Zvishande sainzi: kare, pfungwa hwaro, pasi, zvinangwa uye nzira tsvakurudzo

Chii chaigona kuva nevakawanda zvepfungwa, zvemutauro, achidzidzisa pamusoro chakagadzirwa uchenjeri uye dzidziso zivo? Zvose pamusoro vakabudirira rinobatanidza zvishande nesayenzi. Izvi munda interdisciplinary kwave kudzidza zvishande uye kushanda kwendangariro kuitika muuropi kwevanhu uye mhuka.

History of zvishande Science

Chimwe chinoshamisa vazivi makuru Plato naAristotle vaifarira hunhu pfungwa dzevanhu. mabasa mazhinji uye zvekungofungira nguva Greece yekare akaiswa mberi nezvenyaya iyi. Muzana XVII remakore yemasvomhu French uye muzivi Rene Dekart aisimbisa wefizikisi vamwe kunzwisisa sayenzi iyi, vachiti kuti muviri uye pfungwa zvipenyu zviri zvionera zvinhu.

Munyori pfungwa "sayenzi zvishande" muna 1973 vakava Christopher Longuet-Higgins, uyo akadzidza chakagadzirwa njere. Journal of zvishande Science rakavambwa makore mashomanana gare gare. Pashure chiitiko ichi, zvishande sainzi akava yakazvimirira mirayiridzo.

Funga mazita kupfuura mbiri vatsvakurudzi mumunda:

• Dzhon Serl wakasika pfungwa yetsvakurudzo yainzi "Chinese kamuri".
• Physiologist Dzheyms Makklelland, kusora muuropi.
• Steven Pinker - nyanzvi mumunda experimental zvepfungwa.
• Dzhordzh Lakoff - zvemutauro mutsvakurudzi.

ano zvishande sainzi

Masayendisiti ari kuedza kuratidza zviri tsika kubatana kwouropi physiology uye nepfungwa mananara, uchishandisa Visualization. Kana kare emakore pfungwa dzevanhu haana kufungwa, asi zvino rwuripowo kudzidza dzinokosha mabasa ose zvishande nesayenzi.

Kukura dzidziso iyi rose inotsamira muzvigadzirwa mberi. Somuenzaniso, kuri, nokugadzirwa iro zvikuru mberi kuenderera ariko uye kukura zvishande nesayenzi. Kushanda pakuvheneka akatitendera kuona mukati uropi, saka, kudzidza dzinotsanagura kwayo kushanda. Masayendisiti anoti pamusoro nguva, kwezvinhu mberi kuchabatsira vanhu kuzarura zvakavanzika pfungwa dzedu. Somuenzaniso, kubata uropi uye nechepakati tsinga.

Subject nyaya, zvinangwa uye nzira kutsvakurudza zvishande sayenzi

Zvose chokuita pfungwa dzevanhu, kuti XX remakore, raiva fembera chete, nokuti nguva yokuedza dzidziso iri tsika pasingabviri. The maonero ari muuropi vari yakaumbwa pachishandiswa vakakwereta mashoko pamusoro chakagadzirwa akachenjera, mupfungwa kuedza uye physiology of rokumusoro nechepakati tsinga.

Chirevo uye connectionism - dzenhoroondo nzira kukarukureta, Modelling zvishande gadziriro. nzira yokutanga inobva pfungwa kufanana mupfungwa dzevanhu vane kombiyuta ane nechepakati kubudiswa chairema uye kubudiswa mashoko hova. Connectionism zvakapesana zvachose okufananidzira, achitsanangura kuti kusapindirana kuti mashoko neurobiology kwouropi basa. Kufunga Human inogona dzinovhurika ne chakagadzirwa Neural network kuti ironge mashoko panguva imwe chete.

Zvishande Science sezvo amburera izwi kwainzi E. S. Kubryakovoy muna 2004 gore, sedzidziso kunosanganisira dzinoverengeka kuwirirana zvidzidzo:

• Philosophy mupfungwa.
• Experimental zvishande zvepfungwa.
• Chakagadzirwa njere.
• Zvishande zvemutauro, ethology uye anthropology.
• Neurophysiology, neurology uye neuroscience.
• Mudzidziso zvishande sainzi.
• Neurolinguistics uye psycholinguistics.

Philosophy mupfungwa somumwe zvinoumba zvishande sayenzi

The chinhu kudzidza chirango ichi vanozivikanwa sevanhu pfungwa uye ukama aro panyama chokwadi (pfungwa ehupfumi pfungwa). The American Muzivi Richard Rorty akadana modernity kuti kudzidzisa chete anobatsira zvouzivi.

Pane vakawanda matambudziko kunobva kuedza kupindura mubvunzo chii kuziva chinhu. Chimwe chezvinhu zvinokosha misoro kuti zvishande zveBhaibheri sayenzi kumuranga ichi - ndicho kuda murume. The materialists vanodavira kuti kuziva - chikamu mumuviri chokwadi uye nyika yakatipoteredza rinoteerera zvachose nemitemo wefizikisi. Saka, munhu aigona nharo kuti maitiro evanhu ari pasi nesayenzi. Somugumisiro, hatina kusununguka.

Other vazivi, kusanganisira Kant zvaisanganisira, nechokwadi kuti chokwadi haagoni kuva kunobva pachido wefizikisi. Vanotsigira maonero ichi vanodavira rusununguko mugumisiro basa raida nokuda kwechokwadi.

zvishande kwepfungwa

Chirango ichi inodzidza zvishande pezvakaitwa wemunhu. Psychological nheyo zvishande Science rine ruzivo mundangariro, manzwiro, kufunga, fungidziro, musoro kufunga, kukwanisa kuzvisarudzira. New Zvidzidzo kutendeuka ruzivo inobva Kufanana kadambari mano uye munhu zvishande kwendangariro. The inonyanya pfungwa ndiyo psyche akafanana mudziyo aine chiratidzo kutendeuka kugona. Internal zvishande Mazano uye muviri mumwaka kudzidza basa guru iri dzidziso iyi. Izvi Hurongwa mbiri anokwanisa kubata, chitoro uye goho.

zvishande ethology

Kurangwa inodzidza ouchenjeri zvinoitika mupfungwa uye mhuka. Achitaura pamusoro ethology, hazviiti kuti arege kufunga nezvake Charles Darwin. Chirungu zvakasikwa nharo pamberi Manzwiro, uchenjeri, mano kutevedzera uye kudzidza kubva mhuka, asi vo pfungwa kwete chete. Muvambi ethology muna 1973 akava akahwina mubayiro weNobel mu physiology Konrad Lorenz. Scientist yakawanikwa mhuka zvinoshamisa apo kukwanisa nekufambisa mashoko kune mumwe, zvichiguma hwekudzidza.

Stiven Vayz, purofesa wepaHarvard University, basa rake maitiro rokuti "Putsa keji" yakabvuma kuti Pasi chisikwa chimwe chete chipenyu aikwanisa kuita mumhanzi, kuvaka chitundumuseremusere, uye kugadzirisa zvinetso masvomhu. Zviri Chokwadi, munhu anonzwisisa. Asi kwete chete vanhu vanogona vakagumburwa, Muzvare, mafungiro, uye zvichingodaro. Ndicho "hama dzedu vaduku" vane hwokukurukura, nezvetsika, dzemunharaunda yokuzvibata uye aesthetic pfungwa. Ukrainian academician O. Neurosciences Krištáľ akacherechedza kuti kune zuva, behaviorism anokundwa, uye mhuka havachasungirwi kuonekwa sechinhu "mupenyu marobhoti."

zvishande Graphics

Kudzidza ari anosanganisa unyanzvi uye nzira mharidzo yacho pendi matambudziko kuti vawane nepanomboratidza pamusoro kugarwa kwayo kana chisarudzo zvawo. Zvishande sainzi zvinoshanda unyanzvi idzi chakagadzirwa akachenjera hurongwa, kuti anogona exchange munhu zvakawedzerwa rondedzero mabasa mukufananidzira yokufananidzira.

DA Pospelov akaumba matatu mabasa chikuru kombiyuta Graphics:

• mhando dzidzo zivo, izvo zvinogona kuva zvinhu kuti kutsanangura zvine musoro uye zvinhu kufunga;
• Visualization of date kuti hazviiti asi kutsanangura nemashoko;
• kuwana nzira achichinja kubva yokufananidzira mifananidzo kuti idzidziso urongwa, akavanda seri simba ravo.