Zemstvo kuchinja zvinhu 1864

Local kuzvitonga muna Russia rakarongwa zvinoenderana zvaiva pre-kuchinja 1864, izvo anenge ari feudal hurongwa. The anokosha mairi ndiye muridzi muridzi yaiona nezvakatongwa, enyika uye zvoupfumi simba pamusoro vanhuwo zvavo ndezvake.

First Zemstvo nadzurudzo Ivana Groznogo, inoitwa shure muna 1550, kare panguva iyoyo akanga kutaurirwa kuchaitwa "kudya" uye kugadzwa akasarudzwa vakuru vehurumende.

Asi remakore rechi19, dambudziko iri zvakakwana saizvozvowo harina kugadziriswa. Rinotungamirirwa vabati enyika vakanga rusununguko rwakafara kwazvo masimba: mapurisa, supervisory, administrative, zveupfumi uye mamwe mabasa. Akatevera kukosha vanhu mudunhu vaiva amachinda mutungamiriri kwamachinda uye eruwa yokukunda pakati kwamachinda. Kureva, hwakadaro kudzora mamiriro anogona chete kuratidza zvido Varidzi. Not kufungwa kwete chete zvinodiwa nevanhu, asi dzemo bhizimisi uye zvokutengeserana. Indivisibility matare, administrative uye zvoupfumi masimba mberi yakawedzera yacho.

Kuti aite kuti murimi mudiki kuchinja kwaidiwa kuvakazve hurongwa. Kuti izvi zvidaro, kutanga kugadzirira Zemstvo kuchinja zvinhu 1864. On omunharaunda kuzvitonga vaifanira tipiwe mabasa uye nemakanzuru vomunharaunda. Kushandisa masimba pamusoro pavo aiva mamiriro muchimiro hurumende dzokutarisira anokosha kana cherechedzo uye basa mirau yakananga. Orders pachavo zemskih mitumbi aigona chinozoiswa kushandisa zviremera fiscal fiscal kana nemapurisa.

Zemstvo nadzurudzo kudziviswa kuedza zviremera kuti pfungwa simba mumaoko omunzvimbo bureaucracies. Zarura chido kushandisa idzva chimiro vomunharaunda Hurumende kuchinja Estates musimboti varongi havana kuzoshinga. Universal suffrage kwakanga kusingadiwi kwavari. Saka, zvakasarudzwa kuti vasanangurwa kuti avabvumire akakamura vanhu kupinda curiae nhatu (zvikamu), mumwe nomumwe yaiva hunodzorwa vamiririri imwe kirasi. Nokuda kuvapo pfuma zvinodiwa curial hurongwa anobvumira hurumende kuronga nhamba electors vari zemstvo nemapazi, ichipa ruzhinji vamiririri yeboka rinotonga.

January 1, 1864 zviremera akabvuma "Regulation pamusoro zemstvo masangano". Kubva zuva kwavari akapiwa superintendence guru, mari uye pfuma yose Zemstvos, zviri kukurukurirana uye zvivako, kuita anoyamura mabasa, kuita utano uye dzidzo, dzekuno inishuwarenzi pfuma, kutarisira yomunharaunda bhizimisi uye zvokutengeserana.

Zemstvo nadzurudzo zvaisanganisira kusikwa matatu curiae: Varidzi dzoruwa, vaigara uye vamiririri musha. The Executive Body Zemsky gungano - Council - vanosarudzwa kwemakore maviri. Nhengo amachinda zemstvo gungano kusarudzwa panguva County kumisangano.

Zemstvo nadzurudzo haana akasikwa centralized inowirirana ezvinhu: kwaro Implementation uye haana akaumba muviri kuti ungadai dzinotarisira basa vose zemstvos. An kuedza chakaitwa ayo zvisikwa 1865, amachinda Assembly St. Petersburg, asi achipindura urongwa ichi hurumende kuti kuiparadza. Saka, kuvapo yeko akabvumira chete pachiyero mapurovhinzi nemaruwa. Kana akanga zvakasikwa uye kudzika-pamwero - County madhipatimendi.

New hurumende nokuda zvatisingakwanisi noumhizha uye vasiri Executive mudonzvo akanga novimba hurumende. Zvisinei, kuchinja zvinhu dunhu vakabatsira kuvandudzika yekwataigara upfumi, kutaura, voruzhinji uye zvoutano. Zemstvos akava worudzii chikoro enyika kuti vamiririri democratic munzanga uye norupo kufamba. Panyaya iyi, kuti kuchinja zvinogona inozivikanwa se Bourgeois.