The yemasvomhu huru Gauss: Biography, mapikicha, buri

Yemasvomhu Gauss aiva reserved murume. Eric Temple Bell, yaidzidza Biography ake, anodavira kuti kana Gauss akanga rakabudiswa zvose ake kutsvakurudza uye Zvakawanikwa zvakakwana uye nenguva, zvingaratidza hafu gumi nembiri mathematicians. Uye saka vaifanira kupedza weshumba mugove nguva kudzidza kuti musayendisiti kana mamwe mashoko. Handiti iye kashoma yakabudiswa nzira, nguva dzose aiva kufarira chete mugumisiro. A anokudzwa yemasvomhu, chinoshamisa murume uye inimitable unhu - zvose Carl Friedrich Gauss.

makore okutanga

Future yemasvomhu Gauss akaberekwa musi 30.04.1777, kuti uyu, Chokwadi, chinhu chinoshamisa, asi kunoshamisa vanhu vakaberekerwa varombo mumhuri kazhinji. Zvino nenguva ino. sekuru vake aiva munhuwo murimi, uye baba vake akashanda ari Duchy pamusoro Brunswick webindu, Mason kana puramba. Vabereki vakadzidza kuti mwana wavo prodigy, kana mwana ari makore maviri. Kwapera gore, Carl achitoziva sei kuverenga, kuverenga nokunyora.

Kuchikoro, mudzidzisi akaona nemano ake kana vapiwa basa kuverenga kuwanda nhamba kubva 1 kusvika 100. Gauss akakwanisa nokukurumidza kunzwisisa kuti zvose yokunyanyisa nhamba vaviri iri 101, uye kuti masekondi mashoma, akasarudza mukana wokuti vanhu vanga uyu vachiwedzera 101 ne50.

Young pamasvomhu rombo kwazvo mudzidzisi. Izvozvo zvakamubatsira pazvose, kunyange kuedza kuti ruzivo tarenda stipend. Achibatsirwa Carl akakwanisa kudzidza kubva kukoreji (1795).

studentship

Mushure kukoreji, Gauss aidzidza paYunivhesiti Göttingen. Nguva iyi youpenyu biographers raireva sendarama unobereka. Panguva ino akanga ava kukwanisa kuratidza kuti SWEDERA heptadecagon uchishandisa chete kambasi zvinokwanisika. Anoti: Unogona kuswedera kwete chete semnadtsatiugolnik, asi dzimwe nguva polygons, vachishandisa chete kambasi uye straightedge.

PaUniversity Gauss anotanga kutungamirira chaiyo nebhuku remanotsi, iyo anoisa ose zvinyorwa chokuita pakutsvakurudza ake. Vazhinji vavo vakanga kuvanzwa noruzhinji. Neshamwari, nguva dzose akati kuti aisagona kubudisa tsvakurudzo kana wevacheche, zvisina 100% chokwadi. Nokuda kwechikonzero ichi, vazhinji pfungwa dzake dzakafukurwa nedzimwe mathematicians pashure pemakore 30.

"Svomhu tsvakurudzo"

Pamwe kuguma kuyunivhesiti yemasvomhu Gauss apedza basa rake kunoshamisa "svomhu tsvakurudzo" (1798), asi yakadhindwa chete pashure pemakore maviri.

Basa iri rakakura rave akataura pakuzadzisa masvomhu (zvikurukuru, nemasvomhu, uye Higher svomhu). Vazhinji basa rinonyatsotarira tsananguro abiogenesis quadratic siyana. Biographers vanoti zviri pano kuti vanotanga kuzarura Gauss mu masvomhu. Pashure pezvose, aiva yemasvomhu wokutanga uyo zvakaitika compute zvikamu zviduku uye exchange kuti ishande.

Uyewo mubhuku, unogona kuwana paradigm wakakwana cyclotomic equations. Gauss nounyanzvi kushandisa dzidziso iyi nokuedza kugadzirisa dambudziko yokuronda polygons pamwechete nomubati uye nekambasi. Kuratidza fungidziro ichi, Carl Gauss (yemasvomhu) rinounza dzakatevedzana nhamba, akadana nhamba Gauss (3, 5, 17, 257, 65337). Izvi zvinoreva kuti nyore Stationery zvinhu, unogona kuvaka 3-gon, 5-gon, 17-gon, etc. Asi 7-gon akavaka haazorambi kushanda, nekuti 7 haasi "nhamba Gauss." By "ake" nhamba yemasvomhu rinorondedzerawo vari vaviri vaviri kuti zviwande upi dhigirii zvayo munhevedzano nhamba (2 ^3, 2, ^5, etc.)

mugumisiro Izvi zvinogona kunzi "vakachena kuvapo theorem no". Sezvambotaurwa pakutanga, Gauss aifarira kubudisa okupedzisira zvabuda, asi haana akaratidza nzira. Saizvozvowo, munguva iyi, nyanzvi yemasvomhu rinoti kuvaka nguva dzose polygon rakanyatsojeka zvechokwadi, kuti hazvisi zvakananga tsoziva kuzviita.

Astronomy uye mambokadzi sayenzi

muna 1799. Carl Gauss (yemasvomhu) anogamuchira musoro wapurofesa Braunshveynskogo University. Makore maviri gare gare, iye akapiwa nzvimbo iri St. Petersburg Academy of Sciences, kwaakanga anoshumira ane tsamba. Achiri achiri kudzidza dzidziso nhamba, asi kuwanda zvaanofarira rwakawedzera pashure kuvhurika kadiki. Gauss anoedza kuverenga uye tsanangurai chaiyo nzvimbo yaro. Vakawanda vanoshamisika chii zita nyika iri kadambari masvomhu Gauss. Zvisinei, vashoma vanoziva kuti Ceres - handiyo chete nyika pamwe kushanda musayendisiti.

Muna 1801, panguva yokutanga muviri mutsva yokudenga yakawanikwa. Zvino pakarepo uye zvisingatarisirwi, sezvakanga pakarepo, pasi chakarasika. Gauss akaedza kumuwana, tikashandisa kwemasvomhu nzira, uye, oddly zvakakwana, zvakanga chaiyo apo zvakajeka masayendisiti.

Astronomy musayendisiti vaita emakore anopfuura maviri. World vakakurumbira anowana Gauss (yemasvomhu muridzi zvakawanwa zhinji) kuziva muchadenga nokubatsirwa vatatu zvaakacherechedza. Zvaanoona Three - nzvimbo umo nyika iri neimwe nguva. Achibatsirwa zviratidzo izvi zvakawanikwa Ceres zvakare. Saizvozvowo takawana imwe puraneti. Muna 1802, apo akabvunza chii zita nyika, yakawanikwa yemasvomhu Gauss aigona kupindura: "Pallada". Kumhanya zvishoma mberi, zvinokosha kuziva kuti muna 1923 zita yakakurumbira yemasvomhu ainzi guru asteroid orbiting ari Mars. Gauss, kana asteroid 1001 - iri pamutemo nyika yemasvomhu Gauss.

Ndivo zvidzidzo zvokutanga mumunda nyeredzi. Zvichida kufungisisa denga rizere nenyeredzi chaiva chikonzero kuti munhu kungokangaidzwa nhamba, anosarudza kutanga mhuri. Muna 1805 akaroora Johann Ostgof. kwomubatanidzwa uyu anoberekwa vaviri vane vana vatatu, asi mwanakomana muduku akafa mucheche.

Muna 1806 akafa Duke, uyo sevasingafungi ari masvomhu. nyika dzokuEurope kukwikwidzirana Gauss vanotanga kukoka inozviitira. Kubva 1807 uye kusvikira mazuva ake okupedzisira Gauss misoro dhipatimendi paUniversity Göttingen.

Muna 1809, mudzimai wokutanga akafa wemasvomhu mugore iroro Gauss rinobudisa chisikwa chacho chitsva - ". The paradigm kufamba kwemiviri yokudenga" rimwe bhuku rinonzi Nzira dzekufambisa pakuverenga kutenderera mapuraneti, izvo vanotsanangurwa mubasa iri, vachiri kushanda nhasi (kunyange zvidiki yakabvumira kugadziriswa kwemutemo wekuita).

Main Theorem pamusoro nemasvomhu

Pakutanga rechigumi nemapfumbamwe remakore Germany akasangana vachingotya mhirizhonga uye kuora. Makore iwayo akanga akaoma kuti yemasvomhu asi inoramba ichirarama. Muna 1810 Gauss kechipiri kusungirira fundo - Minna Waldeck. In pamwe ichi ikaramba vana vatatu: Teresa, William uye Eugen. 1810 uyewo aiva gore mvumo repamusoro mubayiro uye menduru yegoridhe.

Gauss ari kuramba basa rayo muminda muchadenga masvomhu, kuongorora zvakawanda vasingazivikanwi zvinoumba sayenzi izvi. bhuku rake rokutanga ari chinokosha theorem no kuti nemasvomhu, yakatanga kusvika 1815. Nepfungwa huru iri zvinotevera: uwandu midzi polynomial riri Proportional kuti dhigirii kwayo zvakananga. Gare gare, mutsara mumwe siyanei chimiro chipi nhamba dhigirii, haana kuenzana zero, mumwe priori, ane mudzi mumwechete.

Akatanga akaratidza kuti kunyange 1799, asi haana kugutsikana nebasa rake, saka bhuku rakabudiswa makore 16 gare gare, vamwe yakabvumira kugadziriswa kwemutemo wekuita, kuwedzererwa uye Masvomhu.

Non-Euclidean dzidziso

Maererano nemishumo, muna 1818 Gauss akakwanisa kutanga kuvaka muzinda asiri Euclidean geometry, iyo theorem no yaizova zvinogoneka chaizvoizvo. Euclidean geometry ane nzvimbo sayenzi, distinguishable kubva Euclidean. The chikuru chinoratidza Euclidean geometry - pamberi axioms uye theorems kuti murege zvinoda kubvuma. Mubhuku rake rinonzi, "Elements", Euclid akapa mvumo kuti kwaitika, nekuti havagoni kuchinjwa. Gauss aiva wokutanga uyo akakwanisa kuratidza kuti Euclid pfungwa havangagoni kutorwa pasina nokururamiswa, nokuti dzimwe nguva havana hwakasimba mujinga hwokuti zvinogutsa zvose zvinodiwa kuedza. Saka asiri Euclidean geometry. Chokwadi, zvinokosha geometric hurongwa dzakafukurwa ne Lobachevsky uye Riemann, asi Gauss - yemasvomhu, anokwanisa kuongorora zvakadzama uye kuwana chokwadi, - chakaratidza kutanga ichi chikamu geometry.

geodesy

Muna 1818, hurumende Hanover afunga kuti pane kudikanwa kuyera ushe, uye basa iri rakanga Carl Friedrich Gauss. Zvakawanikwa mu masvomhu haana kugumisa, asi chete akatenga kunechirevo itsva. Inokudziridza inodiwa kuti basa kadambari mubatanidzwa. Ava vaisanganisira Gaussian nzira "mativi duku", iro unomutswa kuvandudza panenge pachivakwa.

Aifanira kuita mepu uye kushandisa yakarekodwa munzvimbo. Izvi akabvumira kuwana zivo itsva uye kununura kuedza itsva, saka muna 1821 akatanga kunyora basa, yakatsaurirwa geodesy. Iri basa Gauss rakabudiswa muna 1827, vanoda "General kuongorora gogonera hukawanika." Hwaro basa iri, dzomunyika geometry pakati vakavandira dzakanga dzateyiwa. Yemasvomhu aidavira kuti zvakakosha kufunga zvinhu zviri panyika, sezvinoita ehupfumi nechepasi, achiteerera kureba munyonga, apo vachisiya Data ari ambient nzvimbo. Zvishoma Papera, dzidziso iyi kwave vaisanganisa nemabasa Riemann uye A. Alexandrov.

Pamusana basa iri munharaunda masayendisiti akatanga kubuda pfungwa "Gaussian curvature" (inorondedzera ndege kuti curvature zviri chipimo imwe pfungwa). Rinotanga kuvapo differential geometry. Uye kuti zvakawanika Hwakarurama, Carl Friedrich Gauss (yemasvomhu) kunounza nzira itsva pakuwana tsika dzakakwirira mukana.

Vanamakanika

Muna 1824, Gauss akanga asipo zvinosanganisirwa nhengo St. Petersburg Academy of Sciences. On ichi ake budiriro hazvirevi kuguma, zvichiri zvakaoma kuita masvomhu uye kupa zvakawanikwa itsva: "Gaussian integers". Below kwavari chinorehwa nhamba rine chaidzo uye zvekufungidzira chikamu, vari integers. Kutaura zvazviri, ehupfumi ayo nowenyika Gaussian kuipa integers, asi avo zvishoma nevamwe unhu hunoita kuti tikwanise kuratidza mutemo biquadratic reciprocity.

Chero nguva, akanga inimitable. Gauss - yemasvomhu yokutanga iyo zvikuru zvakanyatsobatana upenyu, - akaita zvinhu zvitsva kunyange hurongwa muna 1829. Panguva ino ukabuda zvishoma basa "On idzva yezvisikwa musimboti makanika". It Gauss kunoratidza kuti nheyo diki zvinokonzerwa, hapana chakaipa kuti vanzi mumwe paradigm itsva makanika. Masayendisiti chokwadi kuti nhungamiro iyi ingashandiswa vose zvemaziso hurongwa, izvo zvakabatanidzwa pamwe chete.

Physics

Sezvo 1831 Gauss anotanga kutambura zvakakomba kushaya hope. The chirwere kwakaratidzwa pacharo pashure pokufa rwechipiri naye. Anotsvaka kunyaradzwa tsvakurudzo itsva uye neshamwari. Saka, nemhaka kukoka kwake Weber akasvika Göttingen. With wechiduku matarenda munhu Gauss nokukurumidza kuwana mutauro nevakawanda. Ivo vaviri vaneshungu nezvesayenzi nyota kuti ruzivo anofanira kurega, kugoverana ruzivo rwavo, kunzwisisa uye zvakaitika uye. iyi izvi vanobviswa nokukurumidza mabhizimisi, achipedzera nguva yake nokudzidza yemagetsi.

Gauss yemasvomhu ane Biography kunokosha zvikuru yesayenzi, muna 1832, akasika mhedziso dzakabatana, izvo zvichiri kushandiswa wefizikisi. Iye akasarudzwa chikuru zvinzvimbo zvitatu: zera, uremu uye daro (urefu). Pamwe kuwanikwa muna 1833, nemhaka vagari tsvakurudzo pamwe yefizikisi Weber, Gauss akakwanisa kugadzira kune remagetsi teregirafu.

1839 akaona nokubudiswa mumwe mabasa - ". On General abiogenesis giravhiti uye kuvenga, izvo Proportional kuti kure zvakananga" On the mapeji anorondedzerwa zvakadzama akakurumbira mutemo Gauss raMwari (ainziwo Gauss kuti theorem no, kana kungoti Gauss kuti theorem no). mutemo uyu ndiwo mumwe guru electrodynamics. It inorondedzera ukama pakati zvemagetsi kuitika uye uwandu pamusoro vebasa, divisible kupinda yemagetsi rusingaperi.

Mugore iroro Gauss mutauro wokuRussia. Anotumira tsamba St. Petersburg aine chikumbiro kuti ndimutume mabhuku Russian nemagazini, kunyanya aida tinyatsoziva basa "The yaKaputeni Mwanasikana." Izvi oupenyu Chokwadi chinoratidza kuti, kuwedzera kuverenga nemano, Gauss aiva chaizvo zvimwe zvido uye mabasa aunofarira.

chete munhu

Gauss haana kukurumidza kubudisa. Aiva refu uye nokungwarira achiongorora mumwe nomumwe basa rake. Nokuti vose pamasvomhu kwaikosha: kubva zvakarurama payakavakirwa akaguma pamwe runako uye kwakajeka. Akafarira kutaura kuti basa rake - sezvo imba yakanga ichangovakwa. Muridzi anoratidza chete wokupedzisira mugumisiro, asi kwete zvisaririra womusango kushandiswa kuva nzvimbo yokugara. Uyewo nebasa rake: Gauss aiva nechokwadi chokuti hapana anofanira kuratidza mafungu drafts tsvakurudzo, chete rakapedzwa data, pfungwa, Masvomhu.

Gauss agara varatidza kufarira zvesayenzi, asi zvikurukuru aifarira masvomhu, zvaakanga vaiona "mambokadzi sayenzi zvose." Uye hunhu hauna kunyimwa njere dzake uye matarenda. Kunyange akwegura, iye, senguva dzose, nguva yakawanda Masvomhu dzakaoma mupfungwa. A yemasvomhu haana kare harishandi basa ravo. Kufanana wose, akatya kuti vakararama ake haana kunzwisisa. Mune imwe yetsamba dzake, Carl anoti vaneta nguva dzose teeter pamupendero: ". Dendere mago kuti titadze" rumwe rutivi, akanga akafara kutsigira sainzi, asi pane vamwe, haana kuda kumutsa

Kwoupenyu hwake Gauss yapera Göttingen, kamwe chete akakwanisa kushanyira Berlin panguva yesayenzi musangano. Aigona kunge yakareba kuita tsvakurudzo, kuedza, Masvomhu kana kuyerwa, asi haana kufanana kuti kutsoropodza. Izvi, akatenda chete anotambudzika nekurovererwa, asi kana iye akaonekwa boka matarenda vadzidzi, iye akaponesa hapana nguva yavo, hapana simba uye kwemakore akawanda akaramba ane tsamba kukurukura mibvunzo inokosha yesayenzi.

Zvechokwadi Carl Friedrich Gauss yemasvomhu photo, izvo mune ino aiva zvinoshamisa murume. Mutsindo unyanzvi aigona kuzvirumbidza kwete chete masvomhu asiwo mitauro yokumwe "aiva shamwari." Ainyatsogona Latin, Chirungu uye chiFrench, Inoziva kunyange Russian. Yemasvomhu kuverenga kwete chete nesayenzi memoir, asi vanhuwo senhema. Kunyanya aifarira chigadzirwa Dickens, Swift uye Valtera Skotta. Pashure vanakomana vake vaduku vakatama kuUnited States, Gauss akafarirawo vanyori American. Over nguva, muropa Danish, Swedish, Italian uye mabhuku Spanish. Zvechokwadi All mabasa yemasvomhu verenga chepakutanga.

Gauss anotora kumwe chaizvo chinzvimbo muupenyu paruzhinji. Kubvira vachiri vaduku ainzwa ndezvokungotevedzera vanhu vane zvinzvimbo. Kunyange apo yunivhesiti muna 1837 vakatanga kutsutsumwa pamusoro pamambo, iye akatema mapurofesa kugutsikana, Karl haana kupindira.

mumakore achangodarika

Muna 1849 Gauss Uratidze rechi50 gore racho doctorate. To kwaari akakurumbira mathematicians, uye zvakafadza naye zvikuru kupfuura appropriation yomumwe mubairo. Mumakore okupedzisira oupenyu hwake nokuda vazhinji vairwara Carl Gauss. Math akanga zvakaoma famba, asi zvakajeka uye tinoshandisa pfungwa havazobvumirwi penalized.

Nguva pfupi asati afa utano Gauss kuti hwakaipa. Doctors nechirwere chomwoyo uye huta mupfungwa. Mishonga havana kubatsira zvinhu.

Yemasvomhu Gauss akafa musi February 23, 1855, ava nemakore makumi manomwe nemasere. The akakurumbira musayendisiti akavigwa Göttingen uye, maererano ake okupedzisira kuda, pamabwendefa tombstone heptadecagon. Gare gare, zvichaita kudhinda Portraits pamusoro inoratidza uye Banknotes, nyika nguva dzose yeuka anofunga yake yakanakisisa.

Izvi zvakanga Carl Friedrich Gauss - wokumwe, akangwara uye nechido. Uye kana mukakumbira zita nyika yemasvomhu Gauss, unogona leisurely mhinduro: "Masvomhu", nokuti ivo, iye chose hwake.