Tarisa upamhi muRussia uye kune dzimwe nyika

Kutakurwa kwezvitima ndeimwe yenzira dzinotungamira dzevatakuri nevatakura. Vanhu vashomanana vanofunga nezvehupamhi hwenzira, vachitora chitima. Kunyange vashomanana vanhu vanoziva kuti izvi zviyero zvakataurwa nei. Nokuda kwezvikonzero zvakasiyana-siyana, nhamba yejairo munyika dzakasiyana dzine kusiyana kukuru.

A bit of history

Mumwe munyori wenyanzvi wenhema anobva kuEngland, Herbert George Wells, anotiudza kuti ukuru hweruth yakasarudzwa zvichienderana nechepakati pamakumbo engoro yemabhiza chaiwo. Izvi zvinogona kuwanikwa mubhuku rake "Foresight."

Kubudirira kwekutakura kwezvitima kunowira pakati pezana remakore rechi19. Panguva imwecheteyo, giants mune iyi indasitiri inowedzera simba rayo mumabhizimisi emabhizimisi. Zvechokwadi, panguva imwe chete, kuwedzera kukuru mumabhizimisi kwakanyorwa.

Izvo zvikepe zvekutanga zvakaonekwa sechimwe chevashandi vemabhiza. Zviyero zvavo zvakazara zvakaenzana nehukuru hwevarwi. Izvi ndizvo zvakatsanangurira kuenzana kwekutanga kwekutakura kwezvitima uye upamhi hwenzira (1435 mm).

Hasi nzira dzose dzekutanga dzakagadziriswa pamusana pemaitiro anowanzogamuchirwa. Nokudaro, somuenzaniso, upamhi hwemajeri ezvitima mumugwagwa unobva kuDublin kusvika kuDrogheda (Ireland) waiva 1600 mm.

Kurwisana nejiji

Inyanzvi Isambart Brunel, uyo akararama muna 1806-1859, aigara achitaura achifarira kuwedzera nzira. Muna 1835 kuvakwa kweGreat Western Road kwakapedzwa. Rutivi pakati pemakumbo raiva 2135 mm.

Kusagamuchirwa pamusoro pemubvunzo wehupamhi hwehupamhi hwechitima hunofanira kutorwa sehuwandu hwakaenderera kusvikira 1845. Munguva yenguva dzemakakavadzana, maitiro ekushanda emigwagwa yemarudzi akasiyana akanyatsodzidza. Nokuda kwekugamuchirwa kwechisarudzo choga chakarurama muEngland, komiti yeparamende yakasikwa yakasikwa, iyo yaive yekugadzira kuenzana kweyunifomu yenjiji yezvitima. Nokudaro, muna 1845, pakanga paine mutemo pamusoro pekuvakwa kwezvitima nejeri ye 1435 mm. Uye nzira dziripo dzakanga dzisingateereri idzi idzi, dzaifanira kugadziriswa. Vadzvinyiriri vakatarisana nehupamhi hwemapuraundi gumi sterling kwemaira imwechete kwezuva rimwe chete rekuvapo kwemugwagwa usingabvumirwi nemutemo.

Mamiriro akasiyana eIreland

Mugwagwa Mukuru weWestern wakamanikidzwa kuisa imwe, yechitatu, motairi. KuIreland, hurumende yekuEngland yakaita zvimwe chete (iyo yakareba yakareba uye ichiri 1600 mm). Munyika mumakore makumi mana ezana remakore rechi19, mitezo yemitanhatu yakabatana. Kuti dambudziko racho rigadziriswe zvakanaka, hurumende inotsanangura chiyero chimwe chete, kuverenga chiyero chechigarire.

US Railways

MuUnited States, hondo isati yamboitika, nyika dzakatsvaga kuti dzizviparadzanise. Zvechokwadi, izvi hazvikwanise asi zvinokanganisa kutakura. Migwagwa yekutanga yakanga yakasiyana zvikuru nemakiromita pakati pemasara. MuNew York, mutemo wakabvumirwa kuti unorambidza mamwe matavi kuti asangane nemigwagwa (yakafara yerwendo rwavo raiva 1524 mm).

Kubva muna 1865 kusvika muna 1886, pakanga paine kubatana kwemigwagwa yeAmerica. Nyika dzinotanga kuwana nzira dzekubatana, chimiro cheChirungu chiri kuwana vazhinji vanotsigira.

Chete muna February 1886 "Gungano" rakagamuchirwa, iro rakasimbisa kuiswa kwejeri rimwe muUnited States. Kureba kwema 21,000 km line yakashandurwa mumazuva maviri chete. Uye kurovedza kwakatora mazuva makumi manomwe. Iyo yakaenzana yejiji rezvitima muU.SA yakaderedzwa kusvika 1435 mm. Chiyero chakafanana kuCanada njanji.

European Railways

Chikwangwani cheChirungu (1435 mm) chaiwanzoonekwa muEuropean continent. Mutemo, chiyero ichi chakabvumirwa munyika dzakasiyana-siyana panguva dzakasiyana : muBavaria muna 1836, muPrussia muna 1837, munharaunda yeGermany TS yose - muna 1850.

Kubva panguva iyo, rutivi rwechitima chechitima muEurope, rakagamuchirwa muEngland, rinotorwa senheyo uye ndiyo inowanikwa.

Zvisinei, mhedzisiro yemiganhu iyi inofanira kutsvaga muRoma yekare. Mune dzimwe nguva dziri kure, kuitira kuti kudzivisa kuparara zvachose kwengoro, zvakasarudzwa kuti zvigadzire ngoro dzaiva nechepakati imwe chete pakati pemakumbo (uye yakanga yakaenzana na 1435 mm).

Wide gauge

Mukuwedzera kuIreland, iyo nzira yakareba (1600 mm) inoshandiswawo munyika dzakadai seAustralia (pamwe kubva muna 1854) neBrazil. Akawedzera (1676 mm) yakaiswa muSpain muna 1848, muPortugal muna 1854, muArgentina muna 1857, uye kunyange gare gare muIndia, Chile, neCeylon.

Munyika dzose idzi, upamhi hwenzira yakagamuchirwa panguva iyoyo yakasvika kure zvakadaro.

Uye zvakadini neRussia?

Iyo yakafara yechitima chechitima muRussia yaiva yakawanda yeChirungu. Kubva pamufananidzo we1829 mm, wakaiswa paTararskoye Selo mumugwagwa, nyika yakatakura kusvika kuhuwandu hwe1524 mm. Yakanga yakajairika mumugwagwa weMoscow-Petersburg. Gare gare iyi parameter yakave yakasikwa. Sezviri pachena, inguriya yeRussia yakapa chikamu ichi kubva kuUnited States. Panguva iyoyo, vadzidzisi vekuAmerica vakatora chikamu chekuita maitiro matsva.

Iyo yakareba 1524 mm yakaruramiswa nemari yekuverenga. Pakusika urongwa hwakadaro, hurumende yaitakura mari shoma shoma. Zvichida izvi zvaivawo sarudzo. Sezvo nyika dzakapoteredza dzaisagona kupinda munyika kuburikidza nemigwagwa.

Mukupera kwema 60s ezana remakore rapera, chiyero chakaderedzwa kusvika 1520 mm. Izvi zvakaitwa kuti zvive nyore kuverenga. Kwemazuva ano, kufamba nemigwagwa nemitambo ye1520 ne1524 mm inoshandisa nzvimbo yechipiri munyika yose yakareba urefu hwemigwagwa (iyo nguva yakazara).

Iyo yakafara yechitima muRussia neEurope yakatorwa seyero panguva dzakasiyana. Chero zvikonzero zvipi, nzvimbo dzacho hadzina kuuya kune chinowanzoonekwa, zvechokwadi hazvizivikanwi.

Russian subways

Iyo yakareba yechitima muRussia mumigwagwa yose iri pasi inofanana neyemigwagwa yakawanda yenyika. Izvi zvinoshandawo kune dzimwe nyika dzeCIS. Mitsara yeTram yeRussia ine nzvimbo yakafanana pakati pemigwagwa - 1520 mm. Kune maguta akawanda akasiyana mune izvi. MuRostov-on-Don, somuenzaniso, yeEurope track inopiswa. Urefu hwahwo ndi 1435 mm. Mune dzimwe dzidziso dzeRussia uye misha yeCIS, nzira yakamanikidzwa ye 1000 mm kureba inoshandiswa pakufamba kwetsika. Aya ndiwo maguta akadai saKaliningrad (Russia), Pyatigorsk (Russia), Lviv (Ukraine), Zhytomyr (Ukraine), Vinnitsa (Ukraine) nevamwe.

Nyika dzineRussian track

Iyo yakawanda yechiratidzo neyeuchiratidzo 1520 uye 1524 mm inoitika munyika dzinoverengeka. Chaizvoizvo iyo nyika yekare yaimbova USSR uye ichiganhura nayo: Finland, Mongolia, Afghanistan. Ichokwadi kuti izvi hazvirevi kuti hapana rimwe jai rinoshandiswa.

Kune dzimwe nzira dzakasarudzwa, apo dzinoverengeka dzezvitima dzinoshandiswa dzinoshandiswa, iyo yakareba iyo inopesana nemuganhu wakagamuchirwa. Somuenzaniso, muBulgaria kune chikamu chiduku chemugwagwa muVarna pachiteshi. MuGermany - muchiteshi cheSassnitz. Iyo yakaenzana yejiji rechitima muChina pamuganhu wepamberi neRussia inewo huwandu hwakaenzana. MuDPRK muna 2011, yakadzorera nzvimbo yacho pamuganhu weHassan-Tumangan. Romania ine mutsara unobatanidza chimiro che metallurgic neMoldova. Uyewo, pane zvishoma zvishoma muSlovakia, Sweden, uye Iran.

Pasinei nokuti iyo yakawanda yechitima chekuenda kuEurope yakasiyana nemiganhu yedu, zvikamu zvine ruzivo rweRussia zvinotibvumira kuchengetedza mari nekutengesa kutengesa kwezvinhu kubva kumafekitari, nemiti uye nechitsigiti chikuru chevatengesi.

Nyoreji goroji yekushanda

Apo pangotanga kuisa rairi, muEngland kwaiva nemugwagwa une maji 590 mm. Ipapo ibheji yakadaro yakaiswa muFrance, Belgium, Scandinavia. MuRussia, imwe nhandare yakadzika yakaiswawo (muna 1871).

Mune dzimwe nyika, migwagwa yakadaro inoshandiswa. Saka, somuenzaniso, muCape Colony hukuru hwavo hwakakura kwazvo (112 makiromita) zvokuti havana kuramba vasina kuchinja. Nzira iyi inonzi "Cape gauge", yakafara -1067 mm.

MuSouth Africa neCentral Africa, Philippines, New Zealand, Japan neAustralia, kunewo nzira dzakadaro dzakamanikana. Iyo yakafara yejiji yechitima paSakhalin yaivawo nehuwandu hwe1067 mm. Kubva muna 2004, Railway yeRussia yave ichivandudza kuwedzera kuwanda kwekutakura kwekutakura.

MuJapan, migwagwa yakagadzirwa nepamusoro-soro motokari nechepakati pakati pemigwagwa ye 1435 mm.

Iyo yakafara yechitima muRussia pamuganhu wePoland uye Kaliningrad yakafanana. Iye zvino maitiro mazhinji akadaro anorongwa kuSouth Railway Station yeguta rino.

MuUnited States, chikamu chejiji che 750 mm chakashandiswa zvakare. Iyi nzira yakaratidza yechipiri mukududzirwa uye yakashandiswa kusvikira 1980. Parizvino, inogona kuendeswa kune inowanzogamuchirwa, kana kungovhara.

Mune dzimwe nyika dzeEurope , makiromita 1000 mm akashandiswa.

Kukanganiswa kwemaitiro akacheka-gauge

Nhamba yakamanikidzwa yaigara yakasarudzwa nokuda kwezvikonzero zvehupfumi. Pachinyorwa zvacho chete zvinyorwa zvinogona kufamba zvakasununguka. Izvi zvakabatsira kuderedza mari yekuvaka zvikoro. Kuenzanisira kwakaratidza kuti mugwagwa muFestignog waizodhura katatu zvakanyanya kudai waiva nechirongwa chinowanzoitika.

Zvinosuruvarisa, izvi zvakakura hazvina kubvumira kugutsa zvido zvose. Pakupera kwezana remakore rechi19, nyika dzakatanga kushingaira kuenda kune hukuru hukuru.

Pasinei nekuvimba kwevatsigiri vashoma vatsigiri uye chido chavo chekuratidza kuti zvinoita uye zvigadzirwa zvezvifananidzo zvakadaro, maonero aya haana kugamuchirwa nevakawanda. Uye mamiriyoni 1435-mamita mamita akapararira nekukurumidza kukuru pamigwagwa yakakosha zvakasiyana.

Iye zvino mitambo yakamanikana inoshandiswa pakufambisa kwemaindasitiri mukati mezvirimwa zvakakura uye zvinosanganiswa, kune migwagwa yevashanyi, mumigodhi, kune dzimwe mitsetse mukati mekufamba kwevatakuri.

Dzimwe nhamba uye zvisingaiti

Nzira dzine gaka re 1435 mm dzakawanda kwazvo. Chikamu chavo chikamu chezana chezana chezvitima. Rudzi rwakakura rwuri mukati me11%, uye chiyero chakaresa 14%.

Kureba kwezvitima kumativi ose enyika kune mamiriyoni 1.2 km. Nzira dzakawanda dzinoiswa muU.SA (anenge makiromita 240 makiromita). Panzvimbo yechipiri Canada (90 000 km). Nzvimbo yechitatu ndeyeRussia (86 000 km).

Chidimbu chakaipisisa (0 mm) chinogona kuzvirumbidza chikamu chezvitima muGermany, uko imwe sarairi yaishandiswa. Iyi nzira yaiva yekuedza.

Nzira huru yakawanda yenzira yezvitima (3000 mm) yakakurudzirwa naHitler's General Staff kuitira kuti vatengese zvigadzirwa nezvinhu zvakabva kuUkraine nedzimwe nyika dzeEurope. Kukunda ma fascists kwakaita kuti chirongwa ichi chisakwanise. Iyo yakareba mamita matatu emotokari muUkraine yakaramba iri papepa chete.

Yakawanda yakajairika

Track gauge (mm)	Kureba (km)	Zita remugwagwa	Nyika dzinoshandiswa
1676	42300	Indian	India, Chile, Pakistan, Argentina
1668	14300	Iberia	Spain nePortugal
1600	9800	Irish	Ireland, Brazil uye Australia (muchikamu)
1524	7000	Russian	Estonia neFinland
1520	220000	Russian	Munyika dzeCIS, Lithuania, Latvia, Estonia, Mongolia (chikamu)
1435	720000	European	Europe, Canada, USA, China, Australia, Korea, North Africa, Middle East, Cuba, Panama, Mexico, Venezuela, Peru, Uruguay
1067	112 000	Cape	South Africa, Central Africa, Japan, Indonesia, Taiwan, New Zealand, Australia, Sakhalin (Russia)
1000	95,000	Metro	Asia (kumaodzanyemba kwakadziva kumabvazuva), India, Bolivia, Brazil, Uganda, Chile, Kenya

Matambudziko pakushandisa ganhi nemakwikwi akasiyana

Kushandiswa kwezvikwata zvinoshandiswa zvakasiyana-siyana mumitambo yakasiyana-siyana yenyika kunounza matambudziko akawanda pakutakura zvinhu uye kutakura vatasvi. Panzvimbo ye "musangano" wezvinhu zvakadaro zvakakosha kuisa vanhu (kutamisa zvinhu). Uyewo, teknolojia inoshandiswa kugadzirisa ngoro kune mamwe matrolleys.

Iyo yakafara yechitima muRussia neEurope yakasiyana ne 85 mm. Nokudaro, kuputika kwose kwemuganhu kunobatanidza nemamwe matambudziko. Maitiro anoshandiswa zvikuru ndeyeEurope neRussia ruts.

Nhamba huru yenhokwe (15 zvidimbu) inowanikwa pamiganhu yeUkraine. Aya ndiwo nodes muPoland, Slovakia, Hungary neRomania. Iyo yakafara yechitima chechitima muRussia neUkraine yakafanana. Kunyange zvakadaro, motokari dzose dzinofanira kugadziriswa zvakare. Kuvhiya uku kunotora maawa maviri ekutakura vatakurei. Vashandi vefambisi vanogona kumira vhiki mairi mumutsetse wekutsvaga.

Kudzoka muna 1968, teknolojia yekuchinja zvakananga mumuganhu wakareba yakagadzirwa. Izvi zvinoitika panguva yakaderera pasina kubatana kwevashandi vezvitima.

Zvechokwadi, tichifunga zvinhu zvose izvi, vazhinji vanosarudza kutumira zvinhu zvavo negungwa. MaBaltic ports akazara zvakakwana. Vamiriri vekambani dzeEurope yechitima uye vanofambisa kwechitima cheRussia vanoramba vachitaura nezvekugona kwekuvandudza kuvhara kwezvikwata mumutambo wekutengesa.