G.R. Derzhavin, "Felitsa": chidimbu

Kazhinji mabasa ekunyora kwezvinyorwa, ayo ari kure nekupo kwemazana emakore uye kunyange mazana ezviuru, anova akaoma kunzwisisa, kunzwisisa nekuziva kwete chete nevadzidzi vekuchikoro, asi kunyange nevakuru. Ndicho chikonzero nhasi isu tichitaura nezvenhetembo yakadaro yechikamu chechipiri chegumi nemasere-chikamu chekutanga chezana remakore rechi19, saGavriil Romanovich Derzhavin. "Felitsa", kupfupiswa kwaro kuchakurukurwa munyaya ino, kuchatibatsira kuti tinyatsonzwisisa munyori uye nezvekusika kwake.

Historical comment: zvisikwa

Hazvibviri kutanga kukurukura pamusoro pebasa pasina kusarudza zvakaitwa naDerzhavin pachake panguva yekusika kwake. "Felitsa" (zvinyorwa zvishoma uye kunyange kuongorora - musoro wezvinhu izvi) zvakanyorwa naGabriel Romanovich muPetersburg muna 1782. Rudzi rwemutambo wechipembere munyaya iyi rwakaparadzwa nemudetembi: akasarudza pamhosva yemutemo wevatatu vacho vakanyarara uye mukusikwa kwake pamwe chete nemashoko echirongwa chebhuku racho nekushanda, kuwirirana. Mukuwedzera, mune imwe basa rimwe satirical uye runyararo rwakakanganiswa, iro rakatopesana nezvisungo zvakagadzirwa.

Chinhu chakanaka chakafanana

Shamwari Derzhavin, yekutanga akanzwa mutezo, akafadzwa naye, asi akakurumidza kunotonhorera munyori wenhetembo: kushandiswa kwebasa kwakanga kusina tariro, nokuti yakanyatsoverenga kurwisana nevakakurumbira vaCatherine. Kunyange zvakadaro, yakaitika pachayo yakaita seyakaronga zvinhu zvose kuitira kuti basa risina kurara nokusingaperi mubhokisi reDerzhavin desk. Gore rakatevera, iyo yodhi yakauya kumudetembi Osip Kozodavlev, kubva kwaari-kune munhu aida mabhuku II. Shuvalov, uyo akaverenga nhetembo idzi pachingwa pamberi pekambani yevarume vakuru, pakati pavo aiva Prince Potemkin, chimwe chezviso zvakafukidzirwa zvisokwa. Mutungamiri akasarudza kuzviita sokuti basa rake harina kubata uye haana chaanoita naye, somugumisiro waGabriel Romanovich aigona kufema kugomera.

The Reaction of Catherine II

Chii chingave chinonyanya kuzivikanwa mudetembi Derzhavin chinotarisirazve? "Felitsa," muchidimbu chidimbu chachakurumidza kurondedzerwa, chakakwezva mutungamiriri weRussia Academy, E. Dashkova, uye muna 1783 basa racho rakanga risina kuzivikanwa mune rimwe remagazini ekupedzisira emagazini "Interlocutor of Russian Language Lovers." Dashkova akaratidza nhetembo kumukadzi pachake; Catherine akatamirwa misodzi uye aifarira zvikuru munyori webasa racho. Somugumisiro, Derzhavin akagamuchira kubva kuMempress muvhopupe ine mabhiriyoni makumi mashanu egoridhe uye yegoridhe-yakafuridzirwa. Munguva pfupi Gabriel Romanovich akaendeswa kudare uye akabatsirwa neTsarina. Nokudaro, yakanga iri mushure mekusikwa kwei ode iro Derzhavin akawana mukurumbira wezvinyorwa. "Felitsa", ane zvishoma zvinyorwa zvichange zvipindure mibvunzo yekufarira, ibasa rekuvandudza. Yakasiyana nepitatively mumafungiro uye maitiro kubva pane zvose zvakavapo kare.

G. Derzhavin, "Felitsa": chidimbu chemasango. Tanga

Ode ine zvikamu makumi maviri nemashanu. Kutanga kwaro kunowanzoita zvekare: muzvikamu zvekutanga chifananidzo, chakakwirira chinotorwa. Catherine anonzi Kirghiz-Kaisatsky Tsarevna nokuti panguva iyoyo mudetembi iyeye aiva nemisha mumapurovhinzi eOrenburg ipapo, pedyo neyo nzvimbo dzenyika dzeKyrgyz, dzichitungamirirwa nemambokadzi, dzakatanga. Mukuwedzera, pane zvakataurwa nhau dzeZerevich Chlora - inzvimbo yekumaodzanyemba, yakasiyana-siyana yakanyorwa uye yakadhindwa muna 1781 naCatherine pachake kune muzukuru wemakore mashanu, Emperor Alexander Pavlovich (anonzi Alexander I). Chlor, akadzingwa nemukomana, aiva mwanakomana wemukuru mukuru weKiev. Mudiki, achida kuedza mano emukomana uyu, akamutumira kurufu rwumwe, achiraira kuti atore rose risina mhinzwa. Chlorine yakabatsirwa naFelitsa, mwanasikana ane mutsa, ane nyasha uye anofara, uyo akamupa mubatsiri shamwari, mwanakomana wake, ainzi Rassudok. Mukomana uyu akaedzwa: Murza Lentiag aida kugogodza kubva kunze, asi Chloru aibatsira nguva dzose neChris. Pakupedzisira ma comrades akazosvika pagomo rekudengenyeka, apo rwizi rimwe chete risine mhinzwa rukakura - sezvazvakaitika, raiva Virtue. Somugumisiro, Chlor akabudirira kuburikidza ndokudzokera kuna baba vake, Kiev kari. Ndiro musoro wekunaka unopfuura nepasodhi rose nerutsvuku tsvuku. Felice anonzi Mukadzikadzi mukuremekedza mwarikadzi weRoma wekunakidzwa, kubudirira uye mufaro.

Chikamu chikuru chemuorivhi. Mufananidzo wemambo

Ndezvipi zvimwe zvakaitwa naDerzhavin mukusika kwake? Felitsa (chidimbu chichabatsira munhu wose anoda kunzwisisa zvinorehwa nebasa) rinopesana mukusiyana kwete chete kumatare ake uye zvichienderana, asiwo kumunyori pachake, uyo anosvika pakurangarira kwake munhu zvakanyanyisa. Saka, Catherine anonyora zvakanyanya zvokuti mifananidzo yake yechirangaridzo haina zvachose isina zvikanganiso. Nzira yake yakakwana yepfungwa-yepfungwa mupfungwa inoratidzwa nemitemo, tsanangudzo yezviito, mirairo, zviito zvehurumende. Mudzimai anofarira kufamba mumunyararire, kungodya chete pasina frills, uye kuverenga nekunyora zvakawanda. Chikamu chinotsanangurwa uye chimiro chechitarisiko chinopedzerwa nemafungiro akazara, kufungidzirwa kwezvinhu zvakaratidzwa zveumambo hunojekeswa: iye ane mwero, anoita zvematongerwo enyika, asina hanya, ari nyore, ane ushamwari, akachenjera uye ane tarenda munharaunda yehurumende.

Antithesis "the empress - nobles"

Ndiani, zvakadaro, akasiyana neDerzhavin neyakanaka yemudzimai mupfungwa dzose? "Felitsa" (muchirevo ichi ichi chinonzwisiswa kunyanya zvakajeka) inotsanangura isu sechinhu chakaipa "I"; Pamberi pake anonyengera mufananidzo weboka rinosvika pedyo, uyo, chaizvoizvo, anosanganisira zvinhu zvevamwe vose vanoshamwaridzana vekadzikadzi. Izvi uye zvakatotaurwa kare, Prince Grigory Potemkin, uyo mufananidzo wake unogona kuonekwa pasi apa, uye zvakanakisa Catherine zvakasarudzwa naGrigory naAlexei Orlov, vanofara, vafambisi vekukwikwidza uye fisticuffs, Field Marshal Peter Panin, wokutanga - muvhimi, uye mushure mekunge mushumiri, Mutongi Mukuru Alexander Vyazemsky, Ndivanaani vanonyanya kuverenga nyaya yakakurumbira inozivikanwa, nevamwe vakawanda. Uye Dhazhavin iye pachake anotsanangura ani? "Felitsa" (kuongororwa kwemaodes, zvinyorwa zvishoma uye kuongororwa zvinobatsira kusimbisa izvi) ibasa iro munyori anosvika paunhu hwake asina hanya, saka anozviratidzira nehukuru hwekambani, nokuti panguva ino Gavriil Romanovich atova mupi wehurumende. Zvisinei, pamwe chete neizvi, aikwanisa kubvuma zvakajeka zvivi zvake, utera, maitiro, uye, maererano nemashoko omunyori wenhema, "upenzi." Derzhavin hairegi kutarisira kwevanhu kumatare edzimhosva uye varume vakanaka: anonzwisisa izvozvo, akajeka kune vakawanda, dzimwe nguva vanofananidzwa nepfungwa dzakanaka uye tarenda iyo inobatsira ruzivo rweRussia uye kubudirira kwayo.

Kutsoropodza satirical yekare

Zvisinei, Derzhavin haisi nguva dzose isina utsinye. "Felitsa", tsanangudzo pfupi yepfungwa huru iyo yakaratidzwa munyaya ino, inopawo muverengi mumwezve mutsara - iyi ndiyo tsanangudzo yenguva yekutonga kwaAna Ioannovna. Pano mudetembi haavanze kutsamwa kwake panguva yemhirizhonga yemuchinda mukuru wemadzitateguru M. Golitsyn pachikomba chemaikadzi pane vekare vakaipa, nekuda kwekuti munhu akakodzera akachinjwa kuva jester (strophe 18). Zvinonyadzisa, maererano neDerzhavin, paiva nevamwe vamiriri vemhuri dzakanaka dzeRussia - Nhamba A. Apraksin uye Prince N. Volkonsky. Ode G.R. Derzhavin "Felitsa", iyo ine zvidzidzo zvishomanana zvinotibvumira kuonga pfungwa yake yakawanda, pakati pezvimwe zvinhu, inotsigira kusakosha kwekodzero yevanhu kuchengetedza chiremerera chedu uye kukudzwa. Kukundwa kwezvikamu izvi kwakagadzirwa naGabriel Romanovich sechivi chikuru, saka saka anodana vose muverengi nemudzimai kuti varemekedze ivo. Kuti aite izvi, Catherine anofanira kuteerera mitemo, kuva chivimbo chekutanga, kudzivirira "vasina simba" uye "kusuruvara", kuratidza ngoni.

Mitsara yekupedzisira

Pakupedzisira, unyanzvi hwokutanga hwe "Felitsa" yeO. Derzhavin, iyo yakanyatsotsanangurwa muchidimbu muzvikamu zviri pamusoro, inowanikwa mumagumo ekupedzisira ebasa racho. Pano kukwidziridzwa kwemambokadzi uye hurumende yake inodzokera kumucheto mutsva - munyori anobvunza "muporofita mukuru" uye "masimba ekudenga" kukomborera Catherine nekumuponesa kubva kune zvirwere nezvakaipa.

Kunyange zvazvo kuguma zvakare kunounza muverengi kudzokera kune zvakasiyana-siyana zveklassicism uye oodanical odes, zvakadaro, pamwe chete nezvose zvakasikwa, zvinoratidzika kuva nezvitsva, zvekare zvakakosha. Kurumbidzwa pano hakusi kungobhadhara mutungamiri, tsika uye magungano, asi chikonzero chaicho chemweya wemunyori, uyo panguva iyoyo akatenda nemoyo wose mufananidzo waCatherine wakasikwa naye. Muongororori akakurumbira Belinsky akadana basa iri "chimwe chezvisikwa zvakanakisisa" zvezvinyorwa zveRussia zvezana remakore rechi18.