Derzhavin Gavriil Romanovich: pfupi biography, mifananidzo, zvisikwa, chokwadi kubva muupenyu

Imwe yevanhu vakakurumbira zvikuru mumutauro weRussia pamagumo ezana gumi nemasere uye ekutanga kwepfumbamwe mazana mapfumbamwe raiva Derzhavin Gavriil Romanovich. Akanga ari chimiro chakajeka, uye sehurumende, uye sechinyorwa, peni yeyo yaiva yezvinyorwa zvakakurumbira zvemazuva ake, zvakapiwa nemweya weChiedza. Vashomanana vevanhu vanogona kuita zvakanyanya kukudziridza tsika yemunyika yavo, sezvakaita Gabriel Derzhavin. Iyo biography nebasa romurume uyu mukuru, pasina mubvunzo, zvakakodzera kudzidza zvakadzama.

Nhoroondo

Asi tisati tatanga kudzidza chokwadi kubva muupenyu hweDerzhavin Gavriil Romanovich, ngatitarirei pane zvakaitika mumhuri yake.

Mhuri yeDerzhavin ine maTatar midzi. Muvambi wemhuri ndiye Horde Murza Bragim, uyo akatamira kubasa reMukuru weMoscow Vasily II weChiedza muzana remakore rechi15 uye akabhabhatidzwa pasi pezita reIya. Achifunga kuti Tatar yakanga ichangobva kutendeuka yaiva mhuri yakanaka, mutungamiriri akamupa nzvimbo yepamusoro.

Brahim aiva nemwanakomana ainzi Narbek, akabhabhatidzwa naDmitri, kubva kumwanakomana mukuru uyo mhuri yaNarbakov yakanga yatanga, uye kubva kumwanakomana muduku Alexei Narbekov, ainzi Derzhava, dzinza reDerzhavins rakaumbwa.

Zvizvarwa zvevakasika vemhuri yose Russia, iyo yakanyanyosimbiswa nemichato yakawanda nevamiriri vevakuru veRussia, vaitora zvikamu zvakakura pasi pemachinda nemaTars ehurumende yeRussia. Kunyanya, vakanga vari voevods uye stooges. Ndiyo chete mbeu yemhuri iyi ine mbiri uye yaiva Derzhavin Gavriil Romanovich.

Vechiduku veDerzhavin

Upenyu hwaGabriel Romanovich Derzhavin hwakatanga musi waJuly 3 (maererano nekarekare kare) muna 1743. Ndiyo apo akaberekerwa mumusha weSokury, Province reKazan, mumhuri yemukuru wemauto, Roman Nikolayevich Derzhavin naFyokla Kozlova.

Nemhaka yezvinyorwa zvebasa rechiuto reRoma Nikolayevich, mhuri yacho yaifanira kugara ichienda kune imwe nzvimbo kuenda kune imwe nzvimbo. Zvisinei, Gabriel Romanovich akarasikirwa nababa vake ava nemakore gumi nemana.

Muteveri weramangwana akatanga kutambira dzidzo kubva pazera remakore manomwe, apo akatumirwa kunodzidza pachikoro chebhodhi. Zvisinei, nekuda kwehurombo iyo mhuri yakarashika mushure mekurasikirwa nemupi wezvokudya, zvaive zvakaoma kupfuurira dzidzo. Kunyange zvakadaro, muna 1759 Gabriel Derzhavin akapinda muKazzan mune imwe nzvimbo yekurovedza gymnasium, iyo yakabudirira kupedza mumakore matatu, ichiratidza zvimwe zvingaguma pakudzidzisa. Zvisinei, uyu ndiwo mugumo wekudzidzisa kwake. Dzidzo yakadaro yakatotaridzirwa zvisina kufanira panguva iyoyo.

Pakarepo mushure mekunge apedza kudzidza, Gavriil Romanovich akabatwa semutoja chaiwo mu Prechehensky Guards. Munzvimbo imwe chete anotanga kunyora ndima dzekutanga. Sechikamu chechikwata ichi, akabatanidzwa muchibvumirano chehurumende muna 1762 nechinangwa chekuparadza Madzimambo Petro III nekusimudza Catherine, akazonzi Guru, kuumambo. Izvozvi zvishoma nezvishoma zvakakanganisa basa rake remangwana.

Imakore gumi mushure memubatanidzwa, Gabriel Derzhavin pakupedzisira anogamuchira chigaro chemukuru, uye gore gare gare nhetembo dzake dzakatanga kubudiswa. Akabva azviisa mukurwisana nekupandukira kwePugachev.

Muhurumende yebasa

Akasiya basa rechiuto muna 1777, nekuda kweshoko rake pachake mumutsamba kuna Mukadzi Catherine, Derzhavin Gavriil Romanovich akatumirwa kushanda yehurumende. Mukuwedzera, akagamuchira varimi vakawanda mazana mana. Mune mamwe mwedzi mitanhatu, anova yekare muSeneti. Muna 1780, akava muongorori wehurumende yemari uye mari, iyo yaiva yakakosha zvikuru.

Akawana mukurumbira mukurumbira semudetembi Derzhavin muna 1782, nokuda kwekubudiswa kwechigove chake "Felitsa", yakatsaurirwa kukudzwa kwaEmpress Catherine II. Pasina mubvunzo, basa iri rakanga rakazara nekukudzwa kune munhu akakwirira, asi panguva imwechete yakange yakakosha zvikuru uye yakabatanidzwa zvakananga pakuwedzera kwebasa kukura kwevanyori. Yakanga ichitenda kwaari kuti akakunda nyasha dzaEmpress Gabriel Derzhavin. Bhuku rake remangwana mune ramangwana rinoumbwa neruzhinji rwezvinyorwa kuburikidza nebasa redu. Mugore rimwe chete akazova gurukota rehurumende.

Muna 1783, Academy yakatangwa muSt. Petersburg, uye munyori wenherera kubva panguva yekuvhura kwayo akazova nhengo yake yakazara.

Zvisinei, hazvikwanisi kutaurwa kuti zvinhu zvose zvaaiva nazvo zvakanyatsonaka mubasa rehurumende. Nemhaka yekukakavadzana nemukuru wepamusoro wevatungamiriri Vyazemsky, aimbova mutariri, Gavriil Romanovich Derzhavin akasarudza. Bhuku shomanana harina kupa mukana wekugara pazvinhu zvose zvechiitiko ichi.

Zvisinei, kare muna 1784 akatumwa kunotarisira hurumende yeOlonets muKarelia. Ikoko Gavriil Romanovich akazviisa pachena nekuedza kukuru mukugadzirisa hupenyu hwehupenyu uye hupfumi hwenharaunda, zvichidaro zvichiratidza matanho ake akakwirira masangano. Iyi nguva yehupenyu uye nechepamusoro, iyo inotongwa nemunyori wenhetembo, yakagadzirirwa pane zvakakosha zvezvinyorwa zvechirevo Derzhavin.

Mumakore maviri akapiwa nzvimbo inobatsira zvikuru mubati weTambov, uyo akapikira mari yakawanda uye ropafadzo.

Pamusoro pebasa

Munguva iyi, Derzhavin Gabriel ari kuedza kuwana mamwe mabasa matsva. Muchidimbu, muna 1791 akava munyori wemudzimai Catherine chaiye, uye makore maviri gare gare akakurudzirwa kuva mukuru we sénator uye mupi wezano. Kubva panguva ino, tinogona kutaura zvakachengeteka kuti Derzhavin akaita nzira yake kune vamwe vakuru vechiRussia.

Muna 1795, Derzhavin Gavriil Romanovich akapiwa zita re mutungamiriri we Commerce Board-mutumbi wehurumende waive nebasa rekutarisira uye kudzora zvekutengeserana. Zvechokwadi, yakanga iri nzvimbo inobatsira zvikuru.

Mushure mokufa kwaCatherine, pasi peMambo Pauro I, Gavriil Romanovich akava muchengeti wehurumende uye mutongi weSancate chancellery. Ndiine mugari wenhaka waPavel I muna 1802 Derzhavin akagamuchira mushumo wehutungamiri, kuva hurumende yeRuramisiro. Yaiva kureba kwebasa rake.

Kurega

Asi kare muna 1803, pazera remakore makumi matanhatu, Gurukota reZvibvumirano rakasiya uye harina kudzokerazve kumabasa ehurumende, sezvo akararama kusvikira afa kune imwe yenzvimbo dzayo mumusha weZimbabwe, muNygorgorod Province. Pane zvikonzero zvakawanda zvakatungamirira kukuti Gabriel Romanovich Derzhavin akamanikidzwa kubvisa kubva pane zvaaida. Chinyorwa chidiki chinongobvumidza kungorongedza, pasina kunyatsotsanangura. Uku ukukwegura, kuneta kubva mubasa rehurumende Derzhavin pachake, uye zvinonyanya kukosha - chido chokumubvisa nevezvitsva zvitsva zveAlexander I.

Zvisinei, muchiitiko ichi kunewo nguva yakanaka: kubvisa basa kwakabvumira Gavriil Romanovich kuisa pfungwa pamabasa ekunyora.

Pakupedzisira, zvisikwa

Zvinhu zvakasikwa Gabriel Derzhavin ane unhu hwakakosha wenguva yake. Sezvambotaurwa kare, akanyora nhetembo dzake dzokutanga, kuva anowiri muTransfiguration Guard. Ichokwadi, Derzhavin akanyora iyi nhetembo pachake panzvimbo yekuongorora zvakare.

Kwenguva yokutanga nhetembo dzake dzakabudiswa makore gumi chete gare gare muna 1773, apo Derzhavin akanga atova mukuru mukuru. Asi kubwinya kwomunyori wenheyo yenyika yakaunzwa kwaari ne ode "Felitsa", yakatsaurirwa kumudzimai we All-Russian Catherine II. Basa iri rakazara nekurumbidzwa uye kurumbidzwa kweMambo, asi panguva imwe chete kuumbwa kwebhora kwakanyanyisa, uye zvirevo zvinoshandiswa zvinoshandisa kuisa ode pane imwe nhanho nezvisikwa zvikurusa zvenhetembo dzemazuva ano.

Yakanga iri mushure mekubudiswa kwaFelitsa kuti Derzhavin yakava mumwe wevanyori vakakurumbira veRussia munguva yake.

Zvimwe nzira yekusika

Gabriel Derzhavin aiva nechinangwa chakaoma. Ichokwadi kubva muhupenyu hwake chinopupura kuti kunyange kutora nzvimbo dzepamusoro-soro dzehurumende, haana kukanganwa nezvenhetembo. Ndiyo panguva ino yebasa iyo kunyorwa kwezviito zvakadai sokuti "Kutinhira kwekukunda kunonzwika", "Swan", "Mwari", "The Grandee", "Waterfall" nevamwe vakawanda ndevamwe. Mumwe nomumwe wavo aive nemafungiro ake ega uye zvinyorwa zvehurukuro. Somuenzaniso, "Kutinhira Kwekukunda", yakaiswa pamimhanzi uye kusvikira pakati pezana remakore rechi19 rainzi rwiyo rweRussia rusina kufanira. Chimwe chisikwa chomudetembi "Autumn panguva yekukwikwidza kweOchakov" yaiva yerondedzero-kudana kwekuita nesimba nemauto eOttoman. Uye mabasa akadai se "Swan" uye "Waterfall" akanyorwa pasi pechiratidzo chekugara kwaDerzhavin muKarelia.

Derzhavin akanyora zvose mairi nhetembo uye nhetembo dzakawanda zvinotarisirwa kusimudza tsika uye kukwidziridza Madzimai neMambo weRussia. Mune rimwe nerimwe remabasa ake raive nerinako rakasiyana.

Zvakanakira kuti zvisikwa zvipenyu zvakakurumbira zvaGabriel Romanovich zvinongorongedza nguva yekusimudzirwa kwepamusoro pamabasa ekushanda kwehurumende.

Basa rekuverenga mushure mokurega basa

Sezvatotaurwa pamusoro apa, kurega basa rehurumende kwakabvumira Derzhavin kupedza nguva yakawanda kudetembi uye basa rekunyora mubhuku.

Muna 1808 chikwata chitsva chemabasa ake chakabudiswa muzvikamu zvishanu.

Muna 1811, pamwe chete nechimwe chimiro chinokosha mumutauro weRussia Alexander Semenovich Shishkov, mushumiri akatora muchengeti akaumba shanduro yevanhu. Kusikwa kwesangano iri zvechokwadi chimwe chezviito zvakawanda izvo Gabriel Derzhavin angave akazvikudza. Nhoroondo shomanana, zvinosuruvarisa, inopesana nehuwandu hwenhoroondo uye haipei tsanangudzo pamusoro pemabasa evanhu ava.

Kunyanya kukosha yaiva musangano unozivikanwa weDerzhavin pamwe nemunyori mukuru weRussia Alexander Pushkin. Zvisinei, ipapo Pushkin akanga achiri mudzidzi uye asina mukurumbira, asi Gabriel Romanovich, achitora muongorori, kare panguva iyoyo akacherechedza mukati maro maitiro eunyanzvi. Iyi musangano unoshamisa wakaitika gore risati rasvika kufa kwaDerzhavin muna 1815.

Mhuri

Gabriel Derzhavin akaroora kaviri. Nguva yokutanga yaakaroora pazera remakore makumi matatu nemakumi matanhatu nemakore gumi nematanhatu, Catherine Yakovlevna Bastidon, uyo akanga ari mwanasikana wemupata weAsia Emperor Peter III, uyo akanga ari chiPutukezi. Nokudaro chimwe chinhu chisingazivikanwi kuRussia nezita. Muchato wakaitwa muna 1778. Pakati pevakaroorana vakange vaine manzwiro makuru, izvo hazvishamisi, vakapiwa maitiro aBabriel Romanovich uye kunaka kwaKatherine Yakovlevna. Hazvishamisi kuti Derzhavin akafunga kuti mukadzi wake museki, izvo zvinoita kuti aite basa.

Asi mufaro hausi wekusingaperi, uye Gabriel Derzhavin anonzwisisa kushungurudzika kukuru. Mudzimai wake muduku, ane makore 34 chete, anofa muna 1794. Ari kunetseka pamakuva eLazarevsky eSt. Petersburg.

Kunyange zvazvo kushungurudzika kwaGabriel Romanovich kwakanga kusine miganhu, mwedzi mitanhatu chete mushure mekufa kwemudzimai wake akawana kechipiri. Mudzimai wake akanga ari mwanasikana wemutungamiriri mukuru uye State Counselor Darya Alekseevna Dyakova. Panguva yekuroorana kwavo, mwenga aiva nemakore 28 chete, asi Derzhavin aiva nemakore 51. Iko kunofanira kutaurwa kuti kusiyana nemhuri yekutanga yemunyori wenhema, kubatana uku hakuna kuvakirwa pane rudo, asi kuburikidza neshamwari uye kuremekedzana. Darya Alekseevna akaponesa murume wake kwemakore makumi maviri nemakumi matatu, asi zvakadaro asi yechipiri iye asina kuroorwa.

Vana Gabriel Romanovich Derzhavin akanga asiri, asi akatarisira vana ve shamwari yake yakafa Petro Lazarev, ainzi Andrew, Alex naMichael. Vokupedzisira vavo mune ramangwana vakazova muwani weAntarctica.

Rufu rwemunyori wenhetembo

Gavriil Romanovich Derzhavin akafa muimba yake Zvanka, maakagara makore ose apfuura mushure mokurega basa rake kubva mushumo. Zvakaitika mugore re makumi manomwe nematatu rohupenyu hwemunyori wechirangaridzo musi waJuly 8 (yekare kare) muna 1816. Panguva yekufa kwake, mudzimai wake akatendeka, Daria Alekseevna, aiva naye.

Asi, kunze kwemudzimai wake, kurasikirwa kwechiedza chechimiro chechimiro chemazuva ake zvechokwadi kwakashungurudzika nechikamu chikuru cheRussia intelligentsia uye humwe hunojekesa, pamwe nevanhu vaingoziva neGabriel Romanovich uye vakamuziva semunhu anonzwira tsitsi uye anokudzwa.

Gabriel Derzhavin yakavigwa muChishanduko cheKitendari Cathedral, iyo iri kure neNovgorod.

Migumisiro yehupenyu uye nhaka

Derzhavin Gavriil Romanovich akararama hupenyu hwakanyanya hwakaoma, hwakazara uye hunofadza. Ichokwadi kubva kuhupenyu hwake hunopupurira basa rinokosha rehu hunhu huri mumamiriro emararamiro enyika uye mubasa revanhu. Kunyanya kutaurwa kunofanirwa kuve kwebasa rake kuitira kubatsirwa kweHurumende yeRussia munzvimbo dzakasiyana-siyana dzehurumende. Asi nhaka huru yakasara naGabriel Derzhavin ndeyechokwadi, nhetembo yake yakajeka, yakakosheswa zvikuru nevanyori venguva dzose nevana.

Uye zvino muRussia vanoyeuka pamusoro pemugove waGabriel Romanovich wakaitwa pakuvandudzirwa tsika dzeRussia. Zviyeuchidzo zvakawanda, stelae uye zviyeuchidzo zvakagadzirwa naDerzhavin mumaguta akasiyana-siyana eRussia, kunyanya muPetrozavodsk, Kazan, St. Petersburg, Tambov, uye, zvechokwadi, munharaunda yeimba yake Zvanka iri muNokgorod, inopupurira kurangarirwa kwekuyeuka murongi mukuru. , Iyo nyanzvi yakashandisa makore ekupedzisira ehupenyu hwake. Mukuwedzera, mukukudza kwaGabriel Derzhavin mumaguta akawanda kunonzi migwagwa, zvikwereti, masangano ezedzidzo, nezvimwewo.

Imwe musamuziyamu-nharaunda yemudetembi mukuru inofanira kusiyaniswa. Yaiva muimba ino munguva yebasa muSt. Petersburg kuti Gabriel Derzhavin aigara. Mufananidzo weimba kubva kuPoland Garden inowanikwa pasi apa.

Iye zvino chivako ichi chinonzi ndiro museum mukuru unozvipira kuhupenyu nebasa raGabriel Romanovich Derzhavin. Nhasi nzvimbo yekare yaive yakawanikwa muna 2003 chete, kunyange zvazvo chisarudzo chekugadzira museum chakaitwa makore mashanu zvisati zvaitika. Mumakore akapfuura, paive neimba yevanhu. Iye zvino mukati maro unotora humukati hwemazuva eupenyu hweDerzhavin.

Zvechokwadi, chiyeuchidzo cheunhu hwakakosha saGabriel Romanovich Derzhavin, hachina kukodzera kubvumirwa uye hachingambokanganwi muRussia.