Black Mazana - chirongwa of Black Mazana ...

Vanhu vakadzidza muzvikoro Soviet, vakaziva zvakajeka kuti Black Mazana - ichi bigots uye thugs. Hapana mubvunzo pamusoro mamakisi ichi haana sezvo chido pane zvimwe akachinjikana kutarisa vanhu vakanga vakarongwa ropa mhirizhonga mumaguta Russia, kunyanya muMoscow uye Odessa.

Black Mazana pfungwa vapenyu nhasi. Pane imwe stratum chavagari kune vanofarira kwavari. nguva yedu zvinoshamisa kuti mubvunzo ose anogona kuwanikwa, akapa akasiyana pfungwa maonero, uye edza kuita pachako pfungwa dzako pamusoro kufamba ichi.

Vakakurumbira Nhamba tsitsi kuna Black Mazana

Zvinofadza tinyatsoziva kwehurongwa Black Mazana, kana chete nokuti mudzimai uye mwanasikana F. M. Dostoevskogo, uyo akataura pamusoro chisingabviri zvakanaka, iyo yakavakirwa pane kuderera wakateura ropa mwana, vakanga vachishingaira chernosotenkami. We vakavaitira Archpriest Ioann Kronshtadsky uye womufananidzo Victor Vasnetsov. Mendeleev, Michurin, mukuru ngarawa "Varyag" Rudnev - a Black Mazana, tisingatauri 500 inofananidza dzeChechi yeOrthodox, gare gare akataura "New Martyrs of Russia." Pakati pavo paiva yemberi Patriarch Tikhon, Metropolitan Bellavin.

utano midzi

Saka, pakanga vamwe zvakanaka pfungwa iri purogiramu rwokufamba ichi? Uye zita rakadini riri kuti pamusoro nguva yava mumvuri saka inotyisa? Wezvenhau Vladimir Mohnach rinoti pakutanga "Black Mazana - ichi democratic vamiririri guta munharaunda."

Sei zvakadaro? Nokuti mazana tsarist Russia yainzi womukati weboka guta. Paiva nemazana chena, kusanganisira rokumusoro strata chavagari asingadi kubhadhara mitero mamiriro, uye dema - zvipfeko. Of vamiririri madhorobha gutsaruzhinji (vatengesi, nyanzvi dzokugadzira) uye mapoka dzakaumbwa Kuzma Minin, adzingwa Kremlin uye Poles pave kuparadzwa kuRussia Nguva Troubles.

Mumwe ideologists

reactionary chaizvo zita A Muitiro 1900-1917 ku VA Gringmut, mumwe mukuru ideologists reBlack Zana kufamba. Akanga akadaro mumiririri chinopenya iyoyo kare kwaisava mutungamiri enyika zvakanaka-bapiro achivanyengetedza, asi sezvo rwomupambi uye obscurantist (obscurantist, muvengi nesainzi, mberi uye dzidzo), nokuti raakanga chaibatanidzwa nokuda tsarist hurumende muna 1906 kudare.

Maererano Gringmut Black Mazana - ichi varwi vanoshingaira kuti richengetedzwe inviolability ose autocracy Zvisinei, pahwaro guru-simba chauvinism, Anti-Semitism zvakananga dzakaparira.

Mumwe wepanguva kufamba inofungidzirwa

Pakutanga kwezana remakore zviri zvikuru reactionary kufamba zvokuti basa kuti pakuzivikanwa se "Black-Hundred kutya 1905-1907." Panguva ino vakanga vaita umhondi M. Ya. Gertsenshteyna uye G. B. Iollosa (Central Committee of kadheti Party) uye hapana zvishoma resonant kuedza P. N. Milyukova uye aimbova Prime Minister Witte, izvo dzimwe nhengo kufamba (ndiye Gringmut) rakanga akasarudzwa somumwe vavengi yayo huru. . S. Yu Vitte vaidavirawo kuti Black Mazana - ichi chokwadi, vamiririri masangano dzokutsigira nyika, pfungwa dzisina kwakavakirwa chikonzero uye kwamachinda, uye kuchiva, uye kuti ivo Vaingovawo hapana mhanza nevatungamiriri, pakati pavo pakanga rascals zhinji uye vanhu vane pfungwa tsvina uye manzwiro. In ichi yakakwirira werudzii, akataura pamusoro pogrom-anotyisa vakanga vakarongwa wazvakaitika. Rwose rwechiJudha mhuri vakaparara pasi sirogani "Beat vaJudha uye aponese Russia!". Asi aimbova mutungamiriri wehurumende, kureva uchiratidza kuzvipira kunyika iri Black Mazana, akanga pachena kureva pfungwa kutanga kufamba, iyo inobva sirogani Slavophiles Russian nokuzivikanwa uye yayo, yakasiyana yokumadokero nzira okukura.

kuvimba mufambo

Saka vanoita? Vakapararira reactionary masangano kure-kurudyi muRussia kwemakore 1906-1917 - ichi Black Mazana. Havana kugona, sezvinei, kuti vabatane kupinda rimwe uto racho kuti kuwedzera mano avo kuwanda. Kusati kwatombova nevakariri zita zvakasiyana vemapato pachavo rinonzi "patriots", "zvechokwadi Russian", "monarchists".

Shamwari kupfuura Black Mazana vaiva "Union Vanhu Russian (musoro - AI Dubrovin)," Russian Monarchist Party "(muvambi - VA Gringmut). Mumwe havaoni ari zvevafundisi-kuchinja sangano "Union Mihaila Arhangela" anova VM Purishkevich. Zvakakodzera kutaura kuti basa zvakasiyana uye kazhinji anorwisana Black Mazana rinotungamirirwa inotsigirwa ne "Council of United kwamachinda", akasikwa May 1906 achitsigirwa azere tsarist hurumende. Zvinofanira kucherechedzwa kuti mapurisa yeRussian Empire vaiona Black Zana squads sevatsigiri mubasa rayo zvakazara rinoshandisa pavo. Pamwe chete, "Council of United kwamachinda" reactionary sangano "Russian Union Vanhu" yakaumbwa muMoscow. The havaoni uye vatungamiriri vaiva Sheremetiev mukoma, Prince Troubetzkoy uye Shcherbatov. Duke Dmitri Pavlovich Golitsyn (Muravlin) aivawo Black Mazana. Ndivo "surnames mbiri Russian" vakanga chokuita Black Mazana. Vose mwoyo nepfungwa huru, zvizere purogiramu racho, - the inviolability pakati poumambo, kubatana autocracy uye vanhu.

Dzakadururwa kuvimbika kuna autocracy

Extreme monarchists, saka kunonziwo Black Mazana, Russia ndiyo kumwe musasa, izvo, maererano nedzimwe manyuko, kuverengwa pashure pokukundwa pokuchinja kwezvinhu 1905-1907 kusvika 410 zviuru vanhu. Black Mazana chirongwa rinonyanya akavimba dzidziso dzinonzi pamutemo nyika, dzinorongwa Russian gurukota Education S. S. Uvarov (yokutanga yezana XIX remakore). Akakurukura tripartite payakavakirwa inogona kunzi sepokuwana pfungwa dzidziso Uvarov: Orthodoxy, Autocracy, norudzi. Unlimited autocracy, uyewo Orthodox, uyo pakutanga vakafunga kuti Black Mazana Russian mavambo, aifanira kuramba chisingaperi uye kuchinja Russia hakudi.

Relaxations akabvumira Black Mazana

Zvisinei, vamwe zvirongwa zvavo zvinosanganisira rusununguko siyana - rechitendero, matauriro, gungano, pachaunga sangano, uye inviolability ari munhu. Saka, hazvishamisi mune zvakawanda vanhu usavanzwira tsitsi pamwe Black Mazana. Aiva kurerutsa uye agrarian reactionaries chirongwa kupa varimi tengesa chete shama nyika yavose (hapana kutorerwa pakati landlords), kukura rendi uye zvikwereti enyika.

Saka, sezvo zvikazooneka, raiva kukundikana iri purogiramu Black Mazana mubvunzo yenyika. Mumwe uye indivisible Russia, mu pfungwa dzavo, rinofanira kubva chauvinism, vakatora akanyanyisa siyana uye yazova pakuva Anti-Semitism.

rutsigiro simba

Black Mazana pfungwa kune vakawanda vakatambura mabhuku akadai "Russian Flag" uye "Moscow News", "Pochaev jira" uye "Bell". Uyewo "zemshchina", "mabhanan'ana" uye "veche", "Kievlyanin" uye "Citizen". Kutsigira zvinopfuura simba. Ivo vakabatsira yokuti Black Mazana chirongwa rava munodziziva uye inonzwisisika kuti yakakura nhamba landlords, vafundisi, vatengesi, vashandi uye vanhuwo zvavo, navapfuri vesimbi uye vamiririri zviduku madhorobha bourgeoisie, kuti zviduku bourgeoisie uye Cossacks - zvachose zvose strata wokuRussia munzanga.

Kuguma rwokufamba vatungamiri vayo

Pashure pokubatwa pogroms vatsigiri vakawanda recoiled kubva Black Mazana, uye sangano kwasvika munhu standstill wakakwana pashure 1917, uye hurumende yeSoviet rakarambidzwa chose. The Black Mazana, vatungamiriri uye ideologists izvo vaionekwa vavengi vevanhu, aishingaira akarwa simba Soviet, uye panguva Second World War kudivi nevaNazi. By mikuru kwokufananidzira racho vari kunyanya AI Dubrovin, V. Purishkevich, VA Gringmut, N. E. Markov. Uye PF Bulatsel (gweta), II Vostorgov (mupristi), injiniya AI Trischaty Prince M. K. Shahovskoy mumongi Heliodorus.

Octo

Sezvataurwa pamusoro apa, kubatana mune panhengo sangano rino kumbobvira Zvakacherechedzwa, vakawanda mibatanidzwa akasiyana mumwe kwete chete mazita asiwo zvirongwa. Saka, nhengo dzebato "Union of October 17", kana Octo-Black Mazana, rwaigara kanoda pakati enyika Russian mapato - vari chiri pakati kuzvikudza uye liberals, uye nei dzinonzi kuchinja liberals. We kutungamira bato guru zvemari uye vezvokutengeserana uye mumaindasitiri bourgeoisie A. I. Guchkov, M. V. Rodzyanko uye VV Shulgin.

At moyo chirongwa yavo kuisa chamber wacho Manifesto yaOctober 17, 1905. Kubva yokunyanyisa zvakanaka-bapiro reactionaries Octo kuzivikanwa ndechokuti inonzi kuti kuti yepamutemo umambo umo simba ramambo vaizotorwa kungogumira mutemo zvinokosha. Ivo akasiyana zvikuru kurudyi uye kuti, kutaura kuti indivisible Russia, kodzero kuzvionera kuti Finland ichiri kuzivikanwa. Uye murimi mudiki mubvunzo vaiva nyasha rokubva kuzvibvisa munyika yacho landlords 'nokuda kworudzikinuro.

Cadets

Kana yokunyanyisa rworudyi bapiro vaiva Octobrists, ipapo rworuboshwe Bapiro akarurama kufamba misasa Cadets (Constitutional-Democratic Party), kuti murongi uye pfungwa mutungamiriri raiva P. N. Milyukov. Party, strategist mukuru kuti zvaakanga akanzi "The Party Vanhu vaMwari Freedom." In chirongwa chavo, zvikuru kuteerera rwakabhadharwa kuna kodzero uye rusununguko vemunyika. Mukuona kwavo, remangwana Russian hurumende inotungamirwa kwaiva kuva mubumbiro uye dzeparamende umambo. The Cadets, ivo Octobrists, Black Mazana - izvi zvakawanda kana zvishoma guru bato pakati vakawanda vamwe, dzakadai Socialist-kuipandukira, neopopulists, ivo Mensheviks, ivo Bolsheviks, uyo muna Russia pakutanga remakore rapfuura, kusvikira Revolution, vaiva vakawanda. Asi Cadets, ivo Octobrists uye Black Mazana yakabatana mafungiro kurutivi umambo, iyo prioritizes ari inviolability zvirongwa zvavo.