Operon - chii ichi?

была впервые предложена Ж. Моно и Ф. Жакобом. Operon womuenzaniso yakatanga wakatangwa na J. Monod uye F. Jacob. Muna 1961 ivo akaongorora pezvakaitwa chokuita kukura E. coli masero. Kunyanya takadzidza zvigadziriswe nokudzora DNA zvikamu yeEncoding kuti mukaka shuga (lactose).

tsananguro

Monod naJakobho aronga zano co-ordinated kudzora STRUCTURAL zvikamu DNA. Masayendisiti akaitumidza zita "operon". схемы следующий. Nheyo mudzimu redunhu riri sezvinotevera. Urongwa boka DNA sequences yeEncoding polypeptides zviri chokuita mumwe operatively nemauto zvinhu zviviri. Chokutanga controller, uye wechipiri - the opareta. The yokupedzisira anomiririrwa nucleotide kutevedzana yakabatana migove pehurumende STRUCTURAL. Kana puroteni-compressor, kuomerera kwayo kusvikira opareta kuchaita kuvhara DNA transcription zviumbu anoita somunhu kudzora chigadzirwa. Izviwo, ari chinodiwa kuti paumbwe steric zvipingamupinyi kuti RNA polymerase remubatanidzwa chairo chikamu nditsigire. Zvapedzisira zvinokosha kutanga transcription. Zvimwe vachava zvakadaro, kana regulator anoita apoinduktor. Pakadaro, kubatana kwayo kusvikira opareta achasika ezvinhu nokuda transcription.

Specificity

последовательность ДНК, которая состоит из тесно сцепленных кодирующих участков, промотора и оператора. Operon - DNA kutevedzana kuti rinoumbwa titsigire Coding kumatunhu, nditsigire uye opareta. Kudzora chingashandiswa akaiswa pedyo kana pane imwe nechokure. Mutekenyi kazhinji pakati STRUCTURAL nzvimbo uye mutsigiri. Kune yakaderera-samolecular zvinhu, izvo zvinogona kudzorwa operon. в частности, эффекторы, которые являются индукторами или крепрессорами структурных участков, включенных в схему. Izvi, chaizvoizvo, effectors dziri inducers kana krepressorami STRUCTURAL zvikamu dziri mudunhu.

kupatsanura

Anonyengetedzwa kana vaidzvinyirirwa operon. зависит от характера влияния на их деятельность молекул-эффекторов. It zvinoenderana yezvakaita kukanganisa basa ravo effector mamorekuru. We vafurira zvivako izvozvo inobatanawo repressor kuburikidza ichivharira kunyorerana kuti opareta. Saizvozvowo, pane zvipingamupinyi kuti transcription ari STRUCTURAL zvikamu. называется негативной. chengetedzo kwakadaro anonzi kunaka operons. Zvisinei, mamiriro anogona kunokonzerwa zvakanaka kuzvidzora. Panyaya iyi, kuti effector runokusunganidzai kuti pamutemo mapuroteni Morekuru, simba apoinduktor kwayo. Kubatana opareta, runoita kuti transcription. Izvi kuzvidzora mhando kuita uye kuremekedza vaidzvinyirirwa ezvirevo. Kana akaipa murau, effector, sevapristi corepressor, chokuita nemunhu akaneta repressor uye zvaanopa simba nayo. Somugumisiro, yokupedzisira pfuma kukwanisa Dock pamwe opareta, nokudaro ichivharira transcription. Kana zvakanaka kuzvidzora, ndichisunga kunoitika pamwe kushingaira apoinduktorom. kunzwisisa Izvi hazvigoni kwakabatana kuti opareta. Somugumisiro, zvikamu STRUCTURAL havana transcribed.

zvakawanikwa

In akaipa kuzvidzora, saka effector runosunganidza repressor, zvichiita inactivation kana activation. Saizvozvowo, vakafurira kana vaidzvinyirirwa transcription yacho operon. Kana zvakanaka kuzvidzora, kubatana akaita kuti apoinduktoru. Izvi zvinobvumira kana zvinogumbura transcription. Mugumisiro kunobva fomu iyo anowana kana vasiyana effector apoinduktor.

The nemamiriro operon E.coli

In E. coli pane chivako chine kugona ichivira lactose. Chinosanganisira nditsigire uye opareta matatu STRUCTURAL DNA mugove. Coding kufumura gengalaktozidaza makemikari galaktozidpermeaza, tiogalaktozidtransatsetilaza. Nokuti mumwe nomumwe wavo ane yayo Gene. The operon zvinosanganisira migove Lac Z, Lac A, Lac Y. Origin inofananidzira gengalaktozidazu catalyzing kuti lactose kuti shuga uye galactose. Lac Y interacts pamwe galaktozidpermeazoy. enzayemu ichi zvinopa chokufambisa kuti shuga siyana. Lac A inofananidzira tiogalaktozidtransatsetilazu. Zvisinei, basa rayo, haisi pachena muitiro kugova shuga mukaka. Kazhinji, vose mapuroteni inowanikwa masero Escherichia coli coli mune chero mari. Zvisinei, kana akura kwaro ezvinhu, apo bedzi kabhoni uye simba bhuku anoita lactose, makemikari nhamba rinokura 1000 nguva.

constitutive kwetunhu

включает в себя структурный участок lac 1. Им кодируется белок-репрессор. Lactose operon kunosanganisira STRUCTURAL mugove Lac 1. encoded repressor mapuroteni. In yezviri mamiriro, ndiko tetramer, riri kuumbwa makopi zvina mugove Lac 1 - a polypeptide dzine ane 360 amino acids. Masero pamwe nokuchinja Gene ichi pamusoro kwetunhu constitutive mapuroteni encoded Lac Z, Y uye A. In iyi, zvinokwanisika kana hapana chete kunotouraya ari repressor, asi mashoko. kuchinja akadaro nguva dzose Kishi-zvakazara. Izvi imhaka ndechokuti opareta, kusiyana munhu repressor, inogona kuchinjwa mukana transcription chete kana iri pedyo napedyo kusvika nditsigire. Kana chipo muchitokisi Kutemeswa yeimwe wazvinouya aine opareta ari makwikwi nokuda repressor Morekuru.

inductors

Vangave kwokubatana akasiyana. Lactose anoita zvose sechinopiwa inducer uye somunhu substrate. In masero uye pasina vakafurira residual enzayemu basa yeimwe zvinopa mukana kupinda pakati lactose iri zviduku zvizhinji. Somugumisiro pakati CATALYTIC maitiro lactose iri kuva allolactose. Iyewo, runokusunganidzai kuti repressor uye chinokurwadzai kubva rurege akochonorwa kubva opareta. Izvi zvinoita RNA polymerase kuti nditsigire dhoku. Izvi achatanga transcription pamusoro Lac Z, A uye Y. Compounds kuita chete sezvo inductors, IPTG uye TMG anoshandiswa kudzidza kudzora munhu lactose operon.

Kutsigira chiito zvinhu

kuziviswa kwavo kunokonzerwa diauksiey. Musimboti Fani iyi ndechokuti Utilisation ose lactose kunotanga chete pashure kushandisa zvose anowanika shuga iri svikiro. Diauksiya - mumwe kuratidzwa catabolite udzvanyiriri. Izvi zvinozivikanwa kubva shuga 40s. rokupedzisira remakore. It runoratidzwa E. coli nekusagona catabolize makabhohaidhiretsi siyana pamberi shuga. Iyewo, anoita somunhu rikurumidze rine simba.

The mashandiro anoitwa

Zvinogona decipher Pastan uye Perlman. Vakawana zvinhu zviviri kuti vari transcribed lac- operon. небольшая молекула-эффектор – цАМФ (циклический аденозинмонофосфат) и белок-активатор катаболизма САР. Ichi duku Morekuru effector - Camp (cyclic adenosine monophosphate) uye activator mapuroteni catabolism MAD. In eukaryotes, wokutanga anoita somunhu murevereri kemikari chiito. It Vakawana kuti kuwedzera kumisasa E. coli masero, muchikura ezvinhu pamwe pamberi shuga, decelerates kwayo kumhanya, asi chinobviswa catabolic udzvanyiriri. Izviwo, hunokonzera mukana kutaura Lac-operon ari mawa pamberi shuga uye lactose. Kwapera nguva yave imwe Ivan Kuchin ukama. Basa enzayemu Camp usage hwakaipa ne shuga.

mhedziso

Transcription of operon riri pasi hunyambiri kuzvidzora - kunaka uye zvakanaka. Chivharo-musasa yakaoma inoita RNA polymerase kubatanidza kuti template DNA asati kugadzira. Pari, masayendisiti deciphered wakakwana nucleotide cheni yacho pamutemo munharaunda Lac-operon, umo pane opareta uye mutsigiri. Uyezve, muna 1969, akanga dzinounzwa zvayo yakachena DNA chomudziyo chine Lac 1 nditsigire uye zvakazara opareta urongwa, Lac Z uye Lac Y. chomudziyo In pakudzidza zvakanzi vakawana kuti basa rinokosha iri kukurukurirana pamusoro multimeric mapuroteni pamwe DNA runobva zvakafanana, ichibata hurongwa - palindrome . The Lac-operon opareta vavo chipo 26. Panguva iyoyo 14 vacho vakasiyana specificity. ngetani siyana Vakaverenga chete asi negwara. Palindrome kuzivikanwa muna nditsigire mugove uye kuwadzana kuzvivako kwomusasa-chivharo.