Thermoregulation is ... Thermoregulation uye metabolism

Thermoregulation ndiyo nzira inobvumira zvipenyu zvipenyu kuti zvirambe zvichiri kuitika mukati memamiriro ekunze. Zvizhinji zvezviitiko mumutumbi wemunhu zvinoenderana nekushisa: metabolism, mazana eprotini nemahomoni, kudya, kugona. Mukuwedzera, kupisa kana kuora mwoyo kunogona kutungamirira kune zvirwere zvakakomba uye kunyange rufu.

Kutsigira hurefu

Pamusoro pehupenyu hwehupenyu hwemunhu, kupisa muviri kunokosha zvikuru. Mutengo wemuviri wevanhu vane hutano uri mumakona mashoma kubva 36.0 kusvika ku 37.0 Celsius. Kunonoka kuderera kana kuwedzera mumitemo iyi kazhinji kunotungamirira kurufu.

Mukupisa, munhu anotuka zvikuru. Kurasikirwa kwechirwere nenzira iyi kunounza kupera simba, dzimwe nguva zvakakomba. Pamwe chete neshuta, muviri unosara nevithamini nemaminera. Nokuda kwekupera mvura, ropa rinowedzera, metabolism inopwanyika. Kurasikirwa kwemazuva ose panguva yekutuka-kusvika pamatatu kubva muzana wehutatu hwehuviri. Kana huwandu huri kupfuura huwandu hwemazana matanhatu, kukanganisa mabasa kunotambura. Zvikamu makumi maviri zvezana zvakakwana kuti zviitike. Mukuwedzera, pane imwe ngozi. Pakugara kwenguva yakareba, muviri unowedzera kupisa kudarika kubudiswa mukati moutachiona, uye maererano nemutemo we thermodynamic equilibrium, muviri wemunhu zvishoma nezvishoma unopisa kusvika kumhepo yekupisa, kureva 39 kusvika ku1 degrees Celsius. Izvi zvinosanganisira kupisa kurwadziwa uye kurasikirwa kwekuziva. Mwoyo yemagetsi inoshandawo pakuchenesa nekusvimha misodzi: kupisa kunowedzera kazhinji, kuwedzera kunomuka, ropa haritombopfuura nemidziyo.

Kunyanya kuderedza hakusi ngozi kune vanhu. Mumiti inotonhora, midziyo yesungano yemuviri, iyo inokonzera mishonga ischemia. Uye kana kukanganisa kwekutonhora kwechando kuchiwedzerwa, ipapo rufu rweganda kana mutsvina rinogona kuitika. Kutonhora kwakadzika kunobatsirawo metabolism, iyo inowanzoitika kakawanda nokukurumidza, nokuti muviri unoda simba yekupisa.

Core uye shell

Mamiriro ezvinhu, muviri wose wevanhu unogona kugoverwa muzvikamu zviviri: nheyo uye shell. Nheyo (kunyanya nhengo dzomukati) dzine utsi hwemazuva ose hunenge makumi matatu neanomwe. Izvi zvinogadziriswa nekuenzanisa pakati pekupisa kwekushisa nekupisa kutengesa. Nhove yacho inopesana pakati pemhepo yakasviba uye 2.5 cm yakakura yakakura.

Ganda revanhu vane hutano munzvimbo dzakasiyana-siyana rinogona kupisa kubva ku24 kusvika ku 36.6 degrees. Iyo inotonhora ndiyo iyo minwe yeminwe, uye nzvimbo inotonhora ndiyo armpit. Kusiyana kwekushisa kwemuviri mukati mezuva kunosvika kune imwe yero: yakaderera-mangwanani-ngwanani, uye yakakwirira - pamatanhatu manheru.

Chizvarwa chechipisa uye kutengesa kutsva

Chii chinonzi thermoregulation uye chinogara sei mumuviri womunhu? Mubvunzo uyu hausi nyore kupindura sezvinoita pakutanga. Mumuviri wedu, kupisa kunoramba kuchigadzirwa, iyo inowanikwa chikamu chikuru chekuchenesa nzvimbo yekunze. Izvi zvinonzi kutengesa kupisa. Iyo inotungamirirwa nekubatsirwa kwehurongwa hwemagetsi, zvigumisiro zvayo zvinoenderana nemetabolism, basa remoyo, kupesana kwemasumbu, nezvimwewo.

Kazhinji, kupisa kunopisa kunofanana nekutsva kwemafuta, ndiko kuti, isotherm inoonekwa. Zvikonzero zve thermoregulation zviri nyore - zvinobatsira kuchengetedza kusviba kusinganzwisisiki kwemukati uye kuvimbisa kumwe kusununguka kwomuviri kubva mumamiriro ekunze. Kwenguva iri mumunhu inogadzira kupisa kwakakwana kubika gita remvura. Uye dai zvisiri zvekupisa, zvino mukati memazuva matatu mushure mokuberekwa tinenge tese takabikwa kubva mukati. Nokudaro, nzira dzinobatsira vanhu kubvisa kupisa kwakanyanya, zvinokosha zvikuru.

Zvinotambudza

Thermoregulation uye kuoma kunofamba pamwe chete. Nhengo yemhuka inozvibatanidza nemigumisiro yekudzikira kusvika pasi kana yakakwirira, nzira itsva dzinogadzirirwa kuchengetedza kugara kwekushisa kwemasikati.

Pamba, kune dzimwe nzira dzakawanda dzinowanikwa dzekuoma. Somuenzaniso, kupukuta nemvura inononoka. Nenguva yekutanga mvura inofanira kunge iri madigiri makumi matatu, ezvo 28, 26 uye saizvozvo, kusvikira yasvika 15 degrees Celsius. Apo mutumbi unoshandiswa kunotonhora, unogona kuenda kunonyorera kana kupisa nekusvina. Mhepo uye sunbathing zvinoonekwawo sechishanda. Pakutanga, nguva yemisangano haifaniri kudarika maminitsi gumi nemashanu, asi nekufamba kwenguva unogona kuunza nguva ye 60. Zvisinei, inofanira kurangarirwa kuti kupererwa kwenguva refu kunogona kutungamirira kumatambudziko neganda nekenza.

Thermoreceptors

Ganda iri muhutano hwemuviri rinotora basa rinokosha. Sezvo nhengo huru pane muviri wemunhu, inoita mabasa akawanda, kusanganisira ine thermoreceptors (inotonhora uye kupisa). Zvinonyatsozivikanwa kuti inotonhora inenge yakawanda kakapetwa kagumi, saka isu tinonyanya kufunga nezvekudzikira kwepasi. Iyo yakawanda yakawanda yekutambira inenge iri pachiso, mumutsipa, uye zvishoma pane zvose - pamunwe wako. Zvisinei, kunzwisiswa kwavo kunopesana nhamba yacho. Pasinei nokuti izvo zvinopisa zvinopisa zvakakura, zvinenge zvakapetwa kaviri sezvinotonhora sezvinotonhora.

Mhando dzermoremore

Thermoregulation isangano rose rezvirongwa zvinotarisirwa kuchengetedza kugara kwekupisa kwemuviri kuburikidza nekushanda kwekupisa. Iyo nzira yekushandiswa kwegadziriro ino inogona kurondedzerwa kushandiswa kwemashoko e "mhinduro". Izvozvo zvinoreva kuti kutaridzika kwemahara kunotanga kushanduka, iyo inogadziriswa yeganda ichiita uye chiratidzo chinopfuudzwa kuuropi. Uye kubva ipapo kunouya murairo wekushisa kwekushongedza uye kupora kwayo.

Zvose zvinotyisa zve thermoregulation zvinogona kugoverwa mumarudzi maviri:

- muviri;

- makemikari.

Chimiro chekuita muviri, uyewo, chinopatsanurwa kuva evaporation, radiation, thermal conductivity uye convection. Pakati pemakemikari zvinogadzirwa , contractile uye isina-kutapudzwa thermogenesis inosiyana.

Physical thermoregulation

Chimiro chekugadzirisa muviri ndechekubatanidzwa kwezvirongwa zvinovimbisa kubviswa kwehuni kubva mumuviri. Nokuda kweizvi, zvisikwa zvinopa nzira dzakawanda:

- Kudzidzira;

- convection;

- mahara;

- evaporation.

Mukuwedzera, muviri unogona kutonga kukwirira kweropa nekupararira kwemidziyo yeganda, iyo inobatawo nekurasikirwa kwekupisa. Imwe nzira yekusunungurwa kwekupisa kunofisa. Inonyanya kubudirira mune imwe nguva yekutonhora kwemamiriro okunze kana kuwedzera kwekuita mukati mekushisa kwemhepo.

Mune imwe nzvimbo yezororo, pakushambidzika kunotonhora kwema20 degrees Celsius, munhu nemirasiyo inorasika inenge makumi matanhatu kubva muzana yehuni, inoputika makumi maviri chete, uye imwe yose inokonzerwa nekuitisa uye kuendesa. Muawa, tinorasikirwa ne100 kilocalories kana mazana mana nemapfumbamwe joules.

Evaporation uye Radiation

Kubuda kwekukura ndiko kusunungurwa kwesimba kunzvimbo yakasvikirwa nekurasikirwa nemhepo kuburikidza neganda kana mucous membrane. Zvimwe zvisingaiti izvi zvinonzi kuputika. Kuva mumhepo inotonhorera (inenge makumi maviri emadhigirii Celsius), munhu anorasikirwa anenge masendimita makumi matatu nemasere eawa rimwe nerimwe. Nekuwedzera kwekushisa kana basa rakaoma, nhamba iyi dzimwe nguva inowedzera kusvika mairi maviri paawa.

Kana mhepo yakaoma, ipapo kupisa kunochengetedzwa nemunhu zvakanyatsonaka, sezvo pane mukana wekubuda kwekutuka. Zvisinei, mumamiriro okunze anonyorova, kunyange madigiri makumi matatu ekupisa anogona kuuraya.

Mazai ndiyo nzira yekupisa kusunungurwa kuburikidza nemagetsi emagetsi emagetsi. Munhu anounza kupisa kubva panguva iyo kutonhora kwemamiriro ezvinhu kunowira pasi pekupisa kwemuviri, kureva, nguva dzose. Kuchengetedza kupererwa kwemazuva mukati mekunaya nguva dzinotonhora, nhamba shoma yeganda rakasvinuka inofanira kusara. Nguo dzinogona kusimbisa miviri uye kuderedza huwandu hwehuni hunogadzirwa, asi hahugoni kumira zvachose.

Kunyangwe nzvimbo yemuviri inobatanidzwa mukutsvaga. Apo mhuka kana munhu ari kutonhora, anoedza kuedza (kutengesa) kuitira kuti zvishomanana zvichibvira pamusoro wemuviri zvinosangana nemamiriro ekunze. Uye zvakasiyana-siyana, kana kuchipisa, zvino vanhu nemhuka vanoedza kuvhura kuti vawedzere nzvimbo yeganda remazuva.

Kutungamira uye kugadzirisa

Kuitisa kunoratidzwa apo munhu anosangana nemimwe miviri. Izvo zvinoenderana nehutano nguva, nzvimbo yechinhu uye iyo inopisa conductivity yemashoko acho.

Kuti urege kutora ganda kana kuti usarwara, unofanira kutevedzera mitemo yepakutanga:

- Usagara pamatombo anotonhorera;

- Muchando, usapotsa zvinhu zvendarira usina maoko;

- Muzvisikwa, usagara panzvimbo isina chinhu, asi nguva dzose isa chimwe chinhu (hombodo yehope, rug, nguo);

- Usafamba mumishambwa yakaoma munguva yechando.

Convection ndiyo nzira inoshandiswa yekutsvaira kupisa, iyo inogadzirwa nekufambisa zvikamu zvemvura kana mhepo, somuenzaniso, nzizi dzakadaro dzinoita mhepo kana fan. Kana iri nyore, muviri, unopisa kupisa, inopisa mweya pedyo neganda. Anova akajeka kupfuura kutonhora, uye anokwira kumusoro, uye nzvimbo yake inotorwa nechikamu chitsva. Apo patinenge tiri mumhepo kana tichifambira mberi, mhepo inotenderedza nesu inokurumidza kukurumidza, saka, kupisa hakugari pedyo neganda kwenguva refu.

Chemhemia thermoregulation

Thermoregulation uye metabolism zvakanyatsoenderana. Iyo yemakemikari nzira inongobva kuchinjwa muhukuru hwehutano hwehushijidhi uye kudengenyeka kwemisimba. Simba rokupisa muviri inowanikwa ne hydrolysis yeAATP (adenosine triphosphate). Izvo zvakakosha kuti shanduko yemakemikari akaoma zvive nyore. Kupisa, izvo zvino kunosunungurwa, kunopera munzvimbo yakapoteredza. Izvi hazvisi kutapudzwa thermogenesis.

Zvichienderana nekutonhora kwezvakatipoteredza, metabolism inogona kukurumidzirwa kana kunonoka kusvika kuchengetedza kugara kwechikamu. Munhu anonyatsonaka anonzwa pa18-20 degrees Celsius. Asi izvi ndezvemhepo. Mvura inonyanya kukonzera kupisa, saka kutonhora kunofanira kuva kwakakwirira. Zvose zvekupisa zvinogadzirwa nemisungo munguva yeaerobic glycolysis. Saka, patinotonhora, muviri unotanga kudedera kuwedzera kupisa kwekupisa. Ichi chiitiko chinonzi contracttive thermogenesis.

Thermoregulation control

Kugadziriswa kwehuropi kunofanana nenzira yakafanana nedzimwe nhengo yemuviri, uye musiyano uripo pano kuti iyo nzvimbo inotarisira basa rose iripo. Mu hypothalamus inowanikwa pakati pe thermoregulation, iyo inobatanidza kukurumidza kwemagetsi emagetsi, kushungurudza kwemisungo, uye inzwi remidziyo yeganda.

Masero emagetsi emunharaunda aya chikamu cheuropi anokwanisa kusiyanisa pakati pekudengenyeka kusvika zana uye chikamu chechidimbu. Vanongorora ruzivo rwekuuya uye, maererano neshoko remhinduro, kutonga mukati mekushisa kwemukati, kuchigadzirisa zvichienderana nemamiriro ekunze.

Pasi pemvura ye hypothalamus iro thyroid gland uye adrenal glands. Yokutanga inokanganisa chimiro chemagetsi, uye chechipiri inobata maitiro evascular and oxidative in the muscles. Kushandisa neurotransmitter uye hormone, iyo hypothalamus inogadzirisa mamiriro emuviri maererano nemamiriro ezvinhu.