Ndezvipi nebudiriro Russian nesayenzi pakutanga kwezana remakore rechi20? Zvakawanikwa nesayenzi remakore rechi20

Kusiya Stone Age mumapako, nzanga yevanhu kwapfuura nzira huru hwepfungwa uye mumudzimu kukura. Izvi akabvumira vanhu kuti vagare pasi panguva kombiyuta sefa uye kutaura mumwe chero kure, dawo zvakavanzika zvakasikwa uye kuti atumire chitundumusere-musere kune dzimwe nyika dzomuchadenga. Izvi zvakaitwa zvinogoneka tichitenda sainzi, hwakasikwa uye kugadzirwa mazhinji.

Historical budiriro

Science muRussia pamberi Peter Mukuru yekudyidzana lagged seri European. Izvi imhaka kuti magariro zvechadenga State uye zviduku zvaiitwa Byzantium.

Wokutanga basa kwemasvomhu muRussia yekare yakatangwa 1136 mumongi Kirik. Zvishoma akazozviratidza shanduro mabhuku kufunga uye svomhu cosmography.

Science sezvo pasocial sangano rakamuka nyika yedu pasi Peter I. Maiva munguva kwake, muna America uye kuSiberia akatuma rwendo wokutanga Vasily Tatishchev uye Vitus Bering.

1724 aizivikanwa pakuvhurwa St. Petersburg Academy of Sciences. Basa sangano iri akakoka masayendisiti European vanozivikanwa zhinji. Kunokosha nokuda kukura wokuRussia nesayenzi vaiva mabasa uye mabasa Academician Mikhail Lomonosov.

1755 anonzi musi nheyo Moscow University. Nhoroondo Russian sayenzi zvino vakagamuchira itsva kumativi okukura. Hakunyanyi akazotevera mumayunivhesiti vakanga nheyo muna Dorpat (1802), mu Vilna (1803), muna Kharkov uye Kazan (1804), St. Petersburg (1819). Nechekare mukupera kwezana remakore rechi19. sezvamunoita dzavo dzechiJudha Kiev, Warsaw, Odessa uye Tomsk masangano ichi mhando.

Scientific vepamusoro muRussia vaiva:

- Mathematics (ARMENIA Lobachevsky, M. V. Ostrogradsky and him.);
- Physics (A. S. Popov, AG Stoletov);
- mushonga (D. I. Mendeleev, AM Butlerov, N. N. Zinin and him.);
- Vanachiremba (S. P. Botkin Ni Pirogov);
- kare (NM Karamzin, V. O. Klyuchevsky).

Pakutanga kwezana remakore rechimakumi maviri

Iyi yakanga dzinoratidzwa kubudikidza Kushandurwa agrarian Russia mugomba simba maindasitiri mamiriro. zvinhu avo, izvo yaiitisa hurumende, kukwezvwa kunyika guru. MuRussia, takatanga nesimba kuva nharaunda siyana maindasitiri, uyewo kuchiteshi indasitiri.

Nechekare kuwedzera tsika yakatanga kupera rechigumi nemapfumbamwe remakore, mapurani, mabhuku, etc. The nesayenzi pakutanga remakore rechi20 akasvikawo chinokosha yepamusoro. Panguva iyi, kwaiva chimurenga chaiye rwokuzvarwa nesayenzi, aiva mukuru kukosha kukura kwenzanga. Major zvinowanikwa nesayenzi remakore rechi20, akaita iyi, zvakakonzera ndeichi pfungwa kuripo pamusoro evanhu nyika.

The kusikwa nesayenzi uye michina nzanga

Zvakawanikwa nesayenzi remakore rechi20 pre-echimurenga Russia vakaitwa kuti basa madenderedzwa siyana kuonga. Ekupedzisira iri nharaunda duku, yaisanganisira vanotsvakurudza kwete chete, vanoita, asi nechido amateurs. Kune makirabhu kubva mipiro nhengo dzayo uye private mipiro. Vamwe nzanga, hurumende dzinounzwa map makuru.

Mukuwedzera zvokurapa uye okurima, metallurgia uye botanical, nenzvimbo, panyama uye kemikari iripo muchivande yeChina yesayenzi. Muenzaniso uyu anogona kuva Society of Astronautics. Nhengo dzayo dzaiva remangwana masayendisiti zvikuru remakore rechi20 - Tsiolkovsky, Korolev, uye vamwe.

makirabhu zvose izvi dzaiva nzvimbo yokutsvakurudza uye pave ruzivo rwesayenzi pakati yevagari. Zvisinei, mupiro mukuru kuti paumbwe nyika ichiri nhengo kumeso uye mumayunivhesiti, iro mukati uye kubva apa muvanhu.

Kukura mushonga, genetics uye zvipenyu

Ndezvipi nebudiriro Russian nesayenzi pakutanga remakore rechi20 munharaunda iyi? Izvi zvinosanganisira chaiwo basa Academician I. P. Pavlova. Masayendisiti Russian vakadzidza physiology pamusoro zvomudumbu emuviri uye kumwoyo. Nokuti basa rake muna 1904, Pavlov akanga paakavapa Nobel Prize. The chete mubayiro muna 1908, akanga paakavapa I. I. Mechnikovu. musayendisiti wake akagashira kuti basa rake pamusoro zvirwere uye immunology. Mechnikov akadzidzawo mugumisiro dzakakwirira huta basa mukufamba vasiri kwendangariro. Zvichienderana ruzivo masayendisiti ave raparurwa dzidziso vakaumbwa hunenge.

Huro remakore rechi20 mumunda zvipenyu akava kurudziro huru kukura zvokurapa. Pakutanga remakore aizivikanwa kukura kubaya pamusoro chimbwamupengo, huku nekorera uye nechigwadara. Zvose izvi raiva zvokutsvakurudza youtachiona Louis Pasteur Institute muParis. Zvichienderana mabasa masayendisiti izvi kubva kunyika dzakawanda, kusanganisira Russia, akatungamirira pokumuka zviyero zvainanga kudzivirira uye kudzivirira zvirwere zvakasiyana-siyana.

A mupiro mukuru kuti kukura genetics akaita musayendisiti IV Michurin. Muvambi sayenzi ruminant miti yemichero aishanda Tambov mudunhu, mumba yake muguta Kozlov. Chinangwa chiitwa raiva rokuvandudza Russian zvitsva tsika mapindu. Pasinei nezvipingamupinyi kutarisana nayo, musayendisiti kuitwa basa rake.

Iye kwakasimbiswa rinoshanda nzira uye akaita yokungotaura mhedziso zvibereko zvakasiyana-siyana VaNefirimu kuti kujairika uye anobatsira zvivako vanhu.

Improvement emauto michina

Kukura munharaunda iyi vakabatsira kuti utsinye ari kutungamirira nyika munyika uye kuwedzera michina kuita. Nechekare mumakore 1911-1915 mainjiniya Russian AA Porokhovshchikov, Kuchibhotla Mendeleev uye AA Vasiliev akasika nekubatwa ari warrior motokari, iyo gare gare unonzi tangi wokutanga.

Zvigadzirwa uye zvakawanwa remakore rechi20 uye nhengo kusango avhiyesheni. Saka, kutanga ndege mauto akatora mugove anofambisa kuitwa 1911, Warsaw, St. Petersburg uye Kiev mudunhu. Muhondo, unyanzvi ichi yaishandiswa panguva Balkan hondo 1912-1913. Muna 1914, bhomba wokutanga rakagamuchirwa uto Russian, yainzi "Ilya Muromets".

Haana kutsauka avhiyesheni uye nezvikepe. Pano ushasha vaiva warrior hwemvura-zvikepe. Mumwe wokutanga pakati pavo aiva "Petr Veliky".

Kugadzirwa Machine

Zvesainzi remakore rechi20 kuRussia rinowanzoshandiswa vakazvigadzira basa achisimbisa nezvaanogona nemauto munyika. In munda uyu takaita zvinokosha kufambira mberi. Saka, muna 1916, zvombo mugadziri Fedorov yagadzirwa muchina wokutanga enyika. Nokuti ichi zvakanga zvakakodzera kuti kupfupisa Upfu nepfuti mharidzo muna 1913 uye kuti nekuita magazini yacho bhokisi, uyewo munhu mubato kuti nyore kupfura. Zvakaguma moto chokushandisa kuti nhasi ndiro hwaro inifanduri zvombo chero hondo munyika.

Kukura kemisitiri uye wefizikisi

Vazhinji zvinowanikwa nesayenzi remakore rechi20 munzvimbo iyi dzakaitwa muna Western Europe. Pamusana kwavari, kuti vanhu pamwe chiutsi injini vakatanga kutora pamusoro pezviri combustion injini. Zvisinei, nzira itsva huru mbishi mashoko kugadzirwa zvigadziriswe dzakadaro (mafuta) dzave dzichitaurwa masayendisiti aiti Russian.

VeMubatanidzwa injini zvikuru simba chakaita vaongorori kuti pfungwa kwezvisikwa ndege. Yokutanga kuedza kuputsa kumunda aeronautics vakasikwa remakore rechi19. Zvakange ipapo ndakaona chiedza airships uye Balloons.

Ndezvipi nebudiriro Russian nesayenzi pakutanga remakore rechi20 munharaunda iyi? In nyika yedu isu zvakasikwa zviviri mana-injini ndege akarova vomunguva dzavo anoyevedza saizi. Zvisikwa zvavo vaishanda mainjiniya akadai I. Sikorsky uye V. G. Lutskoy.

Huro remakore rechi20 mumunda avhiyesheni regai kugumira ipapo. The hunoshamisa Russian musayendisiti B. N. Yurev muna 1911 akazogadzira hweBazi kushandiswa paungano helicopters ano. Kombiyuta akabvumira Nzira kuumba yakakwirira unongotaura kugadzikana. helicopters izvi zvinogona vakavhiyiwa zvakanaka nokuda zvavo vezvikepe. Kukura nesayenzi muzana remakore rechi20 mumunda neherikoputa dzateyiwa chaizvo Yuriev.

Panguva imwe chete iyoyo, vakaberekwa kwakatangira astronautics ano. zvakawanwa Major remakore rechi20 munzvimbo iyi zvakaitwa mudzidzisi Kaluga jimunasiyamu Nugget KE Tsiolkovsky. Muna 1903 akabudisa penya mabasa, izvo kunoratidza zvingangoita nzvimbo kutiza.

Ndezvipi nebudiriro Russian nesayenzi pakutanga remakore rechi20 pasango wefizikisi? Izvi kuwanikwa mukuru mitemo kuri maitiro chinozunguzirwa (remagetsi, acoustic, etc.). Vakanga dzakatangwa inozvikudza yefizikisi P. N. Lebedevym.

Mukuru Zvakawanikwa iri nesayenzi remakore rechi20 vakaitwa V. I. Vernadskim. musayendisiti ichi chakazozivikanwa munyika mushure Bhuku Encyclopedic mabasa ake, ayo akanga hwaro kukura Newest nezvemaitiro radiology, geochemistry uye nemakemikari omuviri. basa Vernadsky wacho noosphere uye biosphere vari kwakatangira ikoroji ano.

Kugadzirwa mukwende parachuti

Muna 1910, GE Kotelnikov akashanyira All-Russia mutambo yakatsaurirwa kuna aeronautics. Zvava rimwe zvapupu nezvorufu mutyairi L. Matsievich. Kotelnikov akanga asiri anogadzira, uye mutambi. Zvisinei, rufu mutyairi saka nehana iye kuti papera gore iye akazogadzira parachuti RK-1, Evhangeri yemvura noMweya ndiyo yapfuura mazano.

Dome senzira ruponeso uye yamboshandiswa balloonists. Zvisinei RC-1 wakanyanya tsindirana. Mukuwedzera, parachuti razova kunobvumirwa njodzi mhinduro Unit, nguva dzose ari pasi rwake. Nezvipfuramabwe mazibota uye RK-1 vakaiswa emapuranga bhegi rokutanga, iyo gare gare chikatsiviwa aruminiyamu. Pazasi bhokisi chitubu akaronga Kotelnikov. Panguva yakakodzera parachutist kudhonza rin'i. Panguva iyi, tsime anovhura bhokisi pakavha uye kukandwa kunze rising. Pari kuvamba ichi vari parachutists rose.

The pakuonekwa TV

Russian nesayenzi muzana remakore rechi20 nyika chaauya chakatangwa kuti akava nguva yokutanga. Muna 1907, Purofesa Institute of Technology, riri muSt Petersburg, B. L. Rozingom nyaya bvumidzwa kushanda kuti "nzira nokuda zvemagetsi kupararira mifananidzo yakasiyana uye zvavo womuchato achishandisa cathode Ray chubhu."

Mumatsutso 1910 musayendisiti pachena mushumo pamusangano yeRussian Technical Society, umo iye akataura pamusoro penyaya amire munzira terevhizheni. Rosing akavimbisa kuti kushandisa kwakadaro mano zvinofanira kushandiswa Erekitironi danda. Chinonyanya chinoshamisa ndechokuti mhedziso iyi yakasvika munguva apo zvemagetsi sezvo bhizimisi rakanga richiri kuchangotanga. On terevhizheni akasika hurongwa Rosing akapiwa Russian bvumidzwa wokutanga, uye pashure - the German, Chirungu uye American.

Zvakawanikwa mu jogirafi

Ndezvipi nebudiriro Russian nesayenzi pakutanga remakore rechi20 kudzidza kurongeka nyika? Panguva iyi akaenda Oceania uye North Africa, East uye Central Asia. Mumwe nomumwe wavo Kunoonekwa nokuva yose rakashama. Zvinokosha achiti nenzvimbo nesayenzi pakutanga remakore rechi20, yakanga yakavakirwa nokubudirira yaunganidzwa vaongorori Russian.

Paumbwe USSR

Science muRussia yeSoviet akapa nyika dzakawanda zvakawanwa makuru uye kubudirira mune zvakasiyana pazvinoitwa kwevanhu. Kunyange zvavo cursory Pachikamu inoratidza budiriro kwave nemasayendisiti.

Nokubudirira nemasayendisiti Soviet vakaita guru basa National upfumi kukura. Muchiitiko chino, kwakavakirwa vari akasika ichangoburwa panguva iyoyo maindasitiri, zvose tarakita uye avhiyesheni, motokari uye simbi. Zvakabuda pakutsvakurudza zvaiita kuti vave kugadzirwa chakaita zvokugadzirwa rabha, gwenya huni, etc.

Nokubudirira vakawana zvipenyu, unogona kusangana nematambudziko zvokudya uye chiedza maindasitiri, uye kurima. Uyezve, ongororo zvakakonzera dzoutano mberi uye zvokurapa zvekutepfenyura.

MuSoviet Union guru tsvakurudzo mapurogiramu kunge muAtlantic. Dzakazonaka itsva tsvakurudzo Kudya. Saka, muna 1934, Vavilov akavamba Physics Institute, Academy of Sciences, munguva imwe chete kwakatangwa Institute of Organic Chemistry. 1937 - gore nheyo Institute of Geophysics. basa rake rakanga zvakaramba physiologist Pavlov uye mwene Michurin. Somugumisiro zvidzidzo achiitiswa masayendisiti akaita dzakawanda matongo mune anoranga siyana. Zvisinei, mumakore udzvanyiriri zvedzidzo zvinogona wehurumende inorema kwaitwa.

ari yepashure pehondo

The kumutsidzirwa nesayenzi eSoviet muna 1950, kutsvakurudza mabasa Academy of Sciences akatungamirira mumakore aya. Academy of Sciences yadzorerwa, uye zvose chinoda nyika. Izvi zvaiita kuti kutora patents uye kushandisa masimba pamusoro mari mari dzinounzwa neHurumende kuti bhora ichi.

Nechekare nepakati vamakumi mashanu, kufarira muchadenga kudziongorora. Munzvimbo iyi, nhamba iri kuwedzera masayendisiti. Kune dzinokosha mabhuku uye mano mu Africa. Izvi zvose zvinoitwa nemaune nokuda dzidzo remasayendisiti vaduku.

1957 akauya kutekenyedzwa chaiye munyika nesayenzi. Raiva gore kushanda wokutanga kubata Pasi Satellite. Country tichishandisa achangobva vakuvara muhondo zvinotyisa, kwete chete akatangazve ayo sayenzi mukana, asi rava mutungamiri mberi sayenzi. chiitiko ichi akazarura mutsva nguva vanhu uye panguva imwecheteyo aiva mavambo "nzvimbo rudzi" pamwe United States, izvo ndisingadi vanotanga kusavimba yayo yose.

Muna 1959, Satellite Soviet yakarova mwedzi. Izvi richangobva upgraded mukurumbira reRussia munyika munharaunda. Nechekare mukutanga sixties, Soviet Union akava rechipiri shure US superpower munyika. America ndokuwana nyika yedu chete wavo hupfumi zvinogona.

April 12, 1961, paiva neimwe chiitiko incredible, izvo kare akarondedzerwa mumabasa ake yokunyepera. On nhasi, munhu wokutanga munhau kwakatangwa muchadenga uye vakadzokera Earth.

Mumakore 80 munyika yedu takatanga kukura uye kugadzirwa kwezvinhu zvemagetsi zvemazuva ano makombiyuta - makombiyuta. nzira iyi yaiva chiine regai kugara chivako yose uye makamuri. Ndivo apo Soviet Union yakawandisa zvesayenzi yezvinoreva yakakura zviwanikwa makore, ndizvo chegumi ehurumende bhajeti. Izvi asingagoni kuwana, hapana nyika munyika.

Pakati yakakura nhamba kuongorora kwesayenzi kuitwa Russia, kune vazhinji avo vane uye kuramba achiri kuchikosha kukanganisa zvesayenzi uye kugadzira zvinhu mberi munyika munharaunda. Tiri kutaura zvakawanda mune zvesayenzi namakemikari, utachiona, panyama uye ouinjiniya. Izvi zvinosanganisira yawanikwa Chiitiko pakati paramagnetic resonance E. K. Zavoyskim. The rinokosha muchinangwa nemasayendisiti Russian uye kugadzirisa nyaya renyukireya.