WeOPEC: achiongorora zvaive nokuronga mabasa. List Nyika - nhengo weOPEC

Structure akadana weOPEC, achiongorora zvaive abbreviations izvo, pfungwa, zvaizivikanwa vakawanda kudaro anoridza basa rinokosha mune yose dzezvebhizimisi. Apo sangano iri zvakasikwa? Ndezvipi huru zvinokonzera pakagadzwa ichi dzakawanda mamiriro? Ano kuitika, tichiratidza kuderera mitengo mafuta, tingati ari oneka uye saka kudzora kuti exporters kuti "ndarama dema" nhasi? Kana rurefu mukana weOPEC nyika - Kutsigira Actor mune zvematongerwo pose munhandare, vanomanikidzwa kuzobvunza kukoshesa vemamwe marudzi?

WeOPEC: mukuru ruzivo

Chii weOPEC? Achiongorora zvaive abbreviations izvi zviri nyore. Zvisinei, usati kuiita, chinofanira kuva zvakanaka transliterate ndokuadira Chirungu - weOPEC. Wana - Organization Petroleum kwekurasira Countries. Kana, kuti Organization Petroleum kwekurasira Countries. Sangano iri remarudzi akasika kupfuura mafuta masimba nechinangwa, maererano vaongorori, zvakamubaya pamusoro pawaitengesa "ndarama dema" iri zvatinoita, kunyanya, mitengo.

WeOPEC nhengo - 12 inoti. Pakati pavo pane Middle Eastern nyika - Iran, Kuwait, Saudi Arabia, Iraq, Kuwait, kuti Brazil, nyika nhatu kubva Africa - Algeria, Nigeria, Angola, Libya uye Venezuela uye Ecuador, izvo dziri muSouth America. Kumuzinda sangano kana ichi riri yeAustria guru - Vienna. The Organization Petroleum kwekurasira Countries rakaumbwa muna 1960. By kuitika iyoyo weOPEC nyika kudzora 40% munyika kunze kwenyika kuti "ndarama dema".

History weOPEC

WeOPEC rakaumbwa muna Iraqi guru guta kweBaghdad, muna September 1960. The initiators chayo zvisikwa vakava chikuru mafuta exporters zvenyika - Iran, Iraq, Saudi Arabia, Kuwait uye Venezuela. Sezvo dzekare ano tenda, nguva apo hurumende Data inoitwa runoenzanirana chirongwa rakaenderana nguva apo paiva chinoshingaira chirongwa decolonization. Vaimbove nemataundi mundima vakaparadzaniswa naamai kunyika vari enyika uye nemashoko zvoupfumi.

Nyika mafuta musika hwaidzorwa makambani zvikurukuru Western, akadai Exxon, paHebhuroni, Mobil. Pane chenhau - the cartel vemasangano zvikuru, kusanganisira zita, akaita chisarudzo kuderedza mutengo "ndarama dema". Izvi zvakanga zvakamufanira kudiwa kuderedza mari mafuta rendi. Somugumisiro, nyika makasimbisa weOPEC chinangwa - kuti kukwanisa kudzora kwavo zviwanikwa kubva simba vemasangano chikuru munyika yose. Uyezve, makore 60, maererano vamwe vaongorori, upfumi nyika haina ruzivo refu kudiwa zvakadaro kuti mafuta - zvitengeswa kwazvo kudiwa. Uye nekuti weOPEC basa akaitirwa kudzivirira nokuderera pose mitengo kuti "ndarama dema".

Danho rokutanga rakavambwa weOPEC Secretariat. Iye "ushandiswe" kuGeneva, Switzerland, asi muna 1965, "akatamira" muVienna. Muna 1968, musangano weOPEC, iyo vakagamuchira Declaration pamusoro mafuta itsika. Hunoratidza kodzero States kushandisa kudzora National zviwanikwa. Pakazosvika nguva sangano vakabatana nevamwe mikuru exporters mafuta munyika - Kuwait, Libya, Indonesia uye United Arab Emirates. Muna 1969, Algeria akabatana weOPEC.

Maererano nenyanzvi dzakawanda, weOPEC kuti simba iri pamisika mafuta yose iri kunyanya kuwedzera makore 70. Izvi zvakanga kukonzerwa chokuti kudzora pamusoro oiri akatora pamusoro hurumende kunyika dziri Organization. Sezvo vaongorori vanoti, mumakore iwayo, weOPEC zvechokwadi aigona zvakananga kukanganisa nyika mutengo "ndarama dema". Muna 1976, kuti weOPEC Fund wakasikwa, muchengeti kukura vomunyika vane mibvunzo. In 70 fung kuti sangano akabatanidzwa dzimwe nyika dzinoverengeka - maviri African (Nigeria, Gabon), mumwe South America - Ecuador.

Pakazosvika mangwanani '80s, nyika mafuta mitengo zvasvika mukuru kwazvo mavanga, asi muna 1986 vakatanga kusviba. WeOPEC nhengo kwenguva yakati akaderedza mugove yaro yose pawaitengesa "ndarama dema". Izvi zvakatungamirira, sezvataurwa nevamwe vaongorori, kuti zvinokosha matambudziko munyika vari sangano upfumi. Zvisinei, pakazosvika mangwanani '90s, mitengo mafuta akamuka zvakare - kuti inenge hafu pamwero yakanga yakasvika mukutanga' 80s. The mugove weOPEC ari pose chidimbu akatanga kukura. Nyanzvi dzinodavira kuti zvakadaro zvakaitika kwave kunonyanya kukonzerwa pakatanga yakadaro chezvinonhuwira zvoupfumi mutemo, zvakadai quotas. Pricing nzira inobva vanonzi "Tswanda weOPEC" rave akasuma uyewo.

Mumakore 90 mitengo mafuta dzakawanda yose havana, maererano vaongorori vakawanda, zvishoma pazasi netarisiro venyika kuva Kusangano. A chinokosha chipingamupinyi kukura mari "ndarama dema" yava zvoupfumi muSoutheast Asia muna 1998-1999. Zvisinei, pakazopera of 90 chaizvo kuti maindasitiri mazhinji vakatanga zvakawanda zvokushandisa mafuta. Paiva chaizvo simba-nyanyisa bhizimisi, kwemasayendisiti kwenyika dzepasi pose vava kunyanya zvikuru. Izvi, maererano nenyanzvi, kwakonzera zvirwere nokuti mafuta mitengo kutsanya kukura. Cherechedza kuti muna 1998 mamiriro Muoni muna weOPEC akagamuchira Russia - mafuta ekisipota, ane mumwe kupfuura panguva yose vatambi pamisika kuti "ndarama dema". Ari '90s kubva sangano akaenda Gabon, uye yakambobvumira yakaturikwa mabasa ayo kuEcuador, weOPEC mamiriro.

Mukutanga 2000s, nyika mafuta mitengo vakatanga kumuka zvishoma nezvishoma uye kare munhu zvakakwana yakatsiga. Zvisinei, nokukurumidza izvozvo akatanga kukura kwavo nokukurumidza, uyo kusvika yepamusoro muna 2008. Pakazosvika nguva weOPEC akapinda Angola. Zvisinei, muna 2008, rinooneka awedzera dambudziko zvinhu. Mumatsutso 2008 mutengo "ndarama dema" akawira ufanane mukutanga 2000s. Zvisinei, panguva 2009-2010 mitengo akamuka zvakare uye akaramba pamwero kuti mikuru exporters mafuta, sezvo nezvoupfumi vanoti, kodzero kunzi zvikuru takasununguka. Muna 2014, nokuda kuzvivako zvinoita, mitengo mafuta kunge zvishoma nezvishoma payakaramba ufanane nemakore 2000s. WeOPEC asi akaramba kuita basa rinokosha muupenyu munyika yose pawaitengesa "ndarama dema".

Zvinangwa weOPEC mabasa

Sezvataona pamusoro apa, pakutanga kusika weOPEC akanga nokuvumba kudzora nyika zviwanikwa, uye kukanganisa munyika yose nezvemaitiro mafuta mutengo-chidimbu. Sezvo vanoongorora ano kutenda, tichaona chinangwa ichi kubva rakachinjwa. Pakati kudiwa matambudziko, pasingaverengwi huru, kuti weOPEC - mafuta wedzerai kwezvivako, zvakanaka mubhizimisi mari aina "ndarama dema".

WeOPEC somunhu mutambi zvematongerwo enyika nhandare

nhengo weOPEC zvakabatana chivakwa ine mamiriro ane neIntergovernmental sangano. Ndizvo zvazvichaita rinonyoreswa panguva UN. Atova makore weOPEC mangwanani wakadzikwa ukama Council of UN pamusoro upfumi uye nzanga, vakava munyaya Conference weUnited Nations musi Trade uye Development. kakawanda pagore, misangano inoitwa ne kutora chikamu mukuru hurumende namagwatidziro nyika kuva weOPEC. mhando iyi zviitiko akagadzirirwa kugadzirisa Joint nzira mamwe chivakwa basa riri pamusika yose.

Mafuta reserves muna weOPEC

WeOPEC nhengo vane zvachose matura mafuta zvinofungidzirwa panguva dzinopfuura 1,199 tiririyoni emiti. Zviri pamusoro 60-70% munyika reserves. Panguva iyoyowo, sezvo dzimwe nyanzvi dzinofunga chete Venezuela kwakasvika yepamusoro oiri. Dzimwe nyika kuti ndezvaMwari weOPEC vangatoona kuwedzera vaita. Zvisinei, pfungwa nyanzvi dzemazuva ano kugadzirwa kukura tarisiro kuti "mutema ndarama" nyika yose Organization kunze. Vamwe vanoti rinoti vari chikamu weOPEC, vachatsvaka kuwedzera zvakakodzera zviratidzi - kuti tirambe kuitika nzvimbo mumusika pose.

Chokwadi chokuti US zvino - Petroleum kwekurasira Countries (zvikuru chokuita mhando mafuta shale), iro rine zvinogona kuisa zvinokosha kumanikidzwa pamusoro weOPEC nyika munyika. Nevamwe vaongorori vanodavira kuti kuwedzera mukurima ndiwo nyika maturo kungova Organization - kuwedzera wedzerai kutengeswa lowers mitengo kuti "ndarama dema".

utariri mamiriro

An dzinonakidza zvinoumba pakudzidza weOPEC - zvechadenga sangano management enyika. Mukusarudza rinodzora weOPEC kwakaita - musangano kwenhengo States. Kuunganidzwa kazhinji 2 pagore. WeOPEC musangano pamanyorerwo musangano kuchasanganisira kukurukura nyaya dzine chokuita nokutora pamusoro sangano iri rinoti itsva, kuitwa pakati bhajeti, vashandi tarangana. Hot misoro nokuda Conference formulates, somunhu ushe, Board nemagavhuna. mamiriro Izvi anodzora Implementation kuti vanotenderwa mhinduro. The nemamiriro Board of Magavhuna - mamwe madhipatimendi mutariri chaiyo zvakawanda nyaya.

Chii chinonzi "tswanda" iri mitengo mafuta?

Kumusoro takati kuti mumwe mutengo anoshandisa kunyika Kusangano anoita vanonzi "tswanda". Chii? Ko svomhu zvinorevei pakati wandei mavanga mafuta zvikaramba munyika dzakasiyana weOPEC. Achiongorora zvaive mazita avo kazhinji chokuita zvizivikanwe - "chiedza" kana "inorema", uyewo State of mavambo. Somuenzaniso, pane kupiswa kuna Arab Light - mafuta chiedza kubudiswa muna Saudi Arabia. Ikoko Iran Heavy - rinorema mafuta wevechitendero mavambo. Pane pezvitsiga akadai Kuwait Export, Kuwait Marine. The kunonyanyisa kukosha "tswanda" yakasvika muna July 2008 - 140.73 madhora.

quotas

Tinoona kuti tsika Organization chipo quotas. Chii here? akavarambidza izvi zuva oiri nerimwe nyika. saizi yavo anogona siyana pahwaro kuMudzidzisi kumisangano masangano utariri. Kazhinji, kana achidzikisa mumwe kota pane chikonzero chokutarisira kuperevedza romugove pamusoro pamisika nyika uye, somugumisiro, kuwedzera mitengo. Uyewo, kana unoenderana muganhu inoramba kuzochinja kana kuwedzera, mitengo kuti "ndarama dema" vanowanzonyima kutapudzwa.

WeOPEC uye Russia

Sezvo chikazozikamwa, chikuru exporters mafuta munyika - haasi weOPEC chete nyika. Mune rimwe remasangano yose bhizimisi pamusoro "ndarama dema" Russia ndiyo imwe pamusika yose. Zvinofungidzirwa kuti mune mamwe makore pakati nyika yedu uye Organization zvave kusakakavadzana ukama. Somuenzaniso, weOPEC vanoti yakaitwa pamusoro Moscow muna 2002 - kuderedza mafuta, uyewo yaro Implementation mumusika pose. Zvisinei, sezvinoratidzwa paruzhinji uwandu, aina "ndarama dema" yeRussian Federation kubva nguva kushanda kwete akaderedzwa, asi nekusiyana, rakura.

Russian nharo uye ichi dzakawanda chivako, vaongorori vanoti, yamira panguva kukurumidza kukura mitengo mafuta nepakati 2000s. Kubvira ipapo, pakati Russia uye Organization yose pane tsika yokuita zvinovaka - zvose pachiyero neIntergovernmental yokubvunza uye pamwe mune zvatinoita bhizimisi mafuta. WeOPEC uye Russia - Exporters kuti "ndarama dema". Kazhinji, zvinonzwisisika kuti avo inokosha zvido ari pose munhandare machisa.

tarisiro

Ndezvipi tarisiro mamwe Kudyidzana pakati hurumende, asiri weOPEC? Decoding pamusoro abbreviations kuti yapiwesu chaiwo pakutanga nyaya akati kuti hwaro nevakawanda zvido penyika makasimbisa uye kuramba kutsigira kushanda sangano - kunyanya aina "ndarama dema". Panguva iyoyowo, sezvo vamwe vaongorori ano, kuti zvimwe optimize mabhizimisi nzira, pamwe chete Implementation munyika enyika zvido nyika kuva Kusangano mumakore anouya kuzvidavirira kuna ana maonero munyika importing mafuta-. With chii chinogona kwakabatana?

Chokutanga, chokwadi kuti hwomutambarakede mafuta kupinzwa kuti nyika kuti kubatsirwa - zvimiso pokumuka upfumi hwavo. Pachava National zvoupfumi, kukura mukurima - mitengo mafuta richawira pasi dzinonetsa eksperterov kuti "mutema goridhe" chiratidzo. Uyewo, kuwedzera mari inoshandiswa, izvo zvikuru kunoitika nokuda kwazvo mafuta mari, pamwe yakakwirira mukana kuchatungamirira kuvhara hwesimba-nyanyisa zvivako, avo mazuvaano vachifarira yokupindira kungaitwa pane simba zvinyorwa. Somugumisiro - mitengo mafuta yose anogona kusviba. Naizvozvo, mukuru leitmotif pamusoro pakuzadzisa ari weOPEC nyika, maererano nenyanzvi dzakawanda - iri anonzwisisa nekuyanana pakati kuzadziswa zvayo yenyika zvido uye nzvimbo munyika importing kuti "ndarama dema".

Pane imwe pfungwa. Maererano naye, mafuta harizovi kwakajairika mune makumi emakore mashomanana anotevera. Uye nokuti nyika nemasangano vane mukana wose kusimbisa nzvimbo yaro yose dzezvebhizimisi, uye sezvinei vapindewo zvakanakira ari zvoushumiri kuzadziswa enyika zvido. Kazhinji, pamwe zvinobvira pfupi zvisisina kumira, mitengo mafuta achagara pakakwirira pahwaro chinangwa zvinodiwa zvibereko upfumi, mitengo, uye mune zvimwe zviitiko, panongova kunonoka kukura deposits matsva. Zvakataurwa kwemakore uye haagoni kuramba pamwe kudiwa.

Panewo yechitatu pfungwa maonero. Maererano naye, ari kupfuura zvinobetsera nzvimbo ringangova nyika importing mafuta-chete. Chokwadi kuti magetsi inofananidza mutengo "ndarama dema", maererano vaongorori, vanobatisisa pfungwa iri mubvunzo rinenge zvachose dzokufungidzira. Uye kazhinji kacho - vari kudzoreka. Mari-inoshanda nyika mutengo mabhizimisi mafuta vamwe makambani - 25 madhora. Izvi repasi zvikuru kupfuura mamiriro mutengo "ndarama dema" kwazvo zvichida kugadzikana nokuda zvemari vakawanda kwekurasira nyika. Uye nekuti sangano munyika yechinangwa pfungwa nevamwe vanamazvikokota kuridza basa rimwe mutambi asingagoni zvitungamirire mazwi ayo. Uyezve, kune pamwero novimba enyika kukoshesa kunyika dzakawanda importing mafuta-.

Ona kuti mumwe nomumwe wevatatu pfungwa maonero anoratidza chete nokufungidzira kuti dzidziso mune nenyanzvi siyana. The musika mafuta - kumwe nezvimwewo. Zvaifungidzirwa pamusoro mutengo "ndarama dema" uye akaisa nyanzvi mberi siyana, chingava zvachose dissimilar.