Benzene - a ... STRUCTURAL inonyatsoita, zvivako uye kugadzirwa benzene

A remubatanidzwa akadai benzene, Ms. Chemistry papurazi rake pakupedzisira kuwana chete muna 1833. Benzene - remubatanidzwa kuti ane pfupi hasha, tinogona kutaura, kunyange putika. Sezvazvakanyorwa akazoziva?

nyaya

Johann Glauber akafunga nezvemamwe kubatana muna 1649, iyo yakaumbwa zvinobudirira kana kemisiti mubasa kubudiswa marasha tara. Asi aida kuramba incognito.

Pashure anenge 170 makore, uye kuti zvikuru chaiwo, nepakati maviri ari XIX remakore, nemasanga kuti richivhenekera gasi, zvinoti kubva condensate zvikaramba benzene vakaparadzana. Saka zvinoitwa vanhu chikwereti kuna Michael Faraday, musayendisiti kubva kuEngland.

The Baton nokuda kuzviwanira benzene intercepted German Eylgard Mitscherlich. Izvi zvinoitika kana kubudiswa akapfuura anhydrous benzoic iine acid karusiyamu munyu. Zvichida, saka, isu takasiya zita kubatana - benzene. Kunyange zvakadaro, sezvo nezvechisarudzo, masayendisiti vanouti peturu. Rusenzi, kana mu Arabic.

Benzene zvakanaka uye zvakajeka anotungidza, maererano zvakawanika izvi Ogyust Loran zano kudana kwake "bvudzi" kana "benzene". Chiedza, chichipenya - kana rinoshandurwa kubva muchiGiriki.

Inobva maonero Linus Pauling, pfungwa yezvakaita zvemagetsi kukurukurirana, kubva nounhu benzene, musayendisiti akapa remubatanidzwa Morekuru sezvinotevera. Hexagon ichi. Zvinonzi yakanyorwa denderedzwa. Zvataurwa rinoratidza kuti kuvimbika electronic gore benzene, izvo zvinobudirira anopedzisa matanhatu (pasina chaakasiya) kabhoni yatinofema. Waakaita binary Ukama zvinochengetwa.

With benzene kare aishanda ari solvent. Uye kumboda, sezvo vachiti, haana zvinobatanidzwa, handina zvinobatanidzwa. Asi ari XIX remakore. In XX remakore mave kuchinja. benzene ehupfumi ataure chinokosha unhu akamubatsira kuva uye akakurumbira zvikuru. The octane nhamba, izvo zvakava yakakwirira, akapa mukana kurishandisa sezvo huni zvinhu nokuda zvichikuchidzira motokari. chiito ichi iri kurudziro zvakawanda kubviswa benzene, dzokubudisa rayo rinoitwa seboka rechipiri chigadzirwa mukugadzira coking simbi.

Pakazosvika forties mumunda kwemakemikari benzene vakatanga zvaparadzwa kugadzirwa zvinhu kuti nokukurumidza putika. XX remakore korona pachake kuti kunatswa indasitiri kwakasimbiswa sezvo benzene, iyo yava kupa makemikari indasitiri.

benzene Feature

Unsaturated Mahydrocarbon kwazvo zvakafanana benzene. Somuenzaniso, imwe yeHydrocarbon kuti ethylene dzinotevedzana ndozvavava pacharo sezvo unsaturated yeHydrocarbon. Zvinonzi ichazivikanwa noku Uyezve kuita. Benzene nyore anopinda kuzvitsinhanisa zvavaifunga. All ngaavongwe ichi kuti maatomu vari chete ndege. Uye sezvo chokwadi - conjugated Erekitironi gore.

Kana nzira aripo ari benzene mhete, ipapo munhu unogona kuuya inokosha mhedziso kuti ichi - benzene, ari STRUCTURAL yokuita rakatarira akanyatsofanana.

mumuviri ehupfumi

Benzene - imwe mvura isina ruvara, asi ane yezvinongoerekana kwakanaka. Benzene inonyunguduka kana tembiricha rinosvika 5,52 Celsius. Mamota pa 80,1. Density iri 0,879 g / masendimita ^3, munhu matadza guru akaenzana 78,11 g / mol. In combustion anosvuta mabhokisi zvikuru. Zvinowanisa putika yeimwe, kana mhepo chinopinda. Namapoporodzi Organic mhando (benzene, Eteri, etc.) pamwe vanorondedzerwa fuma chokuita pasina matambudziko. Zvinoita azeotropic remubatanidzwa nemvura. Heating risati vaporization ndepana 69,25 madhigirii (91% benzene). At 25 Celsius anogona zvazvichanyungudutswa mvura 1,79 g / L.

mushonga ehupfumi

Benzene iri vakaita pamwe sulfuric asidhi uye nitric acid. Uye pamwe alkenes, halogens, chloroalkanes. kuzvitsinhanisa kuita - ndiko yaingowanikwa kwaari. Temperature kunokanganisa kumanikidza budiriro benzene mhete iyo kunosvika mu kumbonyanya utsinye mamiriro.

Mumwe mukana wokuti vanhu vanga nemapinduriro pakati benzene tinogona kuona zvizere.

1. Electrophilic kuzvitsinhanisa. Bromo, pamberi anowedzera, iri vakaita kuiisa chlorine. Zvinoguma chlorobenzene:

C6H6 + 3Cl2 → C6H5Cl + HCl

2. Friedel-Crafts maitiro kana alkylation kuti benzene. The kwaita alkylbenzenes kunoitika nokuda chokuita alkanes, zviri halogen nomukaka:

C6H6 + C2H5Br → C6H5C2H5 + HBr

3 Electrophilic kuzvitsinhanisa. Heino zvakaitwa nitration uye sulfonation. Tarirai benzene mukana wokuti vanhu vanga riri sezvinotevera:

C6H6 + H2SO4 → C6H5SO3H + H2O

C6H6 + HNO3 → C6H5NO2 + H2O

4. benzene munguva combustion:

2C6H6 + 15O2 → 12CO2 + 6H2O

Under zvimwe zvinhu, izvozvo akava hunhu tinoberekwa nomuti Mahydrocarbon. U-Erekitironi gore, riri nemamiriro fuma iri mubvunzo, anotsanangura siyana izvi.

By chaiyo Michina kuvimba-siyana benzene. Nokudaro kupenda epetroleum benzene. Somuenzaniso, zvikuru akanatsa uye kunatswa nokuda kwetunhu. Ndinoda Waitara homologues ose benzene, uye kana kongiri - zvavo nemakemikari ehupfumi. It alkylbenzenes.

Homologues ose benzene iri zvikuru vangangochigamuchira. Asi chambotaurwa nezvacho maitiro benzene, kureva homologues kupfuura vamwe kusiyana.

halogenation pamusoro alkylbenzenes

Chimiro mukana wokuti vanhu vanga riri sezvinotevera:

S6H5-CH3 + Br = C6H5-CH2Br + HBr.

Chishuvo bromine ari benzene mhete haina kuchengetwa. Achipinda divi cheni. Asi ngaaongwe munyu tiwedzere Al (+3) Bromo noushingi rin'i.

nitration pamusoro alkylbenzenes

Nokuda sulfuric uye nitric acids, nitrating benzenes uye alkyl benzenes. Reactive alkyl benzenes. zvigadzirwa mbiri dzinotorwa ipapa kubva matatu akurukurwa - a mudzi- yo uye ortho-isomers. Unogona kunyora rimwe Masvomhu:

C6H5 - CH3 + 3HNO3 → C6H2CH3 (NO2) 3.

oxidation

Benzene nezvisingabvumwi. Asi alkyl benzenes sei nyore. Somuenzaniso, benzoic acid. The yemaitiro iri sezvinotevera:

C6H5CH3 + [O] → C6H5COOH.

Alkylbenzene uye benzene, hydrogenation pamusoro

In pamberi rehydrogen gudzazwi anotanga sei pamwe benzene, saka kuumbwa cyclohexane, sezvo inokurukurwa pamusoro. Saizvozvowo alkibenzoly miganhu dzikwanise alkylcyclohexanes. Nokuti alkylcyclohexane kuti pasi kutsvakwa alkyl benzene hydrogenation. Kumboda chinhu inodiwa muitiro kuti pagadzirwe unalloyed chigadzirwa. Uye ichi hachisi zvose zvakaitwa benzene uye alkyl benzene.

Kugadzirwa benzene. indasitiri

Fundam Kugadzirwa kwakadaro kunobva pakuti Kuzvigadzira Patsva zvinoriumba: toluene, naphtha tara iyo anosunungurwa panguva Cracking kuti marasha, uye vamwe. Naizvozvo, benzene anogadzirwa petrochemical, metallurgia mabhizimisi. Zvakakosha kuziva sei kuti vakasiyana benzene kuchena, nokuda musimboti okuwana uye kuenda inofanira kuva zvakananga ukama pakati zvizivikanwe yacho fuma.

The weshumba mugove anoitwa nekushandura CATALYTIC bead mugove kaustobiolitnoy yakabikwa kubva pa 65 madhigirii, chine mugumisiro mushoma DISTILLATION pamwe dimethylformamide.

Mukuita ethylene uye propylene inotengwa emura zvigadzirwa izvo yakaumbwa munguva kuora pamusoro inorganic uye Organic yeimwe, achifuridzirwa kupisa. Izvi, benzene uye yoga. Asi, zvinosuruvarisa yakatsvuka zvinhu nokuda kugadzirwa shanduro benzene haisi zvokuti. Nekuti tiri kuziva nefuma zvikaramba kubva nekushandura. By nzira yakadaro anowedzera uwandu benzene.

By dealkylation pa 610-830 madhigirii ine ndinoiitawo chiratidzo, pamberi pamwando kuumbwa panguva kufashaira nemvura rehydrogen, yakagadzirirwa kubvira toluene, benzene. Pane imwe nzira - anowedzera. Kana kuvapo zeolites kuitika, kana kuti zvinogona kuitika ndezvokuti, oxide catalysts, pasi tembiricha 227-627 inegumi.

Pane mumwe, vakura, nzira kukura benzene. Tiine Absorção de Água kuti makemikari mavambo rinonyura zviri kure yokupedzisira mugumisiro coking marasha. The chigadzirwa akanga pasi chiutsi-gasi uye pre-kutonhora. Somuenzaniso, mukufamba vatanga mafuta, panobva chiri mafuta kana marasha. Kana DISTILLATION rinoitwa pamwe chiutsi, imwe absorb vakaparadzana. Hydrotreating kuti zvakaoma benzene kunobatsira hake basa zvinhu.

marasha tara mbishi zvinhu

In simbi kushandisa marasha, uye kana kuchenesa - ayo yakaoma DISTILLATION akapa chemubhotoro. Panguva nzira iyi, zvakawanda mhepo zvitengeswa. Usakanganwa kuti kune imwe tembiricha kuti 1200-1500 Celsius inopisa marasha.

Carbon Chemistry benzene kunoda kwazvo kucheneswa. Unofanira kubvisa fanira kubva methyl cyclohexane uye shamwari yake N-heptane. Zvine Mahydrocarbon zvinofanira kubviswa. Benzene kuti pfungwa yokuzvimiririra, yokuzvinatsa, izvo chichaitwa kupfuura kamwe.

Nzira pamusoro apa, mukuru, asi pashure imwe nguva nayo anorasikirwa nzvimbo yepamusoro kwayo.

peturu zvikamu zviduku

0.3-1.2% - nhamba idzi dzaiva gamba redu untreated mafuta. Wenhamo kuita mari uye yokutsigira mauto. Zvakanakisisa kushandisa muindasitiri muitiro kuti kubudiswa zvikamu mafuta. Izvozvo CATALYTIC nekushandura. In pamberi aruminiyamu-Platinum-rhenium gudzazwi kugamuchira kuwedzera chikamu zvinonhuwirira makabhohaidhiretsi, uye anowedzera chakarurama kutsanangura zvinhu hazvisi kuzvidzora vesa mafuta munguva yayo compression.

pyrolysis nebwe

Kana isu motora kubva asiri peturu mbishi zvikukutu, kureva nokuda pyrolysis zvichiguma kugadzirwa propylene uye ethylene, kuti izvi zvaizova zvikuru dzakakodzera. Kuti kuva chaiwo, benzene anosunungurwa kubva pyrocondensate. The manyowa zvimwe migove kunoda hydrotreating. Kana rokuchenesa sarufa unsaturated akarembedzwa nezvakasanganiswa. The kwokutanga mugumisiro Mukati akacherechedza xylene, toluene, benzene. Kuburikidza kutyaira chiri ekstaktivnym, BTK-boka inotengwa uye akaparadzaniswa benzene.

hydrodealkylation kuti toluene

Primary Heroes urongwa coctail rehydrogen kuyerera uye toluene vanopiwa kupinda kupopotedzana reactor. Toluene akanga achipfuura nokuva gombedzero rukoko. Panguva iyi, boka methyl anosiiwa kuumbika benzene. Pazvakanga zvakakodzera imwe nzira yokuzvinatsa. Zvinoguma mukuru-kuchena fuma (nitration).

toluene disproportionation

In mugumisiro methyl kuramba kirasi rinoumbwa yokusika benzene, xylene iri oxidized. In iyi, zvakaonekwa transalkylation. The chiito iri nokuda catalyzing palladium, Platinum uye neodymium, zviri pamusoro alumina.

The reactor ndiyo husingakwanisi paumbwe tiwedzere uye rehydrogen riri pave taluol. Vavariro yake - kuchengeta deposition pamusoro yeHydrocarbon kutendeuka tiwedzere ndege. Rukova kuti haazotaurwizve reactor iri dzaserera uye zvishandiswezve rehydrogen vabviswa zvakanaka. Chii chakasara, zvinonzi kwakadonhera katatu. Panguva kutanga kwekupwanyiwa wakasuduruka yeimwe vari non-anonhuhwirira. Yechipiri unobereka benzene, uye yokupedzisira nhano - imwe hurumende ichiisa xylenes.

trimerization kuti acetylene

Nokuda basa French yekemisitiri Marcellin Berthelot kubva acetylene gadzira simbi benzene. Asi unorema coctail zvimwe zvinhu zvizhinji zvikamira. The mubvunzo waiva sei kuderedza maitiro tembiricha. Mhinduro rwaiwanikwa chete mukupera forties ari XX remakore. W. Reppe akawana yakakodzera anowedzera, zvakava nickel. Trimerization - ndiyo chete nzira kuwana kubva acetylene benzene.

benzene inotungamirwa kunoitika pamwe neactivated charcoal. At dzakakwirira dziine kupisa pamusoro marasha inopfuura acetylene. Benzene anosunungurwa kana tembiricha iri dzinenge 410 inegumi. Saka achiri kuberekwa siyana zvinonhuwirira Mahydrocarbon. Saka, unofanira michina yakanaka, iyo inokwanisa qualitatively zvakajeka acetylene. In yakadaro muitiro unoparadza nguva-sezvo trimerization kuti acetylene ukapisa zvizhinji. Kuti vawane 15 ml benzene, 20 litres rakundwa acetylene. Unogona kuona kuti anotarisa zviri yemaitiro (acetylene, benzene), maitiro haatori refu.

3C2H2 → C6H6 (Zelinsky mukana wokuti vanhu vanga).

3CH → CH = (t, katš) = C6H6.

Where kushandisa benzene

Benzene - zviri zvikuru nevakawanda brainchild kemisitiri. Kunyanya kazhinji zvakaonekwa sezvo benzene akagamuchira basa zvaAtemisi cumene, cyclohexane, ethylbenzene. Kuti sika styrene ethylbenzene kuita pasina. The kutanga zvinhu kuitira kuti pave caprolactam iri cyclohexane. Nokunyadzisa thermoplastic nebwe inoshandiswa caprolactam. Inorondedzera fuma inokosha zvikuru anogadzira zvinhu siyana pendi, varnishes.

benzene sei ngozi

Benzene - ane muchetura fuma. Kuratidzwa kunzwa zvakawanda zvive, iro achiperekedzwa svoto uye nzwa dzungu - chiratidzo nomuchetura. Hazvina dziripowo kunyange rufu. Kunzwa mufaro usingarondedzereki - hazvina kufanana aramu mabhero kana nomuchetura kubudikidza benzene.

Benzene mvura kunokonzera ganda bundu. Benzene vakaroorana nyore pinda kunyange kuburikidza sanganisika ganda. Vatowanda kwenguva pfupi kuonana nefuma duku dose, asi nguva dzose, nemigumisiro haana kutora nguva kumirira. Izvi zvinogona kuva mwongo neleukemia uye rikwanise hunhu mhando dzakasiyana.

Pamusoro kuti pfuma ndiyo muropa muvanhu. Benzene anoita somunhu dope. Kubva fodya utsi kwaanoda garai chigadzirwa. akadzidza code, ipapo vakasvika pakugumisa kuti zviri yokupedzisira ngozi vanhu. It chakawanikwa kuwedzera pamberi yefodya uye kunyange kuvapo zvinonhuwirira makabhohaidhiretsi mhando benzopyrene. Kuzivikanwa benzpyrene muri carcinogens. Effect vane inokuvadza kwazvo. Somuenzaniso, kukonzera kenza.

Kunyange zvakadaro pane zvataurwa, benzene ndiko kutanga mashoko pagadzirwe Pharmaceuticals siyana, mapurasitiki, chakaita zvokugadzirwa rabha uye Chokwadi, pigments. Ndiwo mwana rakajairika wekemisitiri uye anonhuhwirira akakura.