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Apo vakatanga mapepa. History uye Facts

Pakutanga kwaiva nhokwe

Ratinoti pepa, pasina izvo ano hofisi upenyu Handingambofungi zvakadaro, haisi nguva dzose pamanyorerwo pepa A4. Saka, mubvunzo apo tega bepa, haugoni kupa mhinduro chaiwo. Mumwe makore zviuru zvina apfuura vaIjipiti vekare vaishandisa enhokwe kunyora. With madzinde nokungwarira kubvisa pamusoro rukoko ganda. Previous matetetete seari pane mumwe uye akaramba pasi rinorema kumanikidzwa. The waakaita nokuoma akawanda enhokwe uye vakashumira kunyora mapepa.

In Russia yekare zvaishandiswa yokunyora paiva Birch omuti rwomukati. Yakawanikwa nevanochera birchbark tsamba vari 11-15 emakore. Kunyange zvazvo mashoko vechiArabhu munyori Ibn al-Nedim anoti "munyika Rousseau kunge tsamba zvokutemerwa iri chena danda." Post yakatanga kusvika gore 987. Vamwe zvinyorwa zvavo zvinoratidza kushandiswa birch-nemakwati tsamba North American maIndia.

bepa Kumusha

A nyika apo mapepa yagadzirwa yatinoshandisa nhasi, akapa nyika porcelain, kambasi, gunpowder, hwemoto. Izvi, Chokwadi, munenge China. Uye kana mazita vanotanga "Precursors" papepa - Mipumburu yenhokwe uye mahwendefa - asingazivikanwi, zita munhu tega bepa, kwazvo kuzivikanwa. Ivo ndiyo Tsai Lun, uyo akashanda se muchekwa mudare. chiitiko ichi chakaitika muna 105 AD, paitonga yacho Han dzinza.

A nyika apo yagadzirwa bepa, kwete akadyara Birch neyemiorivhi. Pano kukura mulberry, yemishenjere mupunga. Cai Lun rastolok fibrous nemakwati yacho womuonde. The zvichiguma muvhenganiswa yakanga yakasanganiswa nemvura, hemp uye dota, uye ipapo akaisa pamusoro yemishenjere pamatanda mbariro. Ini ndokudzora kunoguma rukoko uchishandisa ibwe uye waoma muzuva. Izvi sei kuwana papepa rokutanga. Nokufamba kwenguva, kugadzirwa michina nani. Musanganiswa yakanga yakaitwa cai Lun, akatanga kuwedzera starch, sirika fibers, colorants, izvo akavandudzika zvikuru kunaka bepa pepa.

All chakavanzika inojeka

Vanhu kumabvazuva nyika apo tega bepa, vakanyatsochengeta zvakavanzika kwayo kugadzirwa. Zvisinei, mazana emakore akawanda akapfuura, vatengesi Chinese vaifamba nenhumbi dzavo munyika yose. Caravan paakasvika muguta idzva, kukurukurirana, kugoverana nhau. Tichidzokera ake yechizvarigo, vakauya nhau kubva pamusoro mumakungwa. Raiva vangakurukurirana yose. Uye zvimwe muguta Samarkand, vatengesi Arab azive zvakavanzika bepa kugadzira, uye kudzidza vakamuisa kuna Spain. Paper pano akatanga kuita muna 1150. Nokukurumidza bepa kurimwa zvemichina zvava kuzivikanwa munyika dzose European.

The Russian bepa Indasitiri akazviratidza chete yechipiri yezana remakore rechi16. Sources dzinoshuma kuti muMoscow muzana remakore rechi16, maiva 10 mapepa zvigayo, makambani 50, apo vakaita manually pepa makadhibhokisi.

Zvino wechikoro ose anoziva, ko anouya tea, chopusitiki, apo mapepa yagadzirwa zvarwo, zvinhu zvava chikamu hwedu hwezuva nezuva.

Zvisinei, zvishoma zvinozivikanwa nezvokuti, apo michina okutanga zvinobereka bepa nenzira yatinofanira kushandisa zvino. Uye chiitiko ichi chakaitika kuFrance muna 1798. Uye 1807 ushasha muEngland patented nokugadzirwa pamusoro muchini kugadzirwa mapepa mabhanzi. Nokukurumidza anotanga ubiquity kuti mukugadzira bepa kavha. Asi kuti chimwe nyaya.

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