Kutora Plevna mauto Russian: tsananguro, nhoroondo uye zvinonakidza zvinhu

The kubatwa zviri Plevna varwi Alexander II akashandura kubvisa hondo hweOttoman Empire. Long okukomba kwakauraya upenyu masoja akawanda kumativi ose. kukunda uku akabvumira mauto eRussia kuzarura nzira Constantinople uye kusunungura muBalkans kubva Turkish joko. The oparesheni kutora nhare akava nhoroondo uto somumwe zvikuru kubudirira. Zvakabuda mushandirapamwe kunge nokusingaperi zvakachinja geopolitical ezvinhu Europe uye kuMiddle East.

prerequisites

Kusvika munenge-namapfumbamwe remakore, hweOttoman Empire aidzora zvakawanda muBalkans uye Bulgaria. Turkish kudzvinyirira asiwo zvinenge zvose South necheSalvic marudzi. The Russian Empire hwagara airidza basa mudziviriri ari Slavs, uye dzimwe mutemo dzinongoita nezvezvandaifanira vasunungurwe. Zvisinei, pakupera rapfuura hondo, Russia chakarasikirwa neboka rengarava muGungwa Black uye nhamba nzvimbo iri kumaodzanyemba. Zvakanzi zvekare yakasainwa zvibvumirano kwomubatanidzwa pakati hweOttoman Empire uye Great Britain. Kana AD Russian War, Britain vaisungirwa vabatsire remauto vokuTurkey. Izvi precluded mukana kudzingwa pakati kuvaOttoman kubva Europe. In dzoka, vokuTurkey akavimbisa kuti tiremekedze kodzero vaKristu nekushusha pane zvavanotenda.

kudzvinyirirwa Slavs

Zvisinei, makore 60 remakore rechi19 aizivikanwa vatambudzwe itsva vaKristu. The VaMuslim vaiva neropafadzo huru pamberi mutemo. In pedare sarudzo yechiKristu pamusoro vaMuslim haana uremu. Uyewo, vazhinji hurumende zvinzvimbo pasi chepamusoro vokuTurkey. Kusagutsikana izvi kwakaita uremu okutsutsumwa muBulgaria uye Balkan nyika. Muzhizha 1975, anotanga kwebope Bosnia. Kwapera gore, muna April, yakakurumbira kumukira akafukidza Bulgaria. Pakupedzisira, vokuTurkey noutsinye akakurira yemuna, richiuraya makumi ezviuru zvevanhu. utsinye zvakadaro vaKristu akaita Kusagutsikana mu Europe.

Vachitungamirirwa Gundamusaira United Kingdom anoramba aifarira-Turkish negwaro. It unties maoko Russian Empire, iri kugadzirira chirongwa pamusoro kuvaOttoman.

Kwehondo

April vakatanga hondo Russian-Turkish nemiviri. Kutora Plevna chaizvoizvo ucharipedza kwemwedzi mitanhatu. Zvisinei, asati ichi chakanga kuenda kure. Sezvo nemimba kumuzinda Russian, mauto akanga kurwisa kubva kumativi maviri. Boka rokutanga kuenda nomunharaunda yeRomania muBalkans, uye mumwe yakarova eCaucasus. Zvose fronts ava sezvisingakundiki nezvipingamupinyi. Balkan Range nokukurumidza kupindira kuti yakarova Caucasus, uye "quadrilateral" wenhare - kubva Romania. Uyewo, zvinhu zvakanga rakaoma nokuda zvichibvira kupindira muUnited Kingdom. Pasinei paruzhinji kumanikidzwa, vokuBritain vachiri akaramba kutsigira vokuTurkey. Naizvozvo, zvakanga zvakafanira kuti kuhwina hondo nokukurumidza sezvinobvira, kuti hweTurkey capitulated vasati vasvika vavabatsire.

nokukurumidza Pazvinotanga

Kutora Plevna achiitiswa mauto pasi murayiro General Skobelev. Mukutanga July, Russian akayambuka Danube uye akaenda inoenda Sofia. Mushandirapamwe uyu vakanga vakabatana neuto yeRomania. Pakutanga, vokuTurkey vakanga achawana vatsigiri pamahombekombe Danube. Zvisinei, kufambira mberi akamanikidza Osman Pasha kuti shure kusvikira kunhare. Chaizvoizvo kubatwa zviri Plevna chokutanga kwaiva June 26. Elite kukupfura pasi murayiro Ivana Gurko akapinda muguta. Zvisinei, boka raiva vasori makumi mashanu chete. Inenge panguva imwe chete chete Cossacks Russian muguta waisanganisira battalions matatu vokuTurkey, uyo vakazodzingwa navo.

Nekuona kuti kutora Plevna Russian kupa zvizere inokosha zvinobatsira, Osman Pasha anosarudza kutora guta vasati vasvika huru mauto. Panguva ino mauto ake akanga mutaundi Vidin. Kubva ipapo, vokuTurkey vaifanira mberi munzira Danube kudzivirira muchinjikwa Russian. Zvisinei, njodzi encirclement akamanikidza vaMuslim kusiya urongwa yepakutanga. First battalions July 19 protrude kubva Vidin. Kwemazuva matanhatu vakanga anopfuura mazana maviri makiromita kubva atirari, mukwende, magirosari uye zvichingodaro. Mambakwedza July 7, vokuTurkey akapinda munhare.

Panguva Russian mukana kutora guta pamberi Osman Pasha. Zvisinei, kuti kuregeredza airidza vamwe veuto. Nokuda kwokushayikwa rechiuto akachenjera, Russian havana kuziva nguva vokuTurkey kufora muguta. Somugumisiro, kunwa nhare Plevna vokuTurkey akapfuura pasina hondo. Russian General Yuri Schilder-Shuldner kunonoka chete zuva. Asi panguva ino vokuTurkey akanga muungwanda atakure kuzvidzivirira nzvimbo. Pashure kunyatsofunga kudzimbahwe anosarudza taramba nhare.

The kuedza kutanga kurwisa

Mauto eRussia vachifamba muguta kubva kumativi maviri. General Schilder-Shuldern haana pfungwa pamusoro nokuwanda vokuTurkey muguta. Iye kuenda kurudyi mbiru mauto, apo kuruboshwe yaiva chinhambwe makiromita mana. Sezvo pakutanga zvakagadzirirwa, shongwe vaviri panguva imwe chete kupinda muguta. Zvisinei, nokuda kururama vakagadzirira makadhi ivo chete akakura vega. Around one o'clock chikuru mbiru akasvika muguta. Pakarepo, ivo vakarwiswa vokuTurkey mberi dzakabatana kuti akatora Plevna chete maawa mashomanana. A kurwisana yakatanga, iyo yakura imwe atirari duel.

Schilder-Shuldner haana pfungwa pamusoro zviito mbiru yoruboshwe, saka, akarayira kuti abve shelled zvinzvimbo uye musasa. Kuruboshwe-ruoko mbiru pasi murayiro Kleyngauza akasvika muguta kubva Grivitsa. It wakatumwa Cossack njere. mauto mazana maviri vakanga mberi murwizi nechinangwa ubanguranyika misha pedyo uye nhare pacharo. Zvisinei, paakanzwa ruzha rokurwa, ivo vakadzokera shure yavo.

tsamwisa

Night musi July 8, kwakasarudzwa kurwisa. Grivitsa kudivi rakasvika kuruboshwe mbiru. Mukuru navazhinji varume vakaenda kuchamhembe. The chikuru zvinoshandiswa Osman Pasha vaiva pedyo nomusha Opanets. Pamusoro pavo pamberi makiromita anosvika matatu akapota nezana Russian. Nokuda dzakaderera Schilder-Shuldner akarasikirwa kukwanisa kwake kuita. Hondo dzake dzinondiunganira vaifanira kuenda Kurwisa. Nenguva shanu o'clock mangwanani akatanga atirari gadziriro. Vanguard yakatanga kudenhwa Russian Bukovlek uye maawa maviri vakagogodza kunze vokuTurkey. Inoenda Pleven wakavhurwa. Arkhangelogorodskaya hondo vakaenda huru bhatiri nomuvengi. Masoja vakapfurwa chinhambwe kubva atirari nzvimbo pakati kuvaOttoman. Osman Pasha aiziva kuti nhamba ukuru kurutivi rwake uye akapa kuti counterattack. Under kumanikidzwa vokuTurkey regiments maviri vakatamira mumupata. General yakumbira kutsigirwa mbiru yoruboshwe, asi muvengi wakanga mberi zvakare kutsanya. Naizvozvo Schilder-Shuldner akarayira munhu dzokera shure.

Kurova vamwe parutivi

Panguva iyoyowo Kridener mberi kubva Grivitsa. At o'clock nhanhatu mangwanani (apo huru mauto akatotanga kugadzirira atirari) Caucasian Corps akarova rworudyi parutivi vari Turkish kudzivirira. Pashure kusingachamisiki kurwisa hweOttoman Cossacks mune kunyonganiswa vakatanga kutizira munhare. Zvisinei, panguva achitora chinzvimbo muna Grivitsa Schilder-Shuldner kare vakadzokera shure. Naizvozvo akasiya mbiru vakanga tsauka dzavo yepakutanga nzvimbo. Kutora Plevna mauto eRussia akanga akamira pamwe rinorema nezvinhu zvokusazovapozve. Zvikuru sei kubudikidza kushaya uchenjeri uye zveufende mhinduro General.

Preparation ane tsamwisa itsva

Pashure kundikana kurwisa vakatanga kugadzirira kuti kurwiswa itsva. Mauto Russian vakagamuchira yakawanda vavabatsire. Profit aifamba nemabhiza uye atirari dzakabatana. The guta rakanga rakapoteredzwa. Zvakatanga zvokuongorora migwagwa yose, kunyanya vatungamiriri vari Lovcen. Kwemazuva akawanda, iye aiitisa ushori mune simba. Constant Exchange remoto inzwiwe masikati uye usiku. Zvisinei, zvakanga zvisingaiti kuti kuziva nhamba hweOttoman ravarwi muguta.

Kurwisa itsva

Apo kugadzirira Russian kurwisa, vokuTurkey nokukurumidza akavaka masvingo. Construction kwakaitika ezvinhu enyika kuperevedza zviridzwa uye kugara bombardments. July nemisere vakatanga nokumwe kudenhwa. Kutora Plevna Russian Zvaizoreva kurasikirwa hondo. Naizvozvo, Osman Pasha akarayira vanhu vake kuti varwe kusvikira rufu. The Kurwisa yakanga pakurukurwa atirari gadziriro refu. Masoja vakamhanyira kurwa pachiuno maviri. Mauto pasi murayiro Kridener akakwanisa akakunda wokutanga kudzivirira. Zvisinei, pedyo redoubt vakanga vakasangana nevanhu makura pfuti moto. Pashure reropa musazonetsanazve Russian aifanira kufamba shure. Skobelev akarwisa kuruboshwe parutivi. Varwi vake vakatadza kupaza kudzivirira mutsara vokuTurkey. Kurwa rwakatora zuva rose. By manheru, vokuTurkey yakatanga counteroffensive uye akadzinga masoja Krindera kubva yacherwa dzavo. Russian aifanira shure zvakare. Pashure kukundwa ichi, hurumende akakumbira kubatsirwa Romanians.

blockade

Mushure vasvike Romanian mauto blockade uye kubatwa pakati Plevna akava chisingadzivisiki. Naizvozvo, Osman Pasha akasarudza kuvhuna kubva nhare rakakombwa. Matatu pakutanga August mauto ake akaita zvisingakuvadzi. Pashure paizvozvo, huru mauto kubva muguta uye yakarova pedyo boka ravarwi. Pashure hondo pfupi, vakakwanisa kuvaparadzanisa Russian, uye kunyange andobata chimwe bhatiri. Zvisinei, vavabatsire akazviratidza nguva mune ramangwana. Melee dzakatevera. The vokuTurkey vakaputsanya uye vakatizira kuguta, vachisiya muhondo anoda kusvika gumi zana varwi vavo.

Rakakwana kukombwa zvakanga zvakakodzera kukomba Lovcen. Zviri kuburikidza vokuTurkey yake vakagamuchira vavabatsire uye zvokudya. The guta maigara Turkish mauto uye ebetsero dzakabatana bashi-bazouks. Vanoita rakaisvonaka basa pamwe kuri akavhiyiwa pamusoro rehurumende vakawanda, asi nokukurumidza vakasiya nzvimbo panguva tarisiro rokusongana nehondo dzose. Saka, kana musi 22 Nyamavhuvhu, Russian akarwisa guta, vokuTurkey atiza ikoko pasina zvakawanda nemishonga. Mushure kubatwa kweguta vakatanga kukombwa uye kubatwa pakati Plevna akanga chete nyaya nguva. To vavabatsire Russian akasvika. Kwakachengetwa vakagamuchira uye Osman Pasha.

The kubatwa zviri nhare Pleven: December 10, 1877

Pashure denderedzwa guta rizere vokuTurkey wakatemwa kubva kunze nyika chose. Osman Pasha vakaramba kuzvipira uye akaramba kusimbisa nhare. Panguva iyi muguta rokupotera 50,000 vokuTurkey pamusoro Russian uye Romanian masoja 120 zviuru. Around guta rakanga rakavakwa yokukomba masvingo. Nguva nenguva Plevna atirari kutokonora. The vokuTurkey dzakaguma zvokudya uye zvombo. Mauto akatambura chirwere uye nzara.

Osman Pasha akasarudza kuputsa kubva kukombwa, tichiziva kuti kunotozongoita nokukurumidza kubatwa pakati Plevna. Budiriro musi wakaiswa kuti December 10. Mangwanani Turkish mauto yakasimbiswa makazara ari nhare akatanga kumedura muguta. Asi munzira kuva Little Russian uye Siberian pasherufu. Asi kuvaOttoman vakauya zvakapambwa uye yakakura mukwende. Chokwadi, zviri yakaoma maneuverability. Mushure kurwa, kunzvimbo ine budiriro vakatumwa vavabatsire. Chokutanga, vokuTurkey vakakwanisa kukanda mberi mapoka, asi pashure kurwiswa parutivi akatanga shure kune pamapani. Mushure kuwanikwa muzvinyorwa atirari muhondo vokuTurkey akamhanya zvisiri zvenguva dzose, uye pakupedzisira mapfumo.

Pashure pokukunda uku, General Skobelev akarayira kupemberera December 10 sezvo Zuva Military History. Manotsi Plevna muBulgaria uye munguva yedu. Somugumisiro kukunda iyi, vaKristu ndikabvisa pakudzvinyirirwa Muslim.