Kuisa "Grad": maitiro, mari uye ruvara rwekukuvara. Ko Grad system of volley moto inoshanda sei?

Parizvino, mumusoro wezvinyorwa uye nhepfenyuro dzenyaya dzeterevhizheni maererano nehondo muEastern Ukraine, munhu anokwanisa kunzwa zita rezvombo zvehondo zvakadai sekugadzirwa kweGiradha. Mhepo moto yevhiri inonakidza. Nzira yekutiza kwemhepo mumakiromita makumi maviri yakapiwa neine makumi mana dzakapetwa zvakapiswa pamatope anowanikwa pamatokari eiri-wheel drive "Ural-375D". Kusvika pari zvino, iyi yeruzhinji iri kushanda munyika dzinopfuura 50. Uye kubvira muna 1963 akanga ari mubasa rekushanda muSoviet, uye zvino iri muuto reRussia.

Historical background

Mhedziso yekuvandudza shanduro ye-salvo-moto ine nzvimbo inofambisa ndege inopfuura makiromita makumi maviri ndeyevanjiniya veSoviet uye yakatanga pakati pema1950. Kuiswa kweMasoja "Grad" yakagadzirirwa kutora nzvimbo ye BM-14 system. Pfungwa yacho yaive yekuisa mhando yezvombo zvinenge zvakasungirirwa nemajeketi pane chaisisiti ye-lorry inogona kukurira nyore nyore nzvimbo yakaoma.

Muna 1957, the Main Missile uye Artillery Directorate (GRAU) yakapa basa rekugadzirira kuSverdlovsk Design Bureau kuti rive nemotokari yekurwa. Zvaive zvakakosha kugadzira mishonga inokwanisa kuisa mapeji makumi matatu ekugadzirisa zvinhu zvakadzika-seated projectiles. Icho chinangwa chaive kubudirira kuburikidza nokupedzwa kwe rocket - kusikwa kwepandeti yakasungirirwa mitsipa yakasungirirwa pedyo neylindrical surface.

Mukugadzirisa we projectile waiva NII-147, uyo akakumbira teknolojia yakadaro yekugadzira imba iyi senzira yekutsvaira. Pasi pekutarirwa kwaA AN Ganichev uye nekutsigirwa neHurumende Komiti yeZvikomborero Zvekudzivirira, basa rakanga ratanga pakuvandudza missile. Kuvandudzwa kwehondo yeprojekectile yakapiwa GSKB-47, uye iyo injini inokonzera kutengesa kuNII-6. NII-147 yakagadzirwa neprojekti inosanganiswa yakasanganiswa: miswe nemuswe.

Kuedzwa

Muna 1960, miedzo yemoto yakaitwa pamichina ye-rocket . Mukati pemiti, 53 kupisa kwakaitwa uye 81 - sekuedzwa kumamiriro enyika.

Yekutanga mapikironi ekuedzwa kwakaitwa muna March 1962 pedyo neLeningrad. GRAU yakapiwa motokari mbiri dzehondo uye hafu yemaketeti ane chiuru. Pamuganhu wakarongeka wemakiromita 10 000, motokari yekuedzwa isina kuputika yakadarika 3380 km chete. Kukuvadza kwakabviswa nekusimbisa mushure wekare we chaisisi. Izvi zvakagadzirisa kusimbiswa kwemakine paaifamba.

Mushure mokubvisa kukanganisa kwegadziriro, Council of Ministers yakaraira kuiswa kweGrad mubasa muna 1963, maitiro eakaonekwa kuna Khrushchev mugore rimwe chete.

MunaJanuary gore rinotevera, kushandiswa kwemashure kweBM-21 kwakatangwa. Mugore rimwechete ra1964, pamusangano wekuChina weuto, matanho ekutanga akaratidzwa kuvanhu. Kubva muna 1971, kutengeswa kwema rocket launchers kwakatanga, uye iyo yakawanda yaiva yemotokari 124, asi muna 1995 nhamba yeGrads yakatengeswa kunyika makumi mashanu munyika yose yakanga inopfuura zviuru zviviri.

Kuvaka

Iyo hondo yakasiyana-siyana inyanzvi yehuni hwekugadzira yakagadziriswa nekuda kwekugadzirisa kwedambudziko, iyo inosanganisira:

• Launcher;
• Kutakura-kutakura mhepo yakabva kuZIL-131;
• Fire control system.

Kuita zvekuita unguided projectiles (122 mm muupamhi) inotakurwa mujeshi rekushandisa, iyo inomiririrwa nemayera makumi matatu emamita matatu imwe neimwe pane imwechete inoshandiswa. Nhungamiro inogona kuitwa munhandare yakananga uye yakananga nemotokari yemagetsi kana munhu. Mhando yezvingoro zvekutsvaira yakanyanyisa ndeye 102 ^о kuruboshwe rwemotokari uye 70 ^о kurudyi; Pamusoro - kubva ku 0 kusvika ku 55 ^о .

Nzira inosungirirwa yakagadzirwa nefree slot, iyo, apo projectile inotangwa, inopa iyo yekupedzisira kufamba kwekutenderera.

Nhanho yemotokari iri makiromita 75 / h, uye zvinokwanisika kufamba nemakumbo akazara. Iyo motokari ine kusimiswa kwehurongwa, iyo inopedza kushandiswa kwekutsigirwa jacks kana kupisa. Mushure mokunge uine volley iwe unokwanisa kubva pakarepo, kuitira kuti urege kugumburwa zvakare. Kugadziriswa kwekupfura kunoitwa mumutambo wakasiyana wekutonga, iyo iri chikamu chebheteri.

Sezvo akanganisa kushandiswa kwemhepo yakagadzirisa yemotokari, mumwe anokwanisa kunzwisisa kuti sei kuiswa kweGrad kunoshanda.

Chinangwa chakanaka chechimbo pane chinangwa chinowanikwa nekuda kwekuvapo kwezvinhu zvinoonekwa: Hertz panoramas, mechanical kuona uye muchengeti K-1, iyo inowedzera kuwanda kwekukuvara mumamiriro ezvinhu asina kukwana kuonekwa.

The first projectile

Bhokisi rekusafukidzwa, iro rinoshandiswa muzvombo zvekugadzira sarvo moto, rine zvikamu zvitatu: kurwa, injini uye stabilizer. Hondo yekurwisana ihobho ine detonator uye kuputika kwemhosva. Iyo jet injini inosanganisira bhubu, kamuri, rinopisa uye mupfupa. Kuisa moto, iyo inoshandisa mutoro weupfu, shandisa pyroclutrons kana electro-soles. Dunhu remagetsi rinovharwa kubva pfuti, uye iyo inoputika inoputirwa kubva pachigadziko chekandima.

Iko mamiriyoni 9M22 yakava zvombo zvekutanga zvakadzingwa neGrey rocket launcher. Mifananidzo ye projectile:

• Tora: high explosive fragmentation;
• Kureba - 2.87 m;
• Kurema - 66 kg;
• Marefu ekutambisa ndege anenge 20.4 km, zvishoma - 1.6 km;
• Nhanho yekutiza ndeye 715 m / s;
• Kurema kwehondo kunokwana 18.4 kg, iyo chikamu chechitatu chiri kuputika.

Iko kushandurwa kwekuvandudzwa kwakave iyo inyanzvi yeAlexander Ganichev. Akaronga nzira yekugadzira projectile, iyo yaisanganisira kuburitsa chigadziko kubva pendarama, uye kwete muchikamu chisingasviki chesimbi yesimbi, sezvakaitika kare. Imwe kubudirira kwemuumbi mukuru weNII-147 kwaive kusikwa kwekunamatira, kuvhara mapapiro eproducle uye kupa zvigadzirisa mukana wekukwanisa kuenzana nehupamhi hwe rocket.

Iyo mamiriyoni 9M22 yakanga yakagadzirwa nemusoro inokonzera mafomu MPV-U neMRI, iyo inogona kuiswa kune zviito zvitatu: pakarepo, zviduku uye zvakakura kuderedza. Apo chinangwa chakanga chakundwa pamakwikwi mafupi, zvindori zvezvimedu zvakashandiswa pakutsanangurwa, ukuru hwacho hwakanga hwakaenzana zvakananga kusvika kure.

Kuvandudzwa kwemakomboti 9M22 kuvandudza unyanzvi hwehutano hwekuisa "Grad". Kukuvadza kune munhu ane simba rakazara we "Grad" rinoshandiswa pane imwe nzvimbo inosvika 1050 m ² , uye midziyo isina kuchengetedzwa - kusvika 840 m ² .

Serial production yemarokisi yakatanga muna 1964 pa-cast-iron iron foundry "Stamp".

Kuwedzera kwekurwa kwekwanisi

Nekuvandudzika kwekutanga projectile yekuparadzwa nekudzingwa kwemauto evengi, kuiswa kweGiradha kwaive kwakagadzirirwa, maitiro (ruvara rwekukuvadza) ayo aigara achivandudzwa. Nokudaro, mhando dzakatevera dzehombodo dzakasikwa:

• Zvipfeko zvakapfurikidza zvepamusoro-kuputika kuparadzaniswa-rudzi rwe 9M22U, 9M28F, 9M521;
• Kusiyana-makemikari yakasiyana-siyana-9M23, yakafanana muzviitiko zvendiza zveM22S;
• Incendiary - 9M22S;
• Smoke-inogadzira 9M43, zvinyorwa gumi zvakadaro zvinokwanisa kugadzira utsi hwehusi panzvimbo yehekta makumi mashanu;
• Kubva kumigodhi yemigodhi yemvura-9M28K, 3M16;
• Nevhidhiyo inopindira - 9M519;
• Nekemikisi yemakemikari - 9M23.

Dzimwe nyika dzinobudisa zvinetso pasi peisense kana zvisiri pamutemo, zvinowedzerawo kusimbisa mhando itsva dzemakanda.

Fire control

Mhepo inotungamirira moto inokubvumira kuti uite moto pa salvo uye woga. Iyo fotori yepirotini yemhepo inonzi rocket inobva kune sensor pulse inokwanisa kutungamirirwa muBot-BMp 21 kuburikidza nebhokisi rekuparidzira kana nefoni console iri kure nemamita 50 m.

Kutenderera kwevhiriyuta yakazara inogara kwemasekondi makumi maviri ine "Grad". Unhu hunoenderana nehurumende yekutonhora ndeyotevera: kushandiswa kusina kuvharwa kunovimbiswa pamasikati -40 ° C kusvika ku50 ° C.

Boka revatariri vekugadza rine mutungamiriri uye vatsigiri vashanu: mhondi; Fuse installer; Radiotelephone / kutengesa; Mutyairi wemotokari yemotokari / loader uye mutyairi wekutakura mhepo / yejaji.

Mushonga wekutakura wakagadzirirwa kutakura mahombekombe, zvigaro zvigaro zvakagadzirirwa pabhodhi.

Modernization

Kufambira mberi kwekambani kunoda nguva dzose kushanda pamazuva ano zvombo. Kana zvisina kudaro, kunyange nzvimbo dzakasimba zvikuru mumusika dzinogona kurasikirwa.

I rocket "Grad" muna 1986 yakavandudzwa. Muenzaniso BM-21-1 wakabudiswa. Iye zvino nheyo yemotokari yehondo yakange iri pane chaisisi yemotokari "Ural". Chikwata chekutungamirira mabhesi yakachengetedzwa kubva pakusvibiswa kwezuva kunodzivirira. Uyewo paiva nemukana wekushanda moto.

Pamusoro penzvimbo yeGAZ-66B motokari, kuiswa kwechiremera chemauto emhepo-BM-21 V yakasikwa nekuda kwekuderedza kwenhamba yemapuranga ekugadzira mapfupa kusvika ku12.

Kubva pane BM-21-1 mumavambo a2000. Basa rakaitwa kuti rigadzire motokari yakarwisana-2B17-1. Kubudirira kwekugadzirwa kwepamusoro ndiko kupfurikidza nekutungamirirwa pasina chinangwa chekushandisa uye kubuda kwekuverenga. Icho chikonzero, hurumende dzevavengi dzakagadziriswa nehupenyu hwekufamba.

Damba (BM-21PD) motokari yakarwisana yakarongedzwa kuparadza zvombo zvemanzi kuitira kuchengetedza gungwa regungwa. Sangano racho rinogona kushanda pamwe chete nechiteshi che hydroacoustic kana kuti zvakasununguka.

Complex "Prima", yakasikwa mumakore makumi mapfumbamwe nemasere, yakange ine magwaro makumi mashanu, asi nekuda kwekushaya mari yakakwana haina kugamuchira kodzero yekuenderera mberi kwekugadzirwa kwezvinhu.

Vakapedza kudzidza MLRS Vakawanda muCzechoslovakia, Belarus neItaly. Shanduro yechiKukraine yeBM-21 yakaiswa pachitsikisi cheKRAA. Iva Belarusian "Grad-1A" inokwanisa kuisa 2 mapfuti emisero pane imwe nguva pane imwe chete. Nzira yeItaly yokugadzirisa magetsi (abbreviated FIROS) yakasiyana pakuti inonzi projectiles yakagadzirwa nejini dzakasiyana-siyana, izvo zvinoita kuti huwandu hwekupisa husina kuenzana.

Kuverenga kweMasoja

Nekuguma kweHondo Yenyika II, nhangemutange yezvombo yakanga ichienderera mberi. Zvose zvakaitwa nesayenzi zvaiva nechinangwa chekuvandudza kushandiswa kwemauto. Mitengo yezvigadzirwa zvemasoja yakatanga kukura zvakanyanya nokukurumidza kupfuura mumakore ehondo.

Mutengo wezvombo zvemazuva ano zvakarewo. Imwe projectile ye rocket "Grad" inoita madhora 600-1000. Mushure mokutanga kwemotokari yehondo (1963), mutengo wemisasa yakaenzaniswa nemutengo wemotokari mbiri, "Volga". Uye nekugadzirwa kwemahombekombe, mutengo wemisasa yaiva injini mbiri yekugadzirisa - 250 rubles (mashoko kubva mufirimu "Impact Force").

Mutengo wekuisa "Grad" ndeyekunyorwa kwebhizimisi. Maererano neimwe magazini yeChirungu, mutengo weMutevedzeri weGrey Smerch ndiwo mamiriyoni 1.8 emadhora (mashoko akatorwa kubva mumagazini Phaeton, nha. 8, January 1996, peji 117).

Iko "Grad" yokugadzira inoputika sei?

Nheyo yekupfura kubva kuBM-21 yakafanana nemashandisirwo ekushandisa sachigaro "Katyusha" uye yakabva kune imwe nzira yemoto moto. Mumakore ekuma1940, projectiles yemapuranga emagetsi nguva dzose aive akakwirira kupfuura misoro imwe chete, iyo yakanga isiri yakarurama uye yakawanda. Injiniya dzakakwanisa kuenzana nechiremera ichi kuburikidza nekushandisa mapurisa akawanda kuti atange zvombo.

Pamusana pekushanda kwevhiriyiti, chigadzirwa che "Grad" muchiito chimbo chinogona kuparadza mahekita makumi matatu emunharaunda yevavengi, chitubu chezvombo zvehondo, nzvimbo dzekugadzira dombo, bheti rekutakura, nhupo dzekugovera. Imwe shell, yakasunungurwa nemotokari iyi yekurwa, inouraya hupenyu hwose mukati memakiromita 100 mamita.

MLRS yokutanga yenyika, inokwanisa kurova chinangwa chemarefu marefu, ndiyo kuiswa kweGiradha. Zviratidzo, ruzivo rwekukundwa kwemotokari yemagetsi Soviet engineers vakavandudza kusvikira vawana chigumisiro nenzira yekutsauka kukuru kwe projectile kubva kune chinangwa chemamita makumi matatu. Vatambi vekune dzimwe nyika vaidavira kuti izvi zvakarurama zvinogona kuitika kune imwe nzvimbo zvisingasviki makiromita gumi. Zvisinei, mwana anobva kuU.SR anorwisa muvengi kubva kure nemakiromita makumi mana, kwemaminitsi makumi maviri anobudisa 720 shells, iyo inofananidzwa nematani maviri emaputi.

Shanduro yehondo

Muedzo wokutanga mukuita zvakaoma "Grad" waiva muna 1969, panguva yehondo pakati pePPR neUUSSR. Kuedza kuputsa muvengi uye kugogodza mauto ake kubva kuDhamanskii chitsuwa nematangi zvakakundikana, uye vaChina vakabata vakakuvara T-62, iyo yaiva muenzaniso wakavanzika. Nokudaro, zvakanyanya-kuputika mabhomba kubva kuGrey, iyo yakaparadza muvengi uye nokudaro yakapedzisa kukakavara, yakashandiswa.

Mumakore 1975-1976. Imoto yakarwa yakashandiswa muAngola. Kwakange kusina maitiro akakomba muhondo iyi, hondo dzairwiwa nguva nenguva pakati pematombo ari kuuya kwavari. Nokudaro, "Chidimbu" chinoreva kuti "kufa kwekufa" kunoumbwa panzvimbo iyo projectile inowira, saka hutatu hwemauto, iyo inowedzera, muhondo muAngola, yakava chinangwa chakanakisisa.

MuAfghanistan vakadzinga moto wakananga kubva kuGrey. Muhondo yeChechen, zvakare, motokari yehondo yakashandiswa zvikuru.

"Gorosi" yenguva yedu inenge makiromita 2500 ari kushanda neuto reRussia. Zvombo zvekurwisana zvakatengeswa kunyika 70, kutanga muna 1970. Usaenda usina kunyatsoona neBM-21 mumakakatanwa akakwikwidzana pasi rose: muNagorno-Karabakh, South Ossetia, Somalia, Siria, Libya uye kuchangobva kuwirirana kumabvazuva kweUkraine.

Inyanzvi uye unyanzvi hwehutano hweGiradha

Zvigadzirwa uye zviyero zvehurongwa zvinopiwa BM-21.

• Chassis iri Ural-375D.
• Simba rejini - 180 litres. With.
• Kupima, m:
  - upamhi - 2,4;
  - Kureba - 7.35;
  - kureba kwakakwirira kuri 4.35.
• Kurema, t:
  - ne projectiles - 13.7;
  - isina kukonzerwa MB - 10,9.
• Mafambiro makuru ekufamba, km / h - 75.
• Zvipfeko mapurisa, pcs. - 120 rockets.
• Caliber, mm - 122.
• Chikamu chekuparadzwa, hektares:
  - Dzidziso 1.75;
  - ivai nesimba 2.44.
• Kureba kwemufambiro, m - 3.
• Nhamba yevatungamiri vematemu, pcs. - 40.
• Nguva yenguva yakazara, s - 20.
• Range of fire, m:
  - huwandu - 20 380;
  - Chidiki chinokwana 5000.
• Kugadzirisa nguva kurwisa nzvimbo, min. - 3.5.

Nhasi MLRS inogadzirwa paOAO Motovilikhinskiye Zavody. Nheyo ndiyo yemotokari "Ural-4320". Mune zvidzidzo zvitsva, nzvimbo yekuzvidzivirira yakazvimirira yakashandiswa, nzvimbo yekugadziriswa inoratidzwa pamapugiramu emagetsi, mukana wekuisa deta mu fuse.

Ndinoda kutenda uye ndinovimba kuti kuiswa "Grad" (maitiro, maitiro, maitiro ekushanda) zvaive zvakakosha uye zvinonakidza kune chizvarwa chechidiki sekopi yekutsvakurudza kwesayenzi, asi kwete kuparadza maguta uye zvinangwa zvevanhu!