Yaitonga kuwedzera - nayo ... ichitongwa kuwedzera: pfungwa, nhungamiro, nhoroondo uye tsananguro

Marine dzayaitonga kuwedzera - ndiwo mutemo maererano izvo dzakapfuma the Old World kunge nhumbi kubatsirwa mundima vamwe mumakondinendi kana akavagarisa. Nokufamba kwenguva rakavapo kupinda masimba nhangemutange vaitungamirira vachirwira nyika kutonga.

prerequisites

Kutanga kuEurope dzayaitonga kuwedzera muna XV-XVI emakore., Pakutanga kwezana remakore Discovery. Mugore Late yeMiddle Ages muTestamende World pamisika kunyanya inoremekedzwa isingawanzowanikwi cup nhumbi kubva kunyika iri kumabvazuva. Somuenzaniso, zvakanga zvinonhuwira, izvo zvinoita kuti kuchengeta zvokudya kwenguva refu. Zvino sezvine kusetsa, asi rakanga nutmeg ipapo aikoshesa ayo uremu goridhe.

Panguva iyoyo muEurope rumutsiriro, iyo Akaperekedzwa nezvokukura ruzivo yesayenzi. Yaitonga kuwedzera - ndiko, pakutanga kwezvose, hombe rengarava. Nezvikepe imwe mhando itsva, iyo vayambuke gungwa uye kusiya kure negungwa makungwa wokutanga, akazviratidza muPortugal uye Spain. Vakanga vaduku umambo, chete vakasikwa vasunungurwa mundima vaMuslim.

Nemari vatengesi uye, muchidimbu, pamwe nehurumende rutsigiro vakashinga vatsvakurudzi vakatanga kutsvaka gungwa kuenda India kupfuma. Nokuti chinangwa ichi zvakanga zvakakodzera kuti of circumnavigate Africa. Muna 1492, mumwe rwendo Spanish vaitungamirirwa Hristofora Kolumba akaenda neimwe nzira - chete kumavirira. Uye akaona America. Yaitonga Kuwedzera yaitonga nyika kwamuka nokuda chiitiko ichi.

Spanish kuwedzera

The guru rokutanga dzayaitonga umambo akava Spain. Yakanga pasi mireza varo vatsvakurudzi vakaona America. madzimambo Spanish akanga achitarisira kuwana kondinendi itsva yendarama nesirivha. nesimbi Precious vakanga muAndes zvechokwadi. Kana izvi zvikazikamwa kune vamwe, America vakamhanyira vanhu vazhinji adventurers.

The mumigodhi Peru sirivha vakabvumira Spain ave simba kupfuura European mamiriro ari XVI remakore. Yaitonga kuwedzera - kuri noutsinye kuti vagari vemo munyika nemataundi mundima. VokuAmerica vaiva vanoitirwa European youmambo pakutanga. Ivo vakafa mamiriyoni kufa nokuda zvirwere zvavo. Mukuwedzera, kuSpain akaita basa rinokosha yeRoma. The umambo akaisa basa kubhabhatidza vahedheni vose kubva kunyika kure. mutemo uyu vakakurudzira utsinye pakati Raibvunzurudza.

In ichatonga zvine mbiri Spanish dzayaitonga umambo nayo zvaiva yose Central uye South America. vaiva kunze munzvimbo chete kundima, izvo akazozviratidza muBrazil. Idzi vaiva Portugal.

Portuguese nyuchi

Kana Spain nyanzvi America, yave kupfuura vakabatikana Portugal kumisa kuridzwa kutengeserana rara India. Ndizvo musiyano mukuru pakati maviri dzayaitonga umambo vokutanga. The Spanish akaedza kukunda nyika dzakadzika makondinendi itsva. The Portuguese, nekusiyana, haana kusiya mumhenderekedzo yegungwa munzvimbo. Pano vanotengesa nhare dzakavakwa. Kuburikidza navo takaenda Europe zvigadzirwa zvitsva.

Raiva zvinonhuwira, nyanga dzenzou, uye dzimwe zvamafaro. Zvinotonyanya kukosha kwaiva pakuvhurwa American zvokurima zvirimwa: .. Potatoes, madomasi, chibage, etc. The zvokudya vokuEurope pamberi pangu. Akaoma musoro dealers kuunganidza pfuma yakakura iri chindingindingi kuchinjanisa isingawanzowanikwi hazvo izvi. Kutanga ichitongwa kuwedzera anosiyana kuti nokuda kwake vakatorwa zvikuru kubva mikana zvinhu. Pazvakava pachena kuti itsva nyika vimbiso yakakura mari nokuti rudzi vakabatana masimba itsva European. Trade hondo vava chenhando.

Kwokuderera Spain, kuwedzera muEngland

Muzana XVII remakore Spanish dzayaitonga umambo vakapinda kuderera. Paiva nezvikonzero zvinoverengeka. Umambo kupedza zvose nendarama yavo American kwerunyararo wehondo uye hondo anodhura mu Europe. Panguva ino, muna Old World akaputsa mumwe ose kunetsana pakati pevaKaturike nevaPurotesitendi. Zvakatanga Makumi Matatu Years War, uye uto mari, akatenga mari Spanish zvikazara Germany uye Netherlands. Nokuda kwayo asina mhosva nomutemo Spain chakarasikirwa zvose zvakanakira, chakapiwa kwaari pakutanga yaitonga rudzi.

The muvengi mukuru waJehovha Madrid dare yaita England. Munyika ino, ari XVII remakore, paiva Bourgeois chimurenga, izvo akasiya rokupedzisira Mhedziso umambo. The nyika kwakasimbiswa vakasununguka wezvokutengeserana uye capitalism. Nokukurumidza paiva neboka rengarava simba.

The British umambo

Directions ichitongwa kuwedzera wokuEngland akanga akasiyana chaizvo. Misha yokutanga akaonekwa North America. Atova XVIII remakore Dzheyms e yakawanikwa kure Australia, iyo zvakazara hwakatamisirwa UK. The parera rekorona Chirungu akava India. Yokutanga dzaiva vachiri pano nokuda Portuguese, asi pakupedzisira akarasikirwa kune upfumi kutamburira Lisbon kuLondon uye, nokuda kworutivi murunyararo, vakatengesa fuma yavo.

Local Indian Vagari vaizviti zvitendero zvikuru zvakasiyana - Islam, chiHindu uye chiBuddha. The reIndia aiva akawandisa pemarudzi nemhaka iyo pakanga enyika kugara kusabatana. Izvi pamwe, uye pamwe kwezvinhu ukuru akabvumira Britain iri XIX remakore, chose pamusoro nyika. Indian dzayaitonga kuwedzera - ndiwo muenzaniso wakanaka sei upfumi iri akaisa kunyika akashanda guru.

The njodzi America

Chirungu kugarwa muNorth America yakatangawo nokukurumidza. Munharaunda iyi, ungano dzaiva pakupedzisira akaonekwa muFrance uye Netherlands. Asi kushora Paris uye London akava mikuru iri huru. Pakupera ari XVIII remakore British dzaitongwa akazivisa kwavo rusununguko uye akaumba United States of America. The itsva Hurumende yave vakazvimiririra akaongorora uye populates kumadokero mundima.

A yakafanana mugumo chakanga chakamirira Spanish dzaidzorwa. Pakutanga ari XIX remakore, vagari venyika South American vakazivisa hondo kuti rusununguko kubva mai nyika, zvavakanga vakabudirira akunda. Saka, paiva nomumwe chete nharaunda huru, asati yakakamurwa pakati European masimba dzayaitonga. Yakanga Africa. Hondo nokuti vachiri kuuya.

Scramble nokuti Africa

Kwenguva refu vokuEurope vakanga chete pamhenderekedzo Africa. Nokudaro dzakadzidzvinyirira akatora kuwanda varanda vakaunzwa America nechikepe. Pane basa vatema kushandiswa kokupata basa. Pfungwa ichitongwa kuwedzera hazvo kunosanganisira kusarura vomunzvimbo, iro (sezvo Africans) akava muranda.

Asi chikamu chino "kondinendi dema" kwakaitika yechipiri yezana XIX remakore. Pakazosvika nguva uranda akanga wagumiswa munyika dzakawanda dzokuEurope, izvo, zvisinei, akaita chikumbiro kuna veko haisi zvikuru kuda. Pausiku First World War muna Africa vaiva mapoka kunyika dzakasiyana: France, Great Britain, Portugal, Belgium, Netherlands. Ichangoburwa kubatana munhangemutange munharaunda rekuUnited Germany uye Italy.

The War World First yakatanga sezvo nharo kutonga muEurope, asiwo zvakakanganisa redistribution nyuchi. Panguva kuti Entente nyika vane wemirayiro munharaunda kuMiddle East. nharaunda iyi refu vaiva hweOttoman Empire (Turkey), izvo yakadhirika. Arab ndima kunyanya achiwana UK, zvisinei, avo pamutemo atova zvakasiyana chaizvo vokutanga dzaidzorwa.

Kuramba ungano dzaiva

XX remakore kwapfuura pasi pomureza kuti decolonization. Yakanga muitiro yokuwana rusununguko, African nyika, Middle East, India uye zvichingodaro. D. Kunyanya, akava kushingaira panopera Hondo Yenyika II. Vaimbove African nyuchi uye ikozvino kutakura rupawo yaichimbova kuva nyika mai vavo. Munyika idzi, mutauro unonyanya kushandiswa uri kazhinji Chirungu kana French (kuwedzera National bazi remutauro).

The Kudeuka ichitongwa simba - Britain - ndiye akasika Commonwealth, pazviri ari kushingaira kushanda pamwe unoriumba dzaitongwa nhasi.