Kutanga mumatanho uye zvinokonzera Mukuru Northern War. Migumisiro Northern War

Chii chiri pakutanga namanomwe remakore, Russian wokumwe mutemo? Great Northern War - kurwira kumahombekombe eGungwa reBaltic - ndiko kuti inokosha uye chinokosha chakaitika mumakore iwayo. Hondo wakagara makore makumi maviri nerimwe chete. Vamwe vanouti Great Northern War, uye vamwe - Twenty Year. Kazhinji, hondo pakati wemasangano kunyika kuchamhembe European uye Swedish umambo akatanga muna 1700 uye dzakaguma muna 1721.

Nyika dzakarwa ive kuBaltic ndima. Zvinosuruvarisa, hondo yakapera pamwe pokukundwa Sweden. Asi hondo yapera, nokuti isu tose, pakupedzisira kuguma, uye jaya Russian Empire yakaumbwa Europe. Iye aiva neboka rengarava simba uye hondo anoyevedza. Its guru ndiro St. Petersburg. Akanga ari kweGungwa reBaltic.

Saka, musi chirongwa naMambo Augustus II kwePoland uye Elector pamusoro Saxony Northern Alliance akasikwa. Sangano iri pakutanga akazivisa kurwa Sweden. The Northern Alliance vakabvumirawo Russia, inotungamirirwa Peter I, uye Norwegian-Danish umambo, ane musoro rakanga Korol Kristian Rechishanu.

Pashure dzinotevedzana mheni kwakaitika muna Swedish 1700 North Union yakadhirika. Uyezve, Denmark akasiya muhondo muna 1700, uye Saxony vakadzokera shure muna 1706. The Russian wehurumende aifanira kundorwa yeSweden pachavo, asi nokuda 1709 kuNorthern Union rakadzorerwa. Zvokukura Guru Northern War kwakasiyana nemumwe: chaizvoizvo uri Russian divi akarwa Prussia, Netherlands, yokuHannover. Uye hondo Sweden wokutanga akabatsira England (kubvira 1707 - Great Britain), ipapo Holstein uye hweOttoman Empire.

Ukrainian Cossack pamwe Zaporozhian Cossack kugoverwa uye kusvika pamwero vaitsigira vokuTurkey uye Swedish, asi kazhinji yezvipo mauto Russian. Somugumisiro, Russia akakwanisa kusimbazve kudzora yekare Estates Russian muna kuBaltic States, kurasika munguva dzokutambudzika.

Nei hondo?

Ndezvipi zvinokonzeresawo Guru Northern War? Ngatiedzei kupindura mubvunzo uyu. Zvinozivikanwa kuti pakutanga nemisere remakore Swedish Empire aiva nyika unonyanya muGungwa reBaltic. Uyezve, zvaionekwa mumwe vaitungamirira nyika muEurope. Ndiwo mamiriro aiva chakasimba chikamu kuBaltic muganhu: kuBaltic zvinosanganisira chipo, rose pemhenderekedzo Gulf, chikamu yokumaodzanyemba kweGungwa reBaltic.

Zvinofadza kuti muna 1697, musoro Sweden akasarudzwa namashanu Charles nemiviri. Vavakidzani Sweden akataura ake mudiki uye kuverenga pamusoro kukunda nyore: Norwegian-Danish umambo, Saxony uye Russia iri kuedza kuita chichemo kuna Sweden pamusoro nenharaunda dzaro. Masimba aya matatu ndakasika Northern Alliance, ane muvambi aiva Mambo Poland uye Elector pamusoro Saxony August II. Uyu murume aida ndikunde Livonia (Livonia), chikamu Sweden kuti waizosimbisa simba rake Commonwealth. Zviya, Livonia yakaguma mumaoko Sweden zvinoenderana Peace Chibvumirano Oliwa muna 1660.

Chii akasunda Denmark kuti anopesana Sweden? Chokwadi,-refu akabata chido kudzora Gungwa reBaltic. Zvinozivikanwa kuti muna 1658, Carl Gustav X panguva yekutsvaga rutsigiro mu Danish Jutland akaputsa. Uyewo pane rwezasi Air kweItari vakabata mapurovhinzi akawanda. Denmark aifanira kusiya kuunganidzwa mari kubva zvikepe vakayambuka Strait of Zundsky. Nenzira, masimba maviri vied kutonga hwezasi muvakidzani Denmark - duchy pakati Schleswig-Holstein.

Zvinokonzera Guru Northern War uyewo vanovandira pakutevera: mambo Russian Peter I, pashure hurukuro Augustus akabatana Northern Alliance wokupedzisira. Chiitiko ichi kwave wakabudiswa muchimiro chitarisiko chesungano. Land anoti Russia kuSweden yaisanganisira Ingria uye yakarwiwa panzvimbo inonzi Karelia: nyika iyi yatorwa Panguva Troubles neSweden maererano chibvumirano Stolbovo 1617. Russia yakanga isina averse kuti mupanda nyika uye Livonia nokuda kwavo pasi Russia regumi remakore kuyeuka yaMakoronike - nharaunda yekare pfungwa "patrimony" wavatongi Russian.

Zvinofadza kuti vari mubishi hondo kurwa 1656-1658 raMwari Russian akakwanisa kuti nguva kugara nechokumabvazuva Livonia uye Ingria. The vokuRussia vakatapa Noteburg Nienschanz uye Dinaburg, akakomberedza Riga. Asi hondo muPoland rakazotanga, uye Russia aifanira kusaina runyararo chibvumirano Kardissky - Sweden akakunda dzose vadzoka.

Zvinofadza kuti kudzidza zvinokonzera Guru Northern War - ndiko kunzwisisa hunoshamisa hondo. Saka, simba Russian yakapiwa basa noukama Europe Via Arkhangelsk - chete chiteshi chengarava riri Sea White. Pano paiva rinorema uye kutadza kufamba, iyo chaizvo kuoma nemugwagwa. Zvino munda shipbuilding uye nomugungwa muGungwa White aiva chinokosha backlog. Kazhinji, kutsvaka kuwana kuGungwa reBaltic anonzi inokosha upfumi basa kuti Russia.

Hazvina kunyorwa runako chikonzero chakanaka Northern War? Zviya, zvishoma kukonzera hondo kuuya Russia aiva mhedziso hondo pamwe Turkey. Constantinople Peace Treaty akanga yakasainwa July 3, 1700, uye musi waAugust 18, Turkey akanzi chokupedzisira runyararo. Pakupedzisira musi August 19, Russia akazivisa hondo pamusoro Sweden. Pakarepo zvose Swedish nhumbi muMoscow, akatanga torera maererano achangobva akazivisa. Vakanga zvabviswa muchifarira Russian yepfuma. Panguva iyoyowo, akasungwa muMoscow uye Swedish nhume.

Casus belli vaiona matambudziko akasiyana-siyana, kunyanya kugumbuka muna 1697. Pashure pezvose, ndipo Peter I, akaenda Europe, yeSweden chando vakasangana Riga. Panguva iyoyo nyika chinoti hadzina kutaurwa.

Tanga kurwa

Vechikamu of Great Northern War zvakasiyana zvinoshamisa nemano. Somuenzaniso, zviri gumi egore Swedish King Karl XII akanga "kuda ne hondo." Akanga ane tactical flair. Naizvozvo, yeSweden vomuzana ruvengo vakakwanisa kuhwina akatevedzana mikuru kukunda. Zvisinei, simba murwi Karl XII aiva enyika yakaipa kwazvo; iye charted uye iye nehondo yake unfeasible hondo anokanda.

muvengi wake chikuru Peter Ndakatendeuka vysokoodaronnym wavarwi, uto strategist uye murongi. Uyezve, zvaionekwa akachenjera chaizvo uye unyanzvi Wenyika. Chokwadi, akanga haunted nokukundikana pakutanga hondo, asi kuguma kambani akabudirira. Pashure Karl XII akaita zvikanganiso zvakawanda.

Battle of Northern War neimwe nzira inotsigirwa uye Ayuka Khan. This Kalmyk mutongi akazvarirwa Dzungaria. Iye akatamira kune nemaviri ari Volga nharaunda, paakange akaparidza wokutanga Kalmyk taisha mapoka. Vakuru Russian akatanga kwakadzama pamwe Kalmyks, umo vakakwanisa kuita shamwari navo. Russia panguva mutemo kunokurudzirwa Ayuka zvakasimba. Asi, akabvumira kwaari kushandisa mauto ake Kukuru Northern War hondo.

Denmark danidziro

Vechikamu of Great Northern War, kureva Saxon mauto akakomba Riga February 12 1700. Zvisinei, kuti hope Augustus II haana zvinofanira kuzadziswa: wokuLivonia Havazivi vakatsigira vavengi, uye weboka iri August kubudirira haina kubudirira. King Frederick IV pamusoro Denmark, muna August wegore iroro matikitivha akatora nechisimba Holstein-Gottorp duchy kumaodzanyemba chikamu mamiriro. Zvisinei, varwi Swedish zviuru gumi, uyo akatungamirira Karl XII, akabatwa romuromo vokuDenmark akasvika pedyo Copenhagen. Denmark akamanikidzwa kuputsa ukama Augustus II: August 7 aifanira kusaina runyararo chibvumirano Travendalsky.

Russian macha musi Ingermanland

Uye ikozvino tarira huru Zviitiko Northern War. Zvinozivikanwa kuti runyararo chibvumirano weConstantinople Peter akagamuchira shoko musi waAugust 18. Haruna taudzwa kuti Denmark zvikanyarara akavhiyiwa muchiuto, uye saka musi August 19, akataura hondo pamusoro Sweden. Somugumisiro, mauto eRussia yakatanga inogumbura.

Pakuvamba, Russia akasaina mubatanidzwa chibvumirano pamwe Augustus II, maererano iyo kwaiva kugamuchira Ingermanland (aka ari Swedish Ingria). nyika iyi ndiyo kukura magetsi rinoenderana Leningrad nharaunda.

Zvinofadza kuti pamuganhu pakati kuEstonia uye Ingermanland pakuiswa guta kunoshamisa uye guru nhare Swedish munzvimbo - Narva. nhare ichi chakava atambudzwe vatungamiri Russian.

Hachisi chokwadi, nhanho Northern War vari siyana zvikuru uye wakajeka? Funga rwendo kuna Narva. Rakanga yarongwa mumatsutso, zvinosuwisa. Zvokudya zvakanga zviri zvishoma, masoja vari kuziya. Horses, akatakura midziyo, zvokudya zvakaipisisa zvokuti vafa-kure rakatanga. Pakati pezvimwe zvinhu, kwakatanga kunaya, mugwagwa achitowedzera kurwara ari mukwende zvingoro akaputsa dzose.

Kazhinji Peter Ndaida kuunganidza pedyo Narva pamusoro varwi zviuru makumi matanhatu. Zvinosuruvarisa, hondo akatamira munzvimbo yacho zvishoma nezvishoma uye ndikataura urongwa uye nguva mambo. Somugumisiro kukombwa Narva musi 14 October, iyo akapindwa navarwi zviuru chete 40.

Kukombwa Narva

Chii inozivikanwa zvikuru Great Northern War? A kumboongorora kukombwa Narva. Chiitiko yakarongwa havaratidzi. Cannon vachiridzira guta vakaratidza kuva basa, sezvo mauto Russian vaishandisa pfuti LBW. Uyezve, zvombo zvakakwana chete kuti vaviri kwemavhiki.

Narva - nhare ane pedyo kaviri Ivangorod. Naizvozvo Potru I, pachangu, kuronga kukombwa, chakanga kutambanudza yakawanda sezvingabvira mauto Russian, vose panguva iyoyo vakakomba nhare. Urongwa hwakadaro nokuti mauto Russian kwave yezvinongoerekana chaizvo: inotevera nguva hondo Narva, izvozvo simba ravo kurwa chinzvimbo.

Chii atora August II? Agamuchira ruzivo pamusoro nokukurumidza kushaya kubva hondo muDenmark, akabva waibvisa Riga kukombwa, vakadzokera shure kuna Kurland. Weboka Northern War akanga achinja: Vongai zviito Augustus II Karl XII akakwanisa akatamisa chikamu mauto ake negungwa muna Pernau (Parnu). Akasvikira ikoko October 6 uye akaenda Narva, rakakombwa neuto Russian.

Uyezve, pausiku November 18, General-Field Marshal Count Golovin, pamwe chete naPetro ndakasiya hondo - vakaenda Novgorod. Mambo akarayira mukuru murayiro mukuru paukuru - mutorwa kuna Duke of Croy. Hondo Charles XII November 19, 1700, wakabatisa hondo wokuRussia mune hondo Narva rinorema kukundwa. Sezvineiwo, hondo Swedish vakaverenga vanhu 25 zviuru, uye Russian - vanenge 40 zviuru.

Panguva Northern War Fun chiito youmbwende Duke of Croy, uyo kunyange vasati kuhondo yairwirwa akapa Karl XII. Asi akarega hapana mumwe, asi pamwe yake nomudonzvo, rinoumbwa vatorwa. Mushure vose Nokurasikirwa kweuto Russian achiri mukuru kune Swedish vakawanda. Asi musi November 21, unorema kwayo mapfumo pasi mirairo Duke pakati Croy.

Zvinofanira kucherechedzwa kuti Life Guards Semenov uye Life Guards regiments zvakasimba akadzivirira kubva yeSweden. Havana chete kutadzisa zvinonyadzisa capitulation asiwo kufukidza shure mauto Russian, nokudaro kudzivirira kubva chokupedzisira kukundwa. Ushingi akaratidza muhondo iyi, masoja chehondo muna 1700-1740 vakanga paakavapa tsvuku masokisi: pakuyeuka yokuti "vakanga vari muhondo iyi ibvi muropa."

Zvaizobuda mushandirapamwe

Battle of Northern Hondo yakapera nenzira dzakasiyana. Somuenzaniso, nemhaka remapazi zvechiuto pane Narva iri Russian kwaiva chaityisa: chikafa kurasikirwa vakakuvadzwa, akafa, matongo, vakanyura, akafa chando uye nzara vaiva pakati zviuru gumi masere uye vanhu. Uyezve, mazana manomwe vanhu, kusanganisira gumi vemauto uye mashanu nevatanhatu vatariri vaiva muutapwa, akarasika 179 ari 184 pfuti. Raiva dambudziko.

Zvikonzero pokukundwa mauto Russian

Vamwe hondo Northern Hondo yakapera muna kukundwa. Ngatimboonai zvikonzero kukundwa kweuto wokuRussia mune Hondo Narva. Chokutanga, uto rakanga disgustingly akagadzirirwa hondo muvengi ane simba. Uyezve, kwakanga padanho nokubatanidzwazve. Chechipiri, hondo yakanga havaratidzi nezvombo uye havana kuziva kuti kurwa sei mitemo Linear nzira, ubudise ushori mishoni. Atirari akanga antiquated uye diversiform. Kutaura zvazviri, aiva panguva iyoyo paiva yakasiyana calibers zvinopfuura makumi maviri namashanu - nuance ichi kwazvo kudziviswa kwayo nerubatsiro zvombo. Uye pakupedzisira, rinokosha pfungwa: hapana pachake National murayiro mamiriro muuto Russian. Pashure pezvose, chikuru murayiro nzvimbo inogarwa dzimwe mapurisa.

MuEurope, pashure kukundikana makore mashoma takatenda kuti uto Russian iri dzisingatomboiti kurwa. Panguva iyoyowo Charles XII Swedish zita romusere rokuti Aleksandrom Makedonskim.

Ndezvipi chikuru Zviitiko Northern War kwakaitika pashure pokukundwa mauto wokuRussia pana Narva? Peter ndakatora danho rinotevera iye rinongotaura uwandu dzimwe vakuru muchiuto. zvino pamusana chete chetatu uwandu vakuru dhipatimendi.

Zvinokosha kucherechedza kuti kukundwa pana Narva airidza chihombe basa kukura mauto eRussia uye nhoroondo ehurumende. Wezvenhau Pokrovsky akati kuti zvose zvinodiwa Russian muhondo semutongo vaikwanisa mugungwa, kuti kutengeserana uye kuwana kudzora kuBaltic zvengarava. Ndokusaka Petro tanga makakatanwa unobhadharwa ngwariro chaiyo kuBaltic zvengarava - Riga uye Narva. Zvinosuruvarisa, akatambura ari unorema kukundwa panguva Narva, uye akadzingwa kuti nzvimbo ano St. Petersburg. Peter akafunga kuvaka itsva chengarava uye guta iri pamuromo Neva River - guta guru ramangwana yeRussian Empire.

Russian danidziro

Saka, ini mberi Northern War. Muchidimbu anotsanangurwa Papera Russian nhimbe, asi capacious. Chokwadi, Petro ndinoonga nei mauto eRussia vakakundwa panguva Narva. Zvino iye akatuma zvakawanda munyika uye kuti vagadzirire mauto kuti hondo Sweden. Anosika hondo itsva dzose, kuvandudzwa nechivako wayo yesangano, maitiro kurovedza uye dzidzo, anowana ichangobva michina.

Iye Inotipazve atirari - kunoderedza uwandu calibers, vava kune 12. chete By sezvakarayirwa Peter I kwenguva shoma nguva maturusi matsva mazana matatu yakaumbwa. Zvinofanira kucherechedzwa kuti vamwe kwepfuti zvakaitwa kubva kuchechi mabhero vakabata muchivigiro uye yakarukutika. Somugumisiro, Peter akatangazve simba pashure kukundikana Narva ndokutangazve kurwisa kuchamhembe.

Battle muna Ingria

Sezvo hondo mberi North? Muchidimbu kuongorora kwakazoitwa nzira zviitiko. Zvinozivikanwa kuti huru mauto Sweden aiitawo hondo muna Saxony uye Commonwealth. Kushandisa nguva muna 1701 Peter akarayira kuchamhembe kutanga tsamwisa itsva. Ipapo mauto Russian akarayira Boris Sheremetev vakarwisa Ingermanland (Ingria), ipapo vaiva ne Sweden, December 30, 1701 panguva Hondo Erestfere akahwina muna Northern War yake zvisamumirira wokutanga.

Nepo hondo Swedish akarayira General Slippenbach. Uye muna July 1702 mune hondo Gummelsgofa mauto eRussia akakunda rwechipiri mapoka ake.

Somugumisiro kutanga 1703 zvose pamusoro Neva pehurumende Russian.

Hondo muEstonia uye Livonia

Kazhinji, mugumisiro Guru Northern War akanga zvikuru muna 1703 - zvasvitswa Russia aidzora zvinenge zvose munyika Ingermanlandii. Muna 1704, hondo Russian mberi tsamwisa kwayo. Ari pasi murayiro Sheremeteva Borisa nokuda chirimo 1704 akauya Livonia uye akakomberedza Dorpat. The nhare akaiswa July 1704 pamwe pauzima Kupinda Petro I.

Zvichitevera zviitiko izvi, boka weuto Russian wechipiri akakomberedza Narva akaenda Estland. Ipapo mauto akaraira Ogilvy. Petro akabva Dorpat, uye pakazopera muzhizha, nhare uyu wabatwa. Bvumiranai, storming of Bastille kwakakura! Mauto Russian ichishanda ichi vakaratidza unyanzvi hwavo wakawedzera uye kwazvo zvokushandisa.

Polish danidziro

Panguva Northern War, Charles XII vaifanira rakawanda zvokuita. Akasarudza kusiya basa ruvengo pamusoro eRussia. Uye aida kurova chikuru kurwadzisa kuhondo muna August II. Kazhinji, mambo wokuSweden vaida Poland kuti Enthrone naye zvakanaka mambo panzvimbo August II. Akasarudza kusika kubva Rzeczpospolita buffer mapazi pakati Russian uye yeSweden.

Uyezve, uto Swedish muna July 1701, pasina misangano yakakodzera kurambwa, akayambuka Dvina uye akakunda Livonia. Zvinofadza kuti vokuPoland pamushandirapamwe yakaguma kubatwa ari mutungamiri Swedish uye kukunda wehondo Russian.

Nechisimba Russia

Migumisiro Northern War ichifarirwa wose ane hanya kare. Asi ngatimbotanga takurukura muna 1707 - yose gore mauto wokuSweden aiva Saxony. Panguva iyi, Karl XII aigona kufukidza nokurasikirwa uye yekudyidzana kusimbisa hondo. Uye pakutanga 1708 nyika yeSweden akaenda Smolensk. Vamwe vanodavira kuti pakutanga vakanga varonga kurova guru kurwadzisa yakananga Moscow. Peter handina kuva zvirongwa muvengi: Russian nzvimbo yakanga kuoma nezuva.

The Military Council muna Starish

Kukosha Northern War unofadza zvikuru, nuance ose vanotungamirirwa mugumisiro wayo. Somuenzaniso, 11-13 September 1708 ari muduku musha Smolensk kanzuru yehondo mambo wokuSweden ake vemauto. Yaiva easternmost pfungwa sangano mauto Swedish panguva nechisimba Russia.

Mauto vakasarudza nyaya mberi kwebasa mauto Swedish. Vamwe aida kuenda kuMoscow Via Smolensk, apo vamwe vanoda kutamira kumaodzanyemba, Ukraine. Zvinosuruvarisa, uto Swedish vaida zororo: masoja kwakaguma nezvokudya uye zvombo kumbopfeka, vakawanda vavo vanorwara. Zvisinei Hetman Ivan Mazepa akavimbisa yeSweden pakutsigira Ukrainian vakawanda, uye vakasarudza kufamba muna Ukraine.

Poltava

Chokwadi, nhoroondo zvinorehwa Great Northern War guru kwazvo Russian. Ivo akakunda mu Hondo Poltava, June 27, 1709 iyo pasina uye hwakasimba nezvinhu kunokurumidziswa nyika yeSweden.

Zvinozivikanwa kuti pashure hondo huru iyi Karl XII akavanda hweOttoman Empire, izvo akanyengetedza Sultan Ahmed III kutora uto Varwisei Russia. Menshikov, mumwe vakashinga, vakakunda youmambo hondo Sweden, Kesari Peter I kuti anotora rutivi Hondo Poltava akaremekedza chinzvimbo Field Marshal.

Zvaizobuda hondo

Migumisiro Northern War kujeka uye dzinoongororwa chaizvo zvakasiyana. Vamwe vanoti pokukundwa Sweden, kunyanya sezvo chikamu mumubatanidzwa simba (Saxony, Denmark, Rzeczpospolita), uye vakwanise kuwana Russian Sea reBaltic makumi makore haina kuzvireva.

Vakawanda vanoziva kuti hondo akanyatsosiyana achinja pakuenzanisa mauto muGungwa reBaltic: Russia zvino munharaunda iyi akanakidzwa chaizvo muupenyu. Chinhu chikuru basa wakasiyiwa Peter I, Chokwadi, rave vakatsunga - Russia kuwana kugungwa uye akatanga kumisa zvahwaiita mugungwa kutengeserana Europe.

Sei kuchinja zvinoitwa Peter Mukuru Northern War? Reform, rutendo kwaari chete akawana vamwe tichimhanya. Zvinofanira kucherechedzwa kuti Petro akanga asiri mumwe wechipiri haana kurega ayo kuedza kuchinja. Ake mberi okuchinja aizoguma matambudziko zvechiuto.

Sezvineiwo, the Great Northern Hondo 1700-1721 zvikuru zvakasimba kuchinjwa Russia - nyika zvakaipisisa zveupfumi uye wevanotungamirira dambudziko. Uye munhoroondo Finland, kupfuura yakaoma yehondo - kubva 1714 kusvika 1721 - akaenda pasi zita kupfuura ruvengo. Sweden yakarasikirwa vaimbova simba rayo uye ikava chiduku mamiriro.