Yokutanga chakagadzirwa Earth Satellite

Yokutanga chakagadzirwa Satellite Nyika ndomumwe chikuru kubudirira kwesayenzi remakore rechimakumi maviri. Zvisinei, zvinoshamisa izvi dzesayenzi uye kwesayenzi nokubudirira kukuru vakabatsira zvikuru Cold War pakati nyika mbiri dzine: United States neSoviet Union. Kutanga wokutanga chakagadzirwa Satellite kwave anodawo kuti kukura vanoda kuwana mashoko akavimbika pamusoro rokumusoro mhepo, redhiyo chiratidzo yedzimudzangara zvinogoneka kubva muchadenga, etc.

Mukutanga 1950s, zvose US uye USSR aishingaira dzakabudirira zvitundumuseremusere purogiramu nzvimbo. Zvikurukuru, muna May 1954 mukuru Mugadziri nzvimbo purogiramu Soviet Union, Sergei Korolev akasangana neGurukota Defense Dmitriem Ustinovym vakaudza kuti wokutanga chakagadzirwa Pasi Satellite inogona raparurwa kupinda muchadenga. Mashoko akadaro July 29, 1955 akaitwa purezidhendi weUnited States Dwight D. Eisenhower akataura mashoko pakati 1957 uye 1958.

In mangwanani August 1955 Soviet Politburo mvumo pokugadzwa wokutanga Pasi Satellite. Chirongwa ichi akatungamirirwa Korolev uye Vasily Ryabikov, uyo aitarisira bvunzo chinonyengera ose R-7 chitundumuseremusere. Kutanga kwaiva kutanga nyore yokutanga Nyika Satellite pamwe zvikwangwani maviri mundege.

№1 kwomwedzi aiva 585-mm bhora, zvemapuranga aine kupisa nhoo zvinosanganisira aruminiyamu, magnesium uye titanium. Rakanga akashongedzerwa mana tunonzwa refu kuti taisakwanisa kuparadzira nyore inzwi anonongedzera pamusoro panyika iri frequencies maviri. Yokutanga chakagadzirwa Satellite Nyika yavewo vakapakata matatu esirivha-oxide bhatiri kuti aigona kumhanya kwevhiki mbiri. The tembiricha kuzvidzora Hurongwa aiva redhiyeta ane kurudza chisimbiso dunhu, kumanikidzwa kupisa Exchange hurongwa yakagadzirwa kuchengetedza yakagadzikana tembiricha dzakawanda. ino aishandisa bimetal chafariz chinja sezvo vachifunga maatomu akafanana. Pose tembiricha hunopfuura 36 ° C, iyo kurudza akatendeuka mberi, uye nokuda Kupisa kuchinjwa gadziriro yacho hemispheres yakanga rinoparadzirwa senitrogen. Apo tembiricha akadonha pasi 20 ° C, iyo kurudza akashandura kure.

Sputnik 1 kwakatangwa muna October 1957 ari wechina. Pashure 295,4 masekonzi pashure kutanga kuti Satellite wokutanga kwakatangwa. Yakanga chete rechitatu vakabudirira kutiza R-7 chitundumuseremusere, hwakasikwa nokuda intercontinental ndege ane yenyukireya rehydrogen bhomba. Sputnik kwakasimbiswa wokutanga yepasi pose velocity, akaverenga ne Newton. Rakanga 7780 m / s. Full Iyewo akaita kwemaminitsi 96,2. Pasinei chokwadi chokuti mune mavhiki maviri chete, basa rwakatora mazuva 22, kusvikira akawana mabhatiri. Hamu redhiyo dzaishandisa pasi pose vakatevera ruzha anonongedzera pachishandiswa Satellite. Inogona kuchengetwa - sezvo nyeredzi rokutanga pezvemakuriro - kusvikira kupfeka ziso. Satellite vakabva muchadenga uye ukapisa mumhepo, January 4, 1958.

The American paruzhinji uye nhepfenyuro vakanga saka kushamiswa muzvigadzirwa budiriro iri USSR, kuti sefungu paranoia kwakapfuura kuburikidza United States. Political uye voruzhinji pavakanzwa racho TASS mushumo waiva zvisingatarisirwi kuti Soviet Union. Saka, kutsiva shamwari duku yenyukireya rehydrogen bhomba, Soviet Union yakahwina enyika uye magariro evanhu chinokosha kukunda.

Sputnik dambudziko zvakakonzera pakusikwa US Advanced Research Projects Agency uye NASA, uyewo kuwedzera pachena mari iri dzidzo uye tsvakurudzo.

The United States aigona vomurova yayo yokutanga chakagadzirwa Satellite Explorer-1 January 31, 1958. Zvakanga cylindrical chitundumusere-musere dhayamita pamusoro masendimita 15 uye kureba 203 masendimita ane uremu kg 14. Iye vanyore mashoko pamusoro nokuyerwa yepasi pose mwaranzi uye padanho nemwaranzi kwapera mazuva 112. Data izvi zvakatungamirira kuwanikwa Van Allena mabhandi.

Kubvira muna 1957, vangasvika 7,000 satellites, akawanda izvo kare yakabuda kwakatangwa kupinda Earth muchadenga kubva maitiro uye vanomiririra chipingamupinyi chaicho mamwe nzvimbo kudziongorora.