Chii sphragistics? Sayenzi chezvisimbiso

Mhinduro kumubvunzo wokuti: "Chii sphragistics?" Tanga kwawaiita muna 1709. M. Geynektsy. Sphragistics - sayenzi kuti vanodzidza muchina. For Geynektsiem akatevera akapa sayenzi iyi zita aripo Iogann Geymann uye Gatterer, Gerken, Ledebour, Hohenlohe-Waldenburg, uye vamwe. Seyler ndezvaJehovha yakanakisisa kuchangobva mabasa pamusoro sphragistics.

Kukura sayenzi zvisimbiso

Muzana XVIII remakore vakatanga kutora chimiro somunhu sphragistics Diplomatique dhipatimendi. zvinangwa zvaro panguva vaifanira kudanana iri gwaro, uyewo pave yaro nderechokwadi. Mune ramangwana, pfungwa yokuti sphragistics kwakadaro, yakapiwa. Kushandiswa nesayenzi kubva pamugumo XIX remakore vakanga akatanga zhinji kudhinda, akarasikirwa kutaura gwaro (muKaradhea, vekare muIjipiti, Old, Parthian, yekare Indian uye nevamwe.). Vakanga akawanikwa panguva kupikidura. Kubvira nguva sphragistics - sayenzi kuti zvidzidzo, pakati pezvimwe zvinhu, nhoroondo kukura uye paumbwe vekare masangano ari mamiriro pahwaro ari kupatsanura kwezvisimbiso, iyo anoona kuchinja tsvimbo yake. Munguva USSR, paiva nemuumbi richisimuka sayenzi iyi. Izvi nechokuita kuwedzera akawanikwa Pavaichera muna muPskov uye Novgorod zvokuvakisa.

In Russian mabhuku, kunze kwechinhu chitsauko chinokosha mubhuku Lakier "Russian Heraldry", iyo inorondedzera kudhinda uye inopa mhinduro yomubvunzo wokuti chii sphragistics nguva zvesayenzi ino aiva mashoko zvishomanana uye Chidimbu chete. Yanin akabudisa muna 1970 kudzidza maviri mavhoriyumu chakanzi "Documents pamusoro kwevakaroorana anodhinda Ancient Russia". musayendisiti Ndiro akatsiva NP Likhachev nyaya, izvo vaiona muvambi sphragistics Soviet. It Likhachev rakava anokosha kudzidza nhaka Ancient Russia pashure Novgorod kugarwa yakatangwa pakutanga XX remakore. The sainzi chezvidhindo nhasi hazvisi chaizvo, asi achiri Virtual. Pane zvidzidzo zvitsva munharaunda iyi.

Communication sphragistics kuti numismatics uye heraldry

Saka takadzidza kuti sphragistics - sayenzi kuti vanodzidza muchina. Ngatiteererei zvino, mamwe matavi ruzivo rune chokuita mukurusa. sainzi iri chokuita zvakananga numismatics, uye heraldry. With vekupedzisira - wokutanga raishandiswa chete pamusoro zvisimbiso dzakawanda mifananidzo vari ipapo wakapfuurira mumaoko. Print kushandisa machinda yakananga. Ndivo chiratidzo nhaka iyo akatonga akaratidzwa. Papera kanguva, zviratidzo izvi kazhinji zvinosanganisirwa majasi zvombo. Izvi zvakaitika Somuenzaniso, Prince Golitsyn (chiratidzo Duchy pamusoro Lithuania).

Sphragistics chokuita numismatics kuti kazhinji pamari yakagadzirwa anodhinda of Prince, uyo panguva nemitemo. Kana IAA mari, maererano Logo pamusoro anodhinda kuwana ayo mavambo.

yekare Print

Kuti tinzwisise zviri nani zvinotaurwa sphragistics, ngationei kare. Very wekare ndiyo kushandisa tsika inoratidza. Nechekare munguva dzekare, dzokuMabvazuva vanhu vakaisa chisimbiso. tsika iyi yakanga kwakapararira kunyanya muBhabhironi, Persepolis uye Ijipiti. Zvisimbiso vaive mabwe zvakaoma mavara dzaiva muchimiro zvipembenene, sepombi, uye zvichingodaro. G. mavanga Different vakaiswa pamusoro pavo.

Munzvimbo dzakawanda muBhaibheri anogona kuwanikwa panotaurwa kwezvisimbiso. Somuenzaniso, muChitsauko III XXI Samuel, muChitsauko XIV Dhanieri, muchitsauko XXXVIII Genesis. Tsika kunwa kubva vokumabvazuva akakwereta vaRoma uye navaGiriki. VaRoma vaishandisa zvatinosiita anodhinda zvindori. Vakaita kupirinda chifananidzo, kushandisa kusvikira siyana mabasa. Vakagara pavhu madzinza Roman vakadzidza tsika iyi, izvo zvisinei akava kwakapararira uye zvakajairika hapana kwokutanga kupfuura XII remakore.

Kukosha tsika uye Kushandiswa inoratidza kare

Kwenguva refu, kudhinda kutsiva siginicha, saka zvakanga kukosha zvikuru. Various zvokungwarira zvaishandiswa kudzivisa kubiridzira. Ndicho chinangwa pakutanga sehofisi nesayenzi kuti vanodzidza muchina. With mutambo mukuru chakaitika kutyira mabasa avo akakosha. Kufanana vokuGermany uye vaRoma, yaiva tsika kuti kuisa muguva pamwe wemufi chisimbiso-mhete. Vari dzimwe nguva yaipfekwa pamutsipa, kuti vachengeti paruzhinji uye youmambo zvisimbiso.

Mhando seal yekare

To VIII remakore, kushandiswa kunyanya mumwe chete angoramba achitaura. Zvisinei, pashure maviri emakore, vakatanga kuva ne kaviri kuti aina bepa, matehwe, kana akarembera tambo. Paiva leaden kudhinda (zvimwe - Print-nzombe, akawana zita rayo kubva kutungamirira balls, rakanga inopurwa mufananidzo), sirivha, nendarama (kashoma), ndarira, namo, gaba uye wakisi. Kusara wakisi uye wakisi, ivo akarembera. Vose vakanga Kumadokero sphragistics inoratidza akadaro vakadanwa sigilla, kana sigilla pendentia. Ivo append kusvika pasi tsamba, pakarepo mushure siginicha, musi sirika kana yomucheka tambo kana zvidimbu reganda kana dehwe. Kana paiva vashoma zvisimbiso, kana ivo vakaisa uchiteverwa chinzvimbo uye nzvimbo vazvo.

Yakanga yakasiyana chaizvo chimiro micherechedzo: vakanga vakakomba (dangwe), oblong, denderedzwa, mativi, mativi, hexagonal, uye vamwe.

Ruvara ukoshi chezvidhindo

By hunhu nhau uye chiremera vanhu kusiyanisa mavara ose wakisi. Kuva mambo, uyewo vanhu vane ropafadzo chaidzo, achipa kodzero kuti tsvuku wakisi chisimbiso. Kazhinji rutema Wakisi yakadhindwa tsamba yake Patriarch weConstantinople. Azure kana zvitema ruvara aionekwa ari XVI uye XVII remakore ropafadzo.

mamiriro pakudhinda

Zvisimbiso zvainge vanoratidzwa basa varidzi Logos, zvakanyorwa muchimiro yemirau, mirayiridzo, mufananidzo varidzi vanhu. Zviratidzo kana zviratidzo zvakanga kunyanya siyana. Special Hurumende seal aiwanika ose ezvinhu. Vari rakakamurwa mhando nhatu huru: diki, nomutoo uye makuru. Large aitwa akagadzirirwa magwaro anokosha, kunyanya dzakawanda akadhindwa uye mitemo. Small uye svikiro kushandiswa mapepa kukosha uye tsamba pamadzimambo. Nokuti pachako kushandiswa vatongi mune dzimwe inoti vari private wokudhinda (zvikurukuru muNetherlands uye England) chinokosha. muchengeti hurumende chisimbiso nokuda kworutivi ndiye Ushumiri kana rezvemitemo uye kushumira Affairs Foreign (Sweden, Württemberg, Bavaria uye Netherlands) uye Bazi State (Prussia).

Vakatakura mhuri nguo zvombo chisimbiso ane Pope. Zvinonzi vasiyana papa akadhindwa uye charters. Special Kudhinda kunge vane Munyori weHurumende Papa. Storage Seal kuSwitzerland kuitwa kuhofisi Federal Council.

The Russian kudhindwa yokutanga

The kutaurwa nhau kuRussia yokutanga zvibvumirano Svyatoslav uye Igor pamwe nevaGiriki. Kubva gwaro 945, tinodzidza kuti nhume yedu vaifanira kushandisa chisimbiso yendarama, uye vatengesi (vakokwa) - sirivha. Vladimir muna 1006 akaronga mahara kutengeserana pakati vatengesi Russian uye Bulgarian. Akapa zvose kuti uye mumwe kudhinda inokosha sechiratidzo mvumo yomuchinda. Vakashumira sezvo musoro chitupa navatengesi.

Press aparadzirwe muRussia

Kodzero kudhinda rokutanga chete vaiva kune Grand Duke. Zvisinei, pamwe kusabatana pamusoro nhaka Russia uyewo pakanyenga kumachinda. Kudhinda pamwe administrative kukura kwedu nyika simbi chishongedzo kushumira vanhu vemarudzi ose. Orders uye maguta nazvo. Of nezvemarudzi maviri vakanga kwomuchinda kudhinda: pauzima, private (anodhinda zvenzeve) uye nevoruzhinji mukuru. Zvichitevera muenzaniso dangwe boyars vakatanga kuti kudhinda pamba. Vaiva simbi - sirivha, nendarama, kutungamirira uye sirivha gilded; Wakisi (tsvuku, vatema, tsvuku uye shava); voskomastichnye kuti nokuda simba zvikuru wakisi akatsiviwa; kudhinda nebwe kana tara (zvisingawanzoitiki kwazvo), uyewo wakisi, izvo vakapinda kushandiswa pakupera yacho XVII remakore. Tambo range siyana - hemp, sirika uye worsted - append rokudhinda simbi. Other unoremekedzwa uye dzimwe nguva akanga akafukidzwa papepa kuti mukuru vakachengeteka. Nokuda kwaizvozvi, ivo pakuzivikanwa pasi zvisimbiso Custodio.

Images pamusoro inoratidza

Kupfuura kare kwomuchinda kudhinda, aburuka kwatiri - sirivha, nendarama, kurutivi rumwe vanoratidzwa nechiso chaKristu, uye kuno rumwe - kurova nyoka Arhangela Mihaila. chisimbiso ichi priveshen akapa gwaro kuna Mstislav Vladimirovich (Prince) uye Vsevolod (mwanakomana wake). Mikoko shure kwemakore 1125-1132. Kuwedzera kune zvifananidzo izvi, ari machinda akazotevera zvisimbiso kusangana St. Nicholas, Alexander, Simeon, Ioann Predtecha, uye vamwe. NeMachinda mifananidzo, zviratidzo zvakasiyana-siyana, uyewo chinyorwa chiri mucherechedzo muchinda. A yakawanda zvenhaka yokutevedzera, yakanga yawanikwa pakati zvisimbiso XIV-XV emakore. sphragistics sayenzi nhasi iri paaivatambudza dzavo tsvakurudzo. Ivo sokuti kunge wakatorwa Byzantium. On inoratidza izvi zvinoratidza rengano mifananidzo.

The kupfuura kare muguta chisimbiso, izvo isu asvika, - Novgorod, vachirondedzera kune 1426. Akanga vasiyana contractual magwaro Novgorod uye Tver Prince Borisom Aleksandrovichem. Unoratidza chipfuwo ane bhiza mumusoro, makumbo uye garo shumba kumhanya ane vanomutswa muswe. Tambo sezvo itsvo aigona kuonekwa pakati mutsipa wake uye musoro. On the musana chiri chinyorwa, iyo inoti: ". The chisimbiso Novgorod" In Novgorod micherechedzo anozoratidzwa Panther kana ingwe agere pachigaro hadzi nechipi, gondo kaviri, Bear and unto.

MuPskov kare kutevera Novgorod. Mukuru wavo Mikoko kusvikira 1510. Unoratidza ingwe inoyerera muswe kumusoro, rurimi rwake muchibudisira uye akavhura nenzara. Around kudhinda rakanyorwa: "Print Gospodarstwa muPskov". Yakavakwa muna XV uye XVI emakore, guta akagamuchira kubva Government Printer. Kazhinji kutsivira uye kushandura navo. Kudhinda siyana yaishandiswa kusvikira 1702, uye ipapo - kunyanya ne gondo kaviri vakananga.

nemarudzi ose aya mudzimba sphragistics zvidzidzo nhasi. Kwidza nyaya kare kunobatsira kuziva mapatani sayenzi iyi. sphragistics Russian, zvikurukuru, rinobatsira kunzwisisa kukura wehurumende yedu, iro rinopa mashoko anokosha nyaya.