Catacomb tsika: tsananguro, nhoroondo, maitiro uye zvinonakidza zvinhu

In yakakura expanses of Volga River kusvikira North Caucasus matongo vakaona mazana makuva, ane zera vanofungidzirwa makore anopfuura zviuru zvina. Marudzi kurarama nguva mundima, vakabatanidzwa nevakawanda netsika, rinonzi catacomb. Zviri rakasiyana nanhasi anochengetedza yakawanda zvakavanzika. Chokwadi kuti catacomb tsika yakadaro, enda hurukuro ino.

Man-yakaitwa dzinongoitika mumapako

Usati kutanga kukurukura, kujekesa zvinorehwa neshoko "catacombs". In Russian nayo rinobva Italian catacomba, uyewo Latin catacumba, kuti zvose zviitiko rinoreva "guva pevhu." Uye haasi masanga nokuti catacombs - haasi chinhu asi guru bako dzimwe nguva sezvingatarisirwa kuitika kana kuti zvinoitika chaizvo kazhinji, chakagadzirwa.

Vanogona achasiyiwa matombo ane refu convoluted tunnels kana dzinongoitika mumapako, zvakabatanidzwa ne kunzwisisa hurongwa corridors namaberere. Hechino chimwe chinhu chavo uye vakasarudza vavige vamwe vavo vagari vakafa inonzi yapakati Bronze Age, kufukidza nguva XXV-XX remakore BC. e.

Pakarepo zvinofanira kucherechedzwa kuti zvokuchera matongo, kuwedzera pfungwa "catacomb tsika", pane kutaura "Mugomba Guva Culture", rinova chokuita hunhu mumakuva yekare. Hazvina kuoma kuti zvokufungidzira kuti vanhu vane tsika nemagariro chikawira pasi tsanangudzo iyi, kushandisa sezvo makuva havasi pachivande labyrinths, uye gomba, apo vashakabvu pakuiswa uye shongwe pamusoro murwi - nomurwi, kudzivirira guva yakavimbika kubva zvaibiwa kwakaenderera.

Zvekufamba yeRussian Archeologist

In mumatongo inozivikanwa se pfungwa "Catacomb tsika". Zvinonzi inobva kufanana netsika dzemadzinza vanogara munzvimbo refu nhoroondo nguva inowanzorimwa uye masango-inowanzorimwa vematunhu, kuvakoka apasi kunosvika kuna Don kusvika North Caucasus uye Urals. Kokutanga izwi ichi chakaunzwa wokufambisa Russian musayendisiti VA Gorodtsov mubasa kudzidza makuva yekare makore XX remakore mangwanani.

Vakachera pazvikomo muna North Donets, masayendisiti akawana kuvigwa ravakwa catacombs. zvakananga kuvigwa izvi zvivako raiva wehunyambiri mugodhi zvichiita kuti chinjikira mukoridho uye guva nzvimbo. Kuti magadzirirwo zviri nzira iyi kuvigwa akabvumira kuzodana dzavo dzakazvitsaurira Catacomb tsika.

Catacomb tsika kusiyana

Papera tsvakurudzo kwakaratidza kuti munharaunda iyi chaizvo heterogeneous mu marongerwo uye chinosanganisira munhu matongo mutsika, ndiyo yemunyika, kureva zvakasiyana emo. Somuenzaniso, catacomb netsika Kuban, ziva dzomunharaunda okunze uye zviwanikwa features, yekudyidzana kwakasiyana chii chinogona kuwanikwa kuCaucasus.

Zvinofanira kucherechedzwa kuti dzekare hapana vabvumirana nezvemavambo enyika catacomb tsika. A zvinoverengeka vaongorori vanodavira kuti ndiyo nzvimbo yechizvarirwo of Caucasus, mu pfungwa dzevamwe, iye akazviratidza pamwe madzinza, vakauya pakutanga yendarira Age Cyprus. Zvisinei, zvakakomba nharo vachida chero dzidziso idzi hadzisi. Kashoma tenable pfungwa nezveukama aro drevneyamnoy netsika.

Zvinoitwa Catacomb nemagariro

Kutsvakurudza kwakaratidza kuti kugarwa marudzi enzvimbo yacho Catacomb munharaunda, iri kunyanya rwizi dzakakwirira promontories, akakombwa mawere. Enzizi vakanga vakasununguka dzokumafuro, izvo zvakaita kuti tikwanise kuita mhuka minda, ndiyo nheyo upfumi hwavo. Chimwe chinokosha chezvinonhuwira zvinakire Vagari vekare akanga hove. Izvi runoratidzwa kuburikidza Zvakafukunurwa, izvo kwakaguma nzvimbo remaguta ekare akawanikwa mapfupa vazhinji vose hove uye aiva dzinovaraidza - mhou, makwai uye nemabhiza.

Catacomb tsika Bronze Age iri dzinoratidzwa hwakanyatsorwisa yakakwirira azvipire kugadzira maturusi uye nezvombo. Sezvo zvabuda kuongorora zvigadzirwa pana nzvimbo, ivo vakaitwa yendarira sezvainonyauswa kuCaucasus. Ndivo namatemo, nemapanga mapanga vachiwaridza. Asi pamwe navo kumbonyanya vazhinji vakanga vakawana ibwe maturusi, zvakadai maces, namasanhu uye arrowheads.

Pasinei nokuti catacomb tsika kwaibva mhuka minda uye Fisheries, zvokurima vakaridza rimwe, kunyange zvishoma basa nechouviri vomumusha. Izvi runoratidzwa kuwanikwa zvizhinji duku, asi chinyakare zvokurima maturusi - horny mapadza, majeko, metate nembezo-zvakaumbwa mapanga. Ataurazve vaakawana uye mapfunde zviyo zviri vakavigwa.

Kufamba Reyn I V Italy

Zvimwewo zvakabudiswa anokwezvera namasanhu rakagadzirwa nendarira, uye kuva dzikapupurira kuti kuda pamusoro yemapuranga dzavo Pazvibato. Mumazuva iwayo zvaibvira kureva kumusoro rwokugadzira. Ndizvowo zvinogona kuonekwa kana vanhu Central uye Northern Europe.

A zvinoverengeka vaongorori vanodavira kuti inowanzorimwa vagari aigona kuuya navo, akaita rwendo rurefu, richisvika nemahombekombe Italy uye Rhine. Nenzira, motokari vakanga - mune rimwe catacomb vakavigwa pakati Rostov nharaunda panguva Zvakafukunurwa yakawanikwa mana vhiri pangoro, uye pedyo nayo - bhiza mapfupa, izvo, vose zvavo, munhu mujenya.

Social stratification of vanhu yekare

Catacomb tsika nemagariro zvakare dzinoratidzwa kusaruramisira wakajeka pfuma vagari iyoyo. Izvi runoratidzwa mutsauko, izvo akaona nhamba zvinhu zvakasiyana, vakaisa pamwe mushakabvu peguva, uye akaronga kuti ake vari humwe upenyu. Pamwe akapfuma chaizvo makuva, sezviri pachena vaiva vakuru kana vakuru, pane makuva anenge isingambokwanisi guva zvinhu.

Mukuwedzera, chinokosha azvipire evanhu stratification vanhu kungova Catacomb munharaunda anoratidza hunoshamisa kukura kuvigwa hurongwa uye kuvigwa pazvikomo pamusoro pamakuva yevaya vakaita yepamusoro munzanga. Avanotarisira kuva kupfuura nhamba zvidzidzo dzakapoteredza kuvigwa. Kazhinji vakavigwa dzakadaro rakauya wandei makumi ezviuru bhiza marangwanda. Zviri pachena, mabhiza kwaiitirwa achipembererwa wemufi mune humwe upenyu. All zvarinotaura pamusoro kunzwisisa maumbirwo zvayo yakakwirira pamwero evanhu sangano.

Makuva vatungamiriri yemadzinza

Zvinoitwa Catacomb nemagariro yaizova kukwana kana musingadi kugara kuti, zvisinei yakakwirira chinzvimbo munzanga inogarwa vatungamiri. Kazhinji, simba ravo rakawedzera pamusoro madzinza akawanda uye genera. About kuti, sei kukuru zvakaita zvavo munzanga anogona ichizotongwa kukwirira pazvikomo, ndidire pamusoro makuva, uye makuva pachavo kukuru ukuru uye zvakawanda zvichabatsira zvinhu.

The chiyamuro mugodhi Kazhinji akaiswa rebei kudzika, uye kazhinji vanogona kuwanikwa vaiva marangwanda varanda, nechisimba kuurawa uye kusungwa kuti ave tenzi munyika inotevera. Anozivikanwa kuvigwa, umo masvingo kuvigwa makamuri vakanga yakashongedzwa kapeti nepanhovo, tevere zvisaririra zvomufi muchinda hunhu kwesimba rake akarara - pakuzvichenesa midonzvo uye nezvombo zvinokosha.

Pedyo vatungamiriri evanhu mapoka

Tevera vatungamiri varwi munzanga inogarwa. nzvimbo yavo kuvigwa, kunyange zvishoma kwazvo, asi dzakazara ose zvinhu zvavanoda munyika vakafa. Izvi zvombo zvakasiyana - yendarira uye ibwe namatemo, mapanga uye mapanga arrowheads.

Oddly, asi mumazuva akare, akatsaurwa kubva kwatiri nemakore anopfuura zviuru zvina, kusvikira nhamba yevanhu ropafadzo nyanzvi dzokugadzira hanya dzakaitwa ngoro. Kana tenzi afa, naicho akavigwa pamwe ose chinokudza - vakaonga mune avo rinhi kushanda murume.

Graves vafundisi

A nzvimbo inokosha pakati pamakuva abate makuva vapristi, vaiva vazhinji, asi akavharika chaizvo vanhu vakaderera. Chokwadi chokuti mapfupa nhengo imwe nhengo iri chaiyo evanhu boka, uchapupu hwakajeka chimiro dehenya rake. Chokwadi chokuti vapristi ramangwana vakagadzirira kuita kwavo dzakanaka basa mumazuva okutanga muupenyu. Kunyange paucheche navo kusungwa zvakasimba musoro bhandeji, zvichiita kuti zvemamiriro Kugadzirwa dehenya mapfupa. Somugumisiro, pamusoro nguva, vapristi vakagamuchira chimiro vise musoro, kuti chaiva chiratidzo elitism.

makuva aya anowanikwa zvikurukuru nyaya dzechitendero - frypot pamwe marasha rwokuzvibayira, uye rusenzi siyana, akaita muchimiro mbiya pamusoro makumbo, uye akafukidza mupfumi ornamentation. makuva izvi zvakava kutanga catacomb tsika Northern Sea Black.

Zvakafanana uye kusiyana pamariro netsika

Mazuvano, kune zvivako zvakawanda, izvo akasiya catacomb tsika. Vazhinji vavo vaakawana nharaunda yakakura kubva Lower Danube kuna Volga. All vanoonekwa ne mukuru nzira kuvigwa, umo vashakabvu akaiswa kamuri rimwe bazi kubva mazano mugodhi. Asi kufanana kakawanda, uye dzakaguma, sezvo ose kurarama imwe nharaunda, vari kuburikidza netsika dzavo pamariro uye netsika dzinoratidzwa.

Mune zvimwe zviitiko, makuva trepan skulls akazara musanganiswa ivhu uye ocher, uyewo mapfupa wemufi akawanikwa, akaputirwa chirimwa madzinde. Mune dzimwe makuva chinhu ziso nezvigadziko skulls akazara ivhu mavara. Taifanira kuwana uye vaviri guva, apo mumwe mubhedha marangwanda varume nevakadzi vakaiswa sokunge vaida kuramba vasingasiyani kunyange pashure porufu.

Details of wemariro tsika

Sezvo Catacomb tsika - ndiko, pakutanga kwezvose, kufanana vemarudzi akasiyana mune muitiro vachiviga vakafa, ipapo, ndakapedza nyaya, kurukura ichi zvizere. Musimboti tsika yakanga sezvinotevera: hama wemufi, pamberi mwaya murwi, kuchera muvhu rectangular gomba rakadzika, kuti aivabatsira anoburukira iyo, iri kumicheto matanho kana nzendo sei. Zvadaro, musi pasi nomubato vakachera chinjikira ndima, pashure iyo anoronga peguva-catacomb.

Vashakabvu akaiswa ipapo chaiyo mubhedha, zvichiriita crouching mamiriro, akafanana nzvimbo mudumbu mudumbu. Kana mhuri yapiwa munhu akava nomukana kugovera zvinhu aifanira kugara munyika vakafa, ivo vakabatsira peguva. Zvichitevera chiyamuro ichi mariri kuvharwa ibwe rakanyorwa kana matanda. Zvino chakava pfuma wemufi isingagumi.