uye mabasa. Vamwe vavo vari chokuita zvakananga ehupfumi vakabatwa ne myocardial fibers. Pano pane ukama pakati simba uye fibers kuderedza kukura mutinhimira mumoyo tsandanyama, uyewo kutsamira simba rutapudzo uye ukuru internet kusawirirana panguva diastole.

Kwakavharwa nenyama ehupfumi of myocardial fibers, izvo kunooneka pacharo kwete nedanho basa conjugations, inonzi pusa. Vatakuri kwakavharwa nenyama ehupfumi vaiona trophic rutsigiro-pepuranga uye actomyosin mabhiriji, izvo riri kwete zvinoshingaira tsandanyama. The marangwanda munhu akanaka chaizvo pamusoro elasticity kuti myocardium kana paine sclerotic kwendangariro.

Kana munhu kuchengetwa ischemic contracture kana anogumbura myocardial chirwere, chichiwedzera kuomarara yacho Kukunda.

Basa kumwoyo muitiro wakaoma kunzwisisa. Chero kukundikana kungaita migumisiro yakaipa. Gara bvunza chiremba uye usaregeredza munzwewo ayo. Pashure pezvose, kudzivisa chirwere kuri nyore pane achirapa nayo, kushandisa mari zvinodhaka zvinodhura.