War, blockade kuti Leningrad. How mazuva akawanda mberi blockade kuti Leningrad? Kukombwa Leningrad: Makore

Chido andobata Leningrad akangoti yakatevera ose murayiro German. Munyaya ino tichashandisa nezvoUmambo chiitiko, uye sei mazuva akaramba blockade kuti Leningrad zhinji. Rakanga akaronga nemauto akawanda, vakabatana pasi murayiro Field Marshal Wilhelm of Leeb uye pamwe se "North", kusunda mauto eSoviet kubva kuBaltic States uye kutanga kubata Leningrad. Zvichitevera kubudirira oparesheni ichi, vanopinda nechisimba German vaizova chaizvo mukana pakarepo ipazwe rwemberi hondo Soviet, uye kusiya Moscow pasina dziviriro.

Kukombwa Leningrad. zuva

The kubatwa zviri Leningrad kubudikidza vokuGermany kuti vapiwa tirasikirwe Soviet Union of kuBaltic Fleet ndiro kanoverengeka kunge akarwarisa yacho zvine urongwa mamiriro ezvinhu. Mukana kutanga mberi itsva nokuda kwokudzivirira Moscow mumamiriro ezvinhu akanga asiri nokuda ose ehondo kare kushandiswa. Mauto Soviet vaisagona mupfungwa kugamuchira kupambwa muguta muvengi, uye mhinduro yomubvunzo wokuti: "? vangani Mazuva mberi blockade pakati Leningrad" Zvaiva zvakasiyana. Asi zvakaitika sei zvakaitika.

July 10, 1941 vokuGermany vakarwisa Leningrad, kukwirira mauto avo akanga pachena. Mauto, kunze 32 inifanduri kupatsanurana, aiva tangi 3, 3 Motorized Division uye kutsigira avanoita avhiyesheni. Muhondo iyi, masoja eGermany akaramba kuchamhembe uye kuchamhembe-yokumadokero mberi, apo paiva vanhu zvizhinji shoma (zvachose 31 nemapoka uye 2 brigades). Panyaya iyi, kuti nevanozvitsigira vasina matangi, hapana zvombo, hapana magirinedhi, uye ndege zvose zvakanga 10 nguva shoma kupfuura vavengi.

Kukombwa Leningrad: nyaya kudenha muuto reGermany rokutanga

Kushanda nesimba yakawanda nesimba, vokuGermany adzosa nemauto eSoviet kuBaltic States uye yakatanga kudenhwa Leningrad nenzira mbiri. Finnish Mauto vakatamira kuburikidza yakarwiwa panzvimbo inonzi Karelia uye ndege German dzakanga dzichiitika vakakomba guta. Masoja Soviet wakadzivisa mberi nomuvengi munzira dzose uye kunyange ikadzivisa Finnish hondo pedyo Karelian Isthmus.

The German Army "North" vachifamba tsamwisa pamusoro fronts maviri: lushskomu uye Novgorod-Chudovo. Huru kuvhunduka Division vakachinja nzira uye takatamira Leningrad. Uyewo akaenda muguta German mhepo simba, ndiko zvikuru kupfuura Soviet mumwe. Zvisinei, pasinei nokuti avhiyesheni Soviet muzvinhu zvakawanda muduku muvengi, iye vakarashika airspace pamusoro Leningrad chete ndege shoma hweNazi. Muna August, mauto eGermany vakaputsa kusvika Shimskaya, asi mauto Red Army kumisa muvengi pana Staraya Russa. Zvinonzi zvishoma seiyi kufamba nevaNazi uye kunyange wakabvunzwa ngozi zvakavapoteredza.

Changing kutungamirirwa aaiitawo

murayiro yechiFascist vakachinja nhungamiro uye pasi Staraya Russa akatuma motorized mapoka maviri, vachitsigirwa ne Ndege. Muna August, guta rakanga ratorwa Novgorod uye Chudovo uye makavhara njanji makwara. High Command German vakasarudza chokubatanidza pedyo Lake Ladoga hondo vake Finnish, ari kufamba mirayiridzo iyi. Nechekare mukupera August, mauto muvengi chakavhara nemigwagwa zvose unoenda Leningrad, uye musi waSeptember 8, guta rakundwa nomuvengi munguva yokukomba. Ramba vaonane kunze nyika zvaiita chete mhepo kana mvura. Saka, vaFascist Leningrad "akakomba", vakatanga kutokonora guta uye vanhuwo zvavo. Pane nguva dzose zvemuchadenga kubhomba.
Vashayiwa mutauro chokufananidza Stalin achidzivirira nyaya guru, September 12 akatumira Leningrad Zhukov uye anopfuuura kuti chiito nokuda kudzivirira guta. Asi October 10 nemhaka akaoma muchiuto ezvinhu pasi Moscow Zhukov ndaifanira kuenda ikoko, uye chikwata akagadzwa panzvimbo yake Major General Fedyuninsky.

Hitler akaputsa nevamwe nzvimbo dzimwe mumapoka kuti mukati pfupi nguva zvakazara kubata Leningrad uye kuparadza nemauto eSoviet. Kurwa nokuti guta rwakatora mazuva 871. Pasinei nokuti muvengi wacho mberi rakaguma, vanhu veko vakanga vava kuda upenyu norufu. Food mumatanda ose zuva akava zvishoma uye zvishoma, uye kutokonora uye mhepo rinopamura handitsauki.

lifeline

Kubva pazuva blockade nzira imwe chete inokosha chinangwa chokutanga - the Road Youpenyu - aigona kusiya guta rakakombwa. It vagura Ladonezhskoe nyanza, zviri nokuti aigona kudzingwa Leningrad vakadzi nevana. Uyewo ari mumugwagwa uyu muguta agamuchira chikafu, mishonga uye zvombo. Asi chikafu achiri asina kukwana, zvitoro zvakanga chiro, uye pedyo bhekari kunotora vazhinji kuti vawane ake govera Coupons. "Road Roupenyu" raiva yakamanikana uye nguva dzose pasi Ziso vaNazi, asi vamwe nzira kunze kweguta hariko.

nzara

Nokukurumidza takatanga kuoma nechando, uye zvikepe pamwe zvokudya havana kukwanisa kusvika Leningrad. The guta rakatanga enzara. Mainjiniya uye vashandi zvirimwa ukauyiswa 300 magiramu chingwa uye vanhuwo zvavo kuti Leningrad - 150 chete? G Asi ikozvino kunaka chingwa kwakave nokushatiswa yekudyidzana - yaiva rabha musanganiswa vakasara stale chingwa nezvimwe inedible netsvina. Govera chiri kuchekwa. Uye kana kutonhora asvika kubvisa makumi mana, Leningrad munguva blockade yakaramba isina mvura uye pasina magetsi. Asi miti kuti kugadzirwa kwezvombo uye zvombo akanga achishanda asiri chemabhazi, kunyange zvakadaro dzakaoma kuti guta.

VokuGermany vaiva nechivimbo chokuti guta haangazorori kwaaisvika ezvinhu zvinotyisa zvakadaro, kubatwa kwayo aitarisirwa zuva nezuva. The Kukombwa Leningrad, kutanga musi iyo, maererano vaNazi, uye aifanira kuva musi kubatwa reguta, rakanga unpleasantly kushamisika murayiro. Vanhu usaora mwoyo uye vakatsigira mumwe vavo nevanozvitsigira sezvo kwavaigona. Vakanga vasina kuenda risa kuti muvengi. Kukombwa yakaenderera mberi, morale nechisimba zvishoma kwakaderera. City akakundikana akakunda, uye mamiriro ezvinhu akatonyanya kuoma zuva roga roga emagandanga zviito. Army Group "North" akarayirwa kuti ngadzirambe dziri gwapa, uye muchirimo, kana vavabatsire kuuya kutanga kuita.

Yokutanga kuedza chokusunungura guta

Muna 1942, mauto eSoviet vakaedza kakawanda chokusunungura guta, asi rotonhorera pamusoro blockade pakati Leningrad haana kushanda kunze. Nepo kuedza zvose dzaguma kukundikana, asi kuve vakashaisa nzvimbo muvengi uye akapa mukana kuedza kusimudza blockade zvakare. Izvi zvinotora Voroshilov uye Zhukov. January 12, 1944 nevarwi veuto eSoviet achitsigirwa kuBaltic Fleet akatanga imwe inogumbura. Heavy kurwa vakamanikidza muvengi kushandisa kwake simba rose. inovhuvhutira simba kumativi ose kumanikidzwa mauto aHitler vakatanga shure, uye muna June, muvengi akadzingwa 300? km kubva Leningrad. Tyorai kukombwa Leningrad aiva kukunda uye yakachinja muhondo.

ya blockade

History haazivi akadaro utsinye uye kwenguva refu muchiuto yakakombwa mumusha, muna Leningrad. How usiku vazhinji kufunganya achigura vagari veguta rakakombwa, sei mazuva mazhinji ... Kukombwa Leningrad rwakatora mazuva 871. Vanhu vakatambura marwadzo kwazvo uye kutambura, kuti zvaizova zvakakwana munyika yose kusvika kumagumo remakore! Kukombwa Leningrad - makore, chaizvoizvo ropa uye rima vose. Ikavhuniwa nokuda kuzvitsaurira uye ushingi nemauto eSoviet vakanga vakagadzirira kubayira upenyu hwavo nokuda kwavo. Panopera makore awa mazhinji dzekare uye vanhuwo vaifarira chete chimwe chinhu: zvakanga zvichiita kudzivisa utsinye zvaitika rakadaro? Zvichida kwete. Hitler akangopa akarota zuva apo iye anogona mutore kuBaltic Fleet uye adzikatidza inoenda Murmansk uye Ngirozi Huru, apo vavabatsire vasvike uto reSoviet. Zvakanga zvichiita kugadzira mamiriro pachine uye zvishoma kuti ugadzirire kuriita? "Kukombwa Leningrad - nyaya heroism uye ropa" - zvinogona kunzi ichi vanotyisa nguva. Asi ngatitarise zvikonzero nemhaka iyo tsaona uye vakatendeukira.

Prerequisites nokuti blockade uye zvinokonzera nzara

Muna 1941, pakutanga September, vaNazi akabatwa Shlisselburg. Saka, Leningrad airarama. Pakutanga, vanhu veSoviet havana kutenda kuti zvinhu kuchaita kuti vakadaro taisireva, asi kutya akakurirwa Leningrad. ari echiShinto vaiva chinhu, vose mari yave wakasuduruka mumari bhengi mumaawa mashomanana, vakawanda vacho akanga kugadzirira refu kukomba guta. Vamwe vagari kunyange vakakwanisa kusiya guta vaNazi asati akatanga vakawanda kuurayiwa, kubhombiwa uye yaiuya vanhu mhosva. Asi pashure pokubatwa kukombwa rakatanga, paguta zvava hazviiti. Vamwe vanyori venhau dzakaitika vanoti zvinotyisa nzara pamazuva blockade wakabva chokwadi kuti pakutanga Kukomba vakapisa zvose badayev dzokuchengetera, uye pamwechete navo zvokudya reserves, dzaona pamusoro guta rose.

Zvisinei, pashure pakuongorora zvose zvinyorwa panyaya iyi, iyo, sezvinei, vakanga kusvikira ichangobva akavanzwa, zvakava pachena kuti hapana "madziva" zvokudya mu izvi zvitoro havana pakutanga. In yakaoma yehondo, nokuumba inokosha kuchengeterwa mamiriyoni 3 vagari Leningrad aiva basa hazvitomboiti. Veko zvokudya kuti kupinza zvigadzirwa, uye havana zvinokwana inopfuura vhiki. Naizvozvo, vachitevera matanho yakaoma acho: akasuma kadhi rokugoverwa, vakaraira kuongororwa zvose tsamba, chikoro akavharwa. Kana vamwe mashoko vave wamboona kuda kana chinyorwa raiva dzakaora mwoyo, izvozvo raparadzwa.

Upenyu uye rufu iri paberere kweguta anodiwa

Kukombwa Leningrad - makore pamusoro masayendisiti vachiri vachingopopotedzana. Pashure pokutarira kuburikidza netsamba uye akachengetedzwa zvinyorwa pevachapona ichi nguva inotyisa, uye kuedza kupindura mubvunzo "sei mazuva akaramba blockade kuti Leningrad vazhinji", vanyori venhau dzakaitika vakaona yose mufananidzo inotyisa. Pakarepo pamusoro pavagere vakarwisa nzara, urombo uye rufu. Mari uye goridhe depreciated zvachose. The kubvisa akanga aronga mukutanga kwematsutso ari 41st, asi chete kuti January gore rinouya zvakakwanisika kuona kubva kunzvimbo ino chakashata vazhinji vanogaramo. Pedyo Corn nematanga apo vanhu vakapiwa mugove wezvokudya makadhi, yabuda chete risingadaviriki tungamidzana. In frosty nguva ino bedzi nenzara uye nechisimba vakauraya vanhu. The lämpömittari yanonoka refu chinyorwa yakaderera tembiricha. It kuteerera nechando ose mapaipi emvura uye kukurumidza kushandisa zvose zvinowanikwa munyika mafuta. Vagari chakasara kuchitonhora pasina mvura, chiedza uye nokupisa. A dambudziko rakakura nokuti vanhu vakatanga gurusvusvu makonzo nzara. Vakadya vose zvokudya uye vaiva vatakuri anotyisa zvirwere. Nokuda kwezvikonzero izvi zvose, ivo simba uye simba nenzara uye nezvirwere, vanhu vakanga vachifira mumigwagwa, havafaniri kunyange nguva yokuviga navo.

Upenyu hwevanhu vari blockade

Pasinei kukomba zvinhu, vanhu vepo sezvo vaigona kutsigira upenyu kweguta. Uyewo, Leningrad uye akabatsira Army Soviet. Pasinei anotyisa Magariro, zvinomera haana kurega basa ravo kwekanguva uye zvinenge zvose kusunungurwa zvigadzirwa zvechiuto.

Vanhu vatsigirane, achiedza haana kusiyira tsika kweguta tsvina, anodzosa dzemitambo uye mamiziyamu. Munhu wose aida kuratidza zvisingaiti kuti hapana chinogona vanodzungudza kutenda kwavo mune ramangwana yakajeka. The kupfuura unoshamisa muenzaniso rudo guta musha wake uye akaratidza nhoroondo "Leningrad Symphony" Shostakovich upenyu. Munyori vakatanga basa iri shure kwake muguta rakakombwa, ndokuguma kubvisa. Paizopera yayo hwakatamisirwa guta, uye dzomunzvimbo chikwata chevaimbi rakabatsira nezvimwe zvose Leningrad. Panguva kubhendi, Soviet atirari haana kupa chero yemasikati muguta rimwe muvengi ndege kuti kubhomba haana kuvhuna akanga akamirirwa kwenguva refu kuratidzwa. It kumborega kushanda, uye redhiyo nemakanzuru, waiita vagari vemo mweya mashoko manyoro uye kunosvika kuda kurarama.

Children-magamba. Ensemble kwavatumwa Obranta

Zvinorwadza zvikuru dingindira yagara musoro weruponeso kutambura vana. Kutanga kukombwa Leningrad yakarova zvose, uye duku pakutanga. A uduku kupedzerwa muguta, akasiya rakadzika zvakakanganwika zvose Leningrad vana. Vari zvose akura pamberi vezera ravo sezvo vaNazi zvoutsinye chakabiwa kubva pauduku hwavo uye mutambarakede nguva. Kids, kufanana vakuru, vakaedza kuunza Victory Day. Pakati pavo pane vaya vasina kutya kupa upenyu hwake nokuda rava kusvika vanofara zuva. Ivo vakaramba mumwoyo magamba mazhinji. Muenzaniso ndiyo nyaya vana dance Ensemble kwavatumwa Obranta. Muchando kukombwa unorema vana akanga abviswa, asi, pasinei ichi pakutanga, guta rakanga richiri mugove wavo. Kunyange asati hondo, Rwiyo uye Dance Ensemble rakaumbwa muna Muzinda Pioneers. Zvino vadzidzisi yehondo akasara Leningrad akatsvaka vadzidzi vake zvekare uye anoenderera mberi ensembles uye mapoka. Akapindawo uye choreographer Obrant. Vakasara vana muguta yaakasika kutamba boka. Mumazuva ano vanotyisa uye vana vane nzara regai pachako nguva kuzorora, uye boka zvishoma nezvishoma zvikanzwika netsoka dzake. Uye vanoita izvi pasinei nokuti vana vazhinji pamberi kudzidzira vaifanira kuponeswa kubva nenzara (vakanga vasingachawirirani kutakura kunyange zvishoma mutoro).

Kwapera nguva, chikwata akatotanga vakatanga kupa Concerts. Muchirimo 1942 vakatanga kutenderera, vakaedza zvakaoma kurera morale nemauto. Masoja akatarira vana ava noushingi uye vaisagona kurega manzwiro. Nokuti sezvo bedzi blockade weguta yakatora, vana vakatenderera pamwe Concerts mapoka avarwi zvose uye akapa vanopfuura zviuru 3 Concerts. Pane dzimwe nguva kutaura kwedzimwe Mabhomba mhepo bvuta. The Vakomana havana kutya kunyange kuenda mberi, kuti afadze uye kutsigira nevanozvitsigira dzavo, kunyange akatamba mumhanzi pasina, kuti arege atambudzwe vokuGermany. Mushure guta rakanga vakasunungurwa kubva vanopinda nechisimba, vose vana Ensemble yakanga paakavapa ari menduru "Nokuti Kutsigira Leningrad".

The-refu akamirirwa budiriro!

The yakachinja nyasha mauto eSoviet kwakaitika muna 1943, uye varwi vakanga vachigadzirira kusunungurwa Leningrad kubva nechisimba German. January 14, 1944 nevanozvitsigira vakatanga chokupedzisira chokutambudzika kusunungurwa guta. Muvengi ndokukuvadza mumwe kupwanya ichivhuvhuta, uye akazarura nyika migwagwa yose unobatanidza Leningrad nevamwe nzvimbo munyika. Vakaputsa kuburikidza kukombwa Leningrad January 27, 1944 nevarwi Volkhov uye Leningrad mberi. VokuGermany Zvishoma nezvishoma akatanga taramuka, uye nokukurumidza vakasimudza zvachose blockade.

Izvi peji kwakaipisisa munhau Russia, nokusasa ropa vanhu mamiriyoni maviri. Kuyeuka magamba vawa chizvarwa nechizvarwa uye anogara mumwoyo yevanhu nhasi. Zvadaro, sezvo mazuva vachifamba blockade pamusoro Leningrad, uye ipapo, chii kushinga vakaratidza vanhu vanoyemurwa kunyange Western dzakaitika.

Price blockade

January 27, 1944 pa 8 pm ari vasunungurwa kubva blockade kuti Leningrad akabhururuka skyward yomutambo hwemoto. Dedicated Leningrad rwakatora mazuva 872 ari utsinye ezvinhu kukombwa, asi ikozvino zvose akasiya. The heroism zvavo vanhu vachiri zvinoshamisa kare kudzivirira guta uye vachiri kudzidza vaongorori. Uye pane chikonzero! Kukombwa Leningrad rwakatora mazuva anenge 900 uye kwakaurayisa vakawanda ... gedye zvakadini - Zvakaoma kutaura.

Pasinei chokwadi kuti kubvira 1944 kwave nemakore anopfuura 70, kare havagoni kuzivisa nhamba chaiyo vanonetswa ichi chiitiko ropa. Heano mamwe mashoko yatorwa magwaro.

Saka, pamutemo nhamba yevaya vakaurayiwa wakakombwa - 632 253 vanhu. Vanhu vakafa nokuda kwezvikonzero zvakawanda, asi kazhinji kubva kubhomba, chando uye nzara. Leningradites nesimba akatsungirira chando makore 1941/1942, uyezve, dzose nokushomeka kwezvokudya, magetsi uye mvura zvachose vanotambudzwa kwevanhu. Blockade kuti Leningrad ruzivo vanhu, kwete tsika chete, asiwo munyama. Residents vakagamuchira shomanana migove chingwa, waiva haawanzotauri zvakakwana (uye dzimwe nguva haana kukwana zvachose), kuti arege vafe nenzara.

Vezvenhau kuitisa kutsvakurudza avo vakachengetedzwa kubva kuhondo zvinyorwa kwematunhu uye guta matare eDare All-Union Communist Party pakati Bolsheviks. mashoko akadaro vashandi kuhofisi yokunyoresa uyo ngadzirambe uwandu vanhu vakafa. Pakangotanga mapepa akanga muchivande, asi pashure pokuwa USSR declassified yamabhuku, uye magwaro akawanda dzawanika kusvika wose.

Zvataurwa pamusoro apa nhamba akafa ndiye zvakasimba asatenderwe chokwadi. Kusunungurwa Leningrad kubva Nazi blockade wakapiwa vanhuwo mari zhinji upenyu, ropa uye kutambura. Vamwe mabhuku vanoti vanenge 300 zviuru akafa, apo vamwe vanoti mamiriyoni 1,5. Yakatakura chete yevanhuwo zvavo vasina nguva kutizira kuguta. Vakafa Varwi kubva muzvikamu Leningrad Front uye kuBaltic Fleet akanyoresa ndandanda "kutsigira muguta."

simba Soviet kwete pachena nhamba yevanhu yechokwadi. Pashure kukombwa Leningrad ikasimudzwa, mashoko ose vaiurayiwa Classified uye zita nhamba yave nguva yachinja ose gore. Panguva iyoyo chakataurwa kuti hondo yacho USSR pamwe vaNazi kubva kurutivi rwedu vakaurayiwa vanhu vanenge mamiriyoni 7. Ndiani akataura dimikira miriyoni 26.6 ...

Sezvingatarisirwa, nhamba yevanofa haina kunyanya yakavhiringidzwa muna Leningrad, asi zvisinei, akaitwa anodzokororwa kakawanda. Pakupedzisira, takamira kumativi mamiriyoni 2 vanhu. Gore nokusimudza blockade akava kamwe kupfuura kufara uye chinonyanya akasuwa nokuti vanhu. Chete zvino kuziva kuti vanhu vazhinji vakafa nenzara uye kuchitonhora. Uye vangani vakapa upenyu hwavo nekuda kusunungurwa ...

Discussions pamusoro nhamba yevanhu zvinoitiswa kwenguva refu. Kune mashoko matsva uye Masvomhu itsva, chaiyo nhamba yevanhu vakaurayiwa pakati Leningrad rinoita haana kuzivikanwa. Kunyange zvakadaro, shoko "hondo", "nechigumbuso", "Leningrad" chikonzero uye achaita vaizotevera pfungwa yokudada vanhu uye nemanzwiro incredible marwadzo. Ichi chinhu chokudada. Year vaizoitwazve ari blockade pakati Leningrad - gore yakunda yevanhu mweya uye mauto zvakanaka pamusoro rima nenyonganyonga.