Heraclitus: uzivi, pfungwa huru, mashoko

Maiziva kuti achiti: "Zvose Rwako, zvose kuchinja", muri achitora wekare muzivi wechiGiriki Heraclitus? zita rake rizivikanwe pasi pose, uye Zvinovheneka akadai Nietzsche, Kant, Schopenhauer, vanodada pachavo akadana vateveri muzivi kukuru.

Ancient Greece akapa nyika yakawanda vanhu vakanaka. Kubva kare yakatanga kuti uzivi. Mumwe havaoni nesayenzi ichi raiva Heraclitus. Muchidimbu muzivi unogona kudzidza kubva munyaya ino kuti kwete kubatsira chete chokuwedzera horizons dzenyu, asi anoudzawo nezvekwakabva sayenzi zhinji uye nedzidziso.

Ndianiko Heraclitus uyu? Chii chiri kuzivisa

Ancient Greece, kana sei enhetembo rainzi kare, Hellas, akava Dzinde sayenzi zhinji.

Mumwe vazivi yakakurumbira yekare waiva Heraclitus. Philosophy somunhu sainzi chikwereti iye nokuumbwa vazhinji pfungwa uye mashoko anokosha. Kwemazana emakore akawanda, Heraclitus akaona munyori hove okuti "zvose runoyerera, zvose kuchinja." Pfungwa dzekare dzechiGiriki somuzivi vachiri nyaya vamiririri zhinji nesayenzi.

Heraclitus aizivikanwa nezita sumo iri muuzivi pfungwa "Logos" uye kutanga kwemashoko dialectic. Dialectics pakati Heraclitus akava nheyo dzidziso vazivi vakawanda pashure pake, akadai Plato, basa rake akakura "The State" muna rimwe zvitsauko chinhu zvimiso Nhaurirano Heraclitus.

With zvichemo somuzivi zvatinobvumirana kana kubvumirana, asi havana usabva hanya sezvo varume nesayenzi, uye zvachero muverengi.

Muchidimbu pamusoro poupenyu muzivi

Nhungamiro mashoko pamusoro poupenyu muzivi iduku kwazvo. Zvinozivikanwa kuti akagara muguta reEfeso mumakore 544-483 BC. Iye akabva imwe mhuri yekare. Tinazvo revatongi vanokudzwa midzi, Heraclitus vakura zvasiya neropafadzo zvose zvinobvira uye vanosarudza upenyu ruzhinji mumakomo.

Mibvunzo kuti akadzidza - ontology, nezvetsika uye sayenzi enyika. Kusiyana vazivi vakawanda nguva yake, haana kubatana chero aivapo zvikoro uye mirayiridzo. Paaidzidzisa aiva "pachako." Mireto School, izvo muzivi vakatsoropodza Zvisinei, uye akanga asina kuchinja maonero ake, asi haana avasakadza munyika maonero. More mashoko pamusoro ichi - mune zvinotevera zvikamu ino. kuti akanga asiri iye uye vadzidzi chaiyo, asi vakachenjera nevafungi kubva kare nanhasi ukarukira pfungwa chinyorwa chake uye maonero.

Heraclitus maruva nezvebasa kwakaitika nguva 69th Olympiad. Asi dzidziso yake yakanga rwaikurumidza kuuya uye hapana mhinduro. Zvichida ndokusaka, maererano vamwe vanyori venhau, Heraclitus kuEfeso anoenda kumakomo oga naye kukudziridza pfungwa dzake uye hwava shasha itsva pfungwa. Vaya muchidimbu mashoko pamusoro somuzivi kuti achiripo kusvikira nhasi, achimuti munhu akavharwa unopinza pfungwa uye yakaoma nemafungiro zvose nezvaakanzwa. Heraclitus mashoko yakaita miseve kuti uuraye chipfuro chaipo. Uye chinangwa kutsoropodzwa ake aigona kuva navo ake vomumusha uye zviremera zvemo uye vanhu vakamira achidzora. Muzivi akanga asingatyi okutsiura kana kurangwa, akanga ngaatarire somunondo, uye haana kuita kunze. Zvichida kare akura zera pfungwa dzake kwasvika Parainge, uye akanga asiri simba kuti mumamiriro ezvinhu kuti chaiva kure maonero ake uye ruzivo, uye haana kuzvinzwisisa. Nevazivi dana "rima", uye pane neshanduro mbiri sei. Chokutanga - the remadunhu- wakabva yokuti somuzivi pfungwa dzaiva isinganzwisisiki kune vaairarama, iye akavadana dzinovhiringidza uye "rima", ukuwo. Chechipiri dzidziso iri inobva uzivi uye nomuzivi manzwiro. Kuziva chii aripo kunzwisisa vamwe, Heraclitus rakavharwa uye akaramba ari kuora mwoyo kana bhendesera zvinosetsa.

On rufu somuzivi, pane ngano zhinji, hapana sezvo asina yasimbiswa kana disproved. Maererano nomumwe huripo maonero, muzivi abvarura imbwa rakarasika, maererano kumwewo, asi somuzivi vakafa norukandwe, pazuva rechitatu - akasvika mumusha uye akarayira kuti vaname pamwe mupfudze uye vakafa. Akanga kujairika kuti nguva yaro. Sezvinongoita vanhu havanzwisisi iye panguva hwake, akaramba ari chakavanzika kwavari pashure ake chisinganzwisisike rufu. Chete pashure emakore pfungwa akawana admirers rayo Heraclitus.

Zvekufamba pamusoro Heraclitus

Zvinofungidzirwa kuti mabasa somuzivi guru raiva mujenya, asi kusvikira zvino kugona kusvika chete chete - kubva bhuku "On Nature", zvinosanganisira zvikamu "Mwari", "On Nature" uye "On nehurumende." Bhuku haisi zvachose vakachengetedzwa, uye zvisinei, munhu nhengo uye zvimedu, akakwanisa kubudisa dzidziso Heraclitus.

Pano hwaro pfungwa yake "Logos", izvo tichakurukura pazasi.

Nokuda kusabatana bhuku, pfungwa dzakawanda uye pfungwa kuramba kunze purview kuti uzivi ano. Zvisinei, sejecha riri tine mukana kuongorora uye kunzwisisa vazivi zvikuru uchenjeri, zvichemo zvake kuti murege kurasikirwa chero ukoshi hwayo kana nemusoro.

Nheyo Heraclitus 'uzivi

vakachenjera Ancient ndapa nyika rudo uchenjeri, uye akamira matangiro sayenzi zhinji. Saka Heraclitus. Philosophy somunhu sainzi chikwereti kwaari kwayo kubudirira uye kuberekwa.

The chikuru zvichemo zviri muzivi:

1. Fire sezvo rine zvose. Hazvizivikanwi kana iri moto chaiko mupfungwai kana wokufananidzira (moto sezvo simba), asi yakanga ake pfungwa Heraclitus chinokosha pakusikwa kwenyika.

2. Nyika nzvimbo uye nguva nenguva combusted kubva mumoto simba kuti apore zvakare.

3. Nyaya kuyerera uye kufamba kweropa. Musimboti okuti: "Zvinhu zvose runoyerera, zvose kuchinja." chinyorwa ichi Heraclitus sowakajeka nyore, asi hapana munhu pamberi pake waiva musimboti variability rakanga rakavhurika, aibuda upenyu uye nguva.

4. Mutemo zvakapesana. Tiri kutaura musiyano pakati pfungwa. Sezvo muenzaniso muzivi huru inoenda kugungwa, izvo unopa upenyu zvomugungwa, asi kazhinji anotakura kufa vanhu. Mune dzimwe nzira, ari Einstein dzidziso relativity chikwereti chacho nokuberekwa ichi tsanzira pfungwa mavambo, aburuka isu nemhaka muzivi kukuru.

Zvinosuruvarisa, nokuti kuti chete dzidziso Heraclitus vaburukira kwatiri chete zvimedu, zvakaoma chaizvo kududzira dzidziso, vanoratidzika kuva chaizvo kukwana, Chidimbu. Nokuda kwaizvozvi, vave vamboshorwa. Somuenzaniso, Hegel nehanya navo sezvo kusina pakwakavakirwa. We zvakazara hatina nzira kuongorora uye kuona navo. Zvazvinosarira kufunga kuburikidza uye zadza zvisipo zvidimbu zvachose nzwisisa, kuvimba mumwe hunch uye tsika uye maonero, mukuru muGirisi yekare kubva muzivi kukuru. Kunyange zvazvo akaramba kufurirwa zvikoro nevafungi, akavapo pamberi pake, asi hazvibviri kwete kuona zvimwe zvakafanana, somuenzaniso pamwe chete Achibvuma pfungwa yaPythagoras.

Mireto School kuumba pfungwa muzivi

chikoro ichi, yakavambwa Thales Greek misha muAsia, muguta paMireto. peculiarity charo kuti chikoro chokutanga kwouzivi zvenyika yekare. Hwakagadzwa yokutanga yezana VI remakore. The chadzainyanya kudzidza kwaiva chikoro dzinongoitika uzivi (kudzidza yokubatwa dzinongoitika uye fuma). Maererano zhinji sayenzi nesayenzi, zviri chikoro ichi akatanga nzira kwayo, kwete chete muGirisi asiwo munyika nyeredzi uye masvomhu, zvipenyu, jogirafi, wefizikisi uye kemisitiri. Chimwe chikuru misimboti chikoro chaiva "hapana kunobva chinhu." Kureva, mumwe kuzomukazve zvisikwa kana mananara ndiwo mudzi chikonzero. Kazhinji, chikonzero ichi chakapiwa yenhungamiro, asi rondedzero yakadaro haana kurega vazivi vachitsvaka, uye akabatsira kuenda mberi.

Sezvatakamboreva kumusoro, Heraclitus haana mumiririri chero aripo kuzvikoro. Asi ari paMireto chikoro, vane maonero akashora uye haana kutora muzivi wokuita polemics, izvo zvinoratidzwa zvaakanyora.

Chimwe chinoratidza chikoro - kuti iye vaziva nyika chipenyu chose. Pakanga pasina musiyano pakati pavapenyu nevakafa, kuti nesayenzi aifarira zvose. Maererano nemamwe mabhuku, akaberekwa uye nemhaka chikoro Milesian kokutanga wakataura shoko rokuti "uzivi". Love sayenzi, ruzivo yave chikuru anotikurudzira kuti kukura nhengo vanhu ichi. School Heraclitus, sezvazvakanyorwa dzimwe nguva zvisiri inonzi, mune kufanana nayo zvikuru. Kunyange guru somuzivi uye vanoramba ikoku, zviri zvikuru pachena.

Pfungwa dialectics

Shoko rokuti "dialectic" kwasvika kwatiri, kufanana nevamwe vakawanda, kubva kare. Iye rinoreva "kuita nhaurirano, gakava."

Kune tsanangudzo dzakawanda rokuti, asi isu ichanyanya chete pane zviri kushanda maererano Heraclitus.

Kukuru muzivi pfungwa dialectic pasi dzidziso kusingaperi kuva, uye pamwe variability ichi chinoitwa. Heraclitus pfungwa nokusingaperi mukati medu sokuti zvakare nyore, asi munguva kwayo zvave rakakura budiriro zvoruzivo zvikurukuru uye zvesayenzi zvavo.

Pano Chokwadi, ndakanzwa maonero pachikoro kuMireto nevanorimiririra. Kuumba isina Heraclitus, mune yakasiyana zvachose ndege, vachiri vakayambukira kwaro kumhedziso, kunyange vakanga akazvimiririra, uye zvichiguma dzavasinei nadzo zvaanorumbidza uye mhedziso.

Kuwedzera pfungwa dialectics, sayenzi yemazuva chikwereti kuna muzivi yekare mumwe pfungwa asingafi uye pfungwa akakura kubva pairi. It Heraclitus Logo - pfungwa huru pamusoro moto sechinhu chinokosha zvose.

Concept Logo somuzivi yekare waimiririra seizvi: pane nyika uye pane moto (pachake Logo). The nyika yakatanga naye moto uye zviri kumirira mugumo. The Cosmos vari kugara moto iyo nyika itsva vazvarwa. Chinhu chaita kuti kutonga? Zvichida zvikuru nokukurumidza kupfuura vamwe mubvunzo uyu angadai akapindura vanhu vane ruzivo nyeredzi. Funga kuberekwa (uye rufu, pfungwa, zvakare) nyeredzi muchadenga. Pashure pokuputika kwacho, uye kusunungura icho vaunganidza, uye ipapo pakarepo anopa acho simba kunouya nyeredzi wechidiki itsva. Zvichida isu, achiziva kubva kosi yechikoro nyeredzi kana wefizikisi, mashoko aya hachiratidzi chinhu remweya. Asi shure mumazuva ekare. BC pachena kwete kudzidziswa kuchikoro, nezvenyeredzi, kudzidza pamusoro muitiro yokuberekwa nyeredzi, muzivi wechiGiriki aigona kuita pfungwa. Kana, zvisinei, zivo yakadaro hazvigoni kutsanangurwa nesayenzi, achibatsirwa izvo aigona andodzitora Heraclitus? Uzivi haasati akaramba nzwisisa chirevo yechitanhatu pfungwa - chipo kana Chirango vakasanangurwa vamiririri rwevanhu.

The somuzivi huru akakwanisa kunzwisisa uye kubvuma kuti achasvinudzwa chete pashure pemakore chiuru pashure pokufa kwake. Hazvina akati uchenjeri hwake hukuru uye nokutungamirira?

Vateveri muzivi

Maererano vamwe, muzivi achiri mudzidzi - nguva. Zvichida, noruoko rwake chiedza ruoko uye chido kudzorera mabasa chipangamazano ake, tine zvimwe zvinovhiringidza pfungwa Heraclitus wechokwadi. Cratylus aiva anoshingaira, iye kushandisa pfungwa yacho mudzidzisi. Gare gare aizova kusvika pamwero chipangamazano Plato, ndiani achatungamirira iye zvimiso vemungano monologues yake "State" akakura. Muzivi Heraclitus aiva mukuru, kuti akafuridzirwa vateveri vake vazhinji emakore pashure pokufa kwake.

Plato kuenda nenzira dialectic. On kwayo hwaro ichavakwa anenge ose mabasa ake. Kushandiswa dialectic muvaite zvikuru kuwana uye unonzwisisika.

Sezvo Cratylus aiva Kufuridzira Plato, guru munyori "The Nhema pamusoro Cave" inogona nehasha dzakabatanidza kuti vateveri Heraclitus.

Gare gare, Socrates naAristotle, kwakavakirwa dialectics pamusoro Heraclitus, wakasika itsva, simba zvakakwana pfungwa dzavo. Asi, pasinei kwavo rusununguko, kuramba kufurirwa rekare somuzivi pamusoro pavo zvachose asinganzwisisi.

Vakararama panguva yedu inenge vateveri vaiva Heraclitus, Hegel uye Heidegger. A simba rokuchinja rechiGiriki somuzivi pfungwa ruzivo uye Nietzsche. Vakawanda zvitsauko "Zarathustra" anozivikanwa ne simba iri. muzivi wokuGermany, nyika yakakurumbira zita uye pfungwa yacho akakwana vakafunga zvizhinji pfungwa uye hunhu nguva uye mvura yacho pamusoro. The axiom kuti zvose zvinochinja, zvakanzi kuongwa ichivandudzwa nemabasa mazhinji.

Kuramba uye kutsoropodzwa Heraclitus 'pfungwa

Mumakore 470 BC. e. Akararama mudare Hiero mutambi Epicharmus cheKosi. In vazhinji mabasa ake, iye vaishora dzidziso Heraclitus. "Kana munhu akakwereta, hachigoni kupa, nokuti zvachinja, chinhu chakasiyana zvachose munhu, saka nei achifanira kubhadhara zvikwereti munhu" - dzimwe mienzaniso. Paiva wandei, uye ikozvino zvakaoma kutonga zviri mungozi: zvake varaidzo mudare, kwakavakirwa kuseka zvinyorwa Heraclitus, kana kunzwisisa uye kutsoropodzwa ake Pfungwa wedare mutambi? Uye nei kunanga enyambo mifananidzo zvakava Heraclitus? Anotsvaka Epicharmus cheKosi pamusoro zvaakanyora vakanga bhendesera chaizvo uye chibhende. Asi kunyange chidzitiro kwakadaro asina andivanzira kuyemurwa uchenjeri hukuru muzivi yekare.

Avo Hegel uye Heidegger, kushandisa akawanda akadhindwa kutongwa Heraclitus, vakamupomera kukwana maonero, gangaidzo uye ita mhirizhonga pfungwa. Zvisinei, sezviri pachena, kubva kunzwisisa uzivi vakanzvenga yokuti mabasa zvakachengeterwa harizari, uye kuti, Akave nokuvandudza uye rewritten venhaka basa uye vadzidzi vasingagoni mari kunzwisisa tenzi wake zvachose, izvo akavamanikidza kuti zadza makwanza nezvavanofunga pfungwa, uye dzimwe nguva zvokufungidzira.

Mufungo Heraclitus uye nzvimbo yavo munezvimwe uzivi

Kunyange zvazvo Heraclitus akaramba zvinoitwa nevamwe vanhu uye zvikoro, asi, chokwadi, maonero ake haana simuka pasina.

Vatsvakurudzi Vazhinji vanoti kuti muzivi ainyatsoziva mabasa Achibvuma pfungwa yaPythagoras uye Diogenes. Zvakawanda zvaakanyora mose pfungwa sezvaari nesainzi izvi vakachenjera yekare.

Heraclitus 'Mashoko inodzokororwa uye zvakataurwa kunyange nhasi.

Heano inonyatsozivikanwa kupfuura chinyorwa pamusoro somuzivi, izvo, pashure nomunyika zvemakore, havana kurasa kukosha kwavo.

• Eye - zvapupu zvakawanda zvakarurama pane hura. uchenjeri Brief, inova omumwe munhu wechokwadi. Asingazivi anatomi hwevanhu (sezvatinorangarira kubva chikamu nyaya kumusoro, yepanyama uzivi wechikoro ari chete chakaratidza kutanga kukura bazi iri science) tisingazivi zivo yesayenzi pfungwa, muzivi nenguvo dzakarukwa zvakanaka uye zvazviri akataura pokutanga omumwe mashoko. Yeuka zvavanoisa kuti zviri nani kuona kamwe pane kunzwa zvakare. Ndianiko akafanana yaungawana anenge ose, asi munguva upenyu muzivi akanga akafanira yakawanikwa.
• Kana zvose kuita chishuvo munhu wechokwadi, zvinova kuipa. It chaizvoizvo. Kana munhu pasina kutsvaka, haana kutanga uye zvinoshatisa. Kana mumwe munhu ane zvose zvaaida, anorasikirwa mano tsitsi vaya vari zvishoma wakakomborerwa; haizorambi ukoshi iripo, dzawira mutswanda. Kuburikidza zvemakore, chinyorwa ichi kwavowo kududzira British Irish munyori Oskar Uayld: "Achida kuranga isu, vamwari kuzadzikisa minyengetero yedu," - iye aiti: "The Picture of Dorian Gray" yake penya yokufungidzira. Uye Wilde haasati akaramba kuti akavhomora ruzivo ake nyika kubva kunobva kare.
• ruzivo Zvakawanda haina kudzidziswa kuti pfungwa. Vamwe vaongorori vanodavira kuti mutsara uyu akati kuzvidzwa, uye negation wechikoro zvikuru paMireto. Zvisinei, vhidhiyo uchapupu chokwadi ichi hachisi Zvisinei, kufanana nezvimwe Zvikamu zvakawanda. Dialectics pakati Heraclitus mu chinyorwa ichi yatumbuka namavara inopenya uye vakaratidza pakawanda kufunga pamusoro somuzivi kukuru.
• Musimboti uchenjeri kuti kwete chete kutaura chokwadi, asi achiteerera mirayiro yemasikirwe, kuti vamuteerere. Pano hatisi kupinda kukurukura musimboti kufunga muzivi yekare. Munhu wese anogona kurinzwisisa kwavowo, asi chaizvoizvo kuda chete kuti yemwoyo nechinangwa.
• Mumwe kwandiri - gumi nezviviri, kana zviri - yakanakisisa. In chinyorwa ichi - tsanangudzo sei, muupenyu muzivi wechiGiriki haana kuda kudzidzisa vadzidzi. Zvichida pane imwe nguva akanga asingagoni kuwana zviri kufanira.
• Rock - ndiye kutevedzana uye sezvakarayirwa zvikonzero izvo chikonzero tibvunze mumwe. Uye saka kuti kusaverengeka.
• Ruzivo uye kunzwisisa vakachenjera somuzivi - chete imwe pfungwa.
• Kufanana matsi, vaya vakateerera, musaonesesa. About pavo tinogona kutaura kuti, kungovapo, havapo. In shoko iri Heraclitus akaratidza kuvava kusanzwisisa, uyo aifanira kusangana. Akanga mberi nguva yayo kuti mukana njere.
• With hasha zvakaoma chaizvo kurwa. Unogona kutenga zvose upenyu, kuti zvinoda. Asi kunyange zvakaoma kukunda chishuwo dzinofarira pacharo. It hwakasimba kupfuura hasha.

In mhedziso

Kune vanhu vari kudaro huchikanganiswa yechinangwa nguva yayo kuti kunzwisiswa vakararama hadzisi raireva kuva. munhu uyu yaiva yekare Greek somuzivi Heraclitus. Philosophy, sezvazvakaita nhasi, zvaisazova zvakadaro pasina abstracts dzavo uye mapepa, dzidziso uye zvatinofunga.

Muzivi huru, akawanda hwake mumakomo, voga zvisikwa uye dzenyu pfungwa. Vanhu vanouti "rima", hazvina kunzwisisa kudzama kwakaita uchenjeri murume uyu anoshamisa.

aphorisms ake zvichiri vataurwa mumitauro yakawanda, uye rakafuridzirwa basa vakawanda vadzidzi. Vazivi Vakawanda nguva yedu, achitora sezvikonzero mabasa makuru Greek munamati. Uye, kunyange zvazvo mabasa ake vaburukira kwatiri chete muchimiro pfupi ndima konekwa, izvi hazvirevi chero nzira kutapudza mutengo wavo.

Zvakakodzera tinyatsoziva dzidziso uye pfungwa yacho somuzivi kukuru, kwete chete nokuda zvinonyatsorehwa kukura, asi tinyatsoziva nenyika yekare.