Paleontology - Science ndiko? Chii kudzidza paleontology?

Palaeontology - sayenzi kuti vanodzidza zvinhu marongerwo uye basa zvipenyu yaivapo Geological kare, akachengetedzwa zvisaririra, chinotevera upenyu uye oryctocoenoses.

ano paleontology

Rinogonawo kurondedzerwa se sayenzi runotaura kudzidza zvose iripo tsvakurudzo kuratidzirwa upenyu kare kwezvakatipoteredza nguva upenyu panguva pazvinhanho zvose (muviri, vagari, biogeocoenosis).

Chinhu kutsvakurudza kunoratidza kuti palaeontology - ndiyo imwe sainzi zvipenyu, riri pedyo ukama zvemaumbirwo, zvaakatadzisa vakashandisa chaizvo migumisiro pakutsvakurudza uye panguva imwe chete anoshanda sechinhu chinokosha yokuwana mashoko pamusoro upenyu kwezvakatipoteredza. Hazvina ukama ichi uye anosarudza pakururama paleontology, iyo inocherechedza pamwe nevamwe zvinhu zviri shanduka kwezvinhu zvakasikwa kurarama kure Geological kare.

Chinangwa uye zvinangwa

Sezvambotaurwa, sainzi kudzidza paleontology yakatotsakatika zvipenyu vaigara Geological kare. Ndicho chinangwa kudzidza kunosanganisira kujekeswa zvose zvinobatanidzwa chokuvapo kwavo. Izvi, chaizvoizvo, mamiriro (Morphology) uye taxonomy; aparadzirwe muchadenga uye nguva; nzira uye mitemo-shanduka; mararamiro uye zvakatipoteredza.

mabasa All kunoenderana mumwe. Saka, basa kudzidza morphological zvinhu haisi mugumo pachawo asi hwakada kufanana systematization ezvinhu zvipenyu. Kunyatsoteerera nesayenzi yezvinhu hazvigoni kuvakwa pasina pakudzidza shanduka chokuita uye nzira dzakaitika kukura mhuka uye chirimwa nemapoka hazvigoni kurondwa pasina ruzivo pamusoro Serial nzvimbo zvasara avo akaturikidzana uye matambudziko kwezvakatipoteredza zvinhu pamusoro zvinenge. Functional ongororo zvinopa nzwisiso mararamiro nokuda Morphology zvisikwa. Saka, chokupedzisira uye chinokosha basa palaeontology - ndiko kuziva shanduka ari makemikari nyika munhoroondo shanduka Pasi.

kupatsanura

Palaeontology - sayenzi yakatotsakatika zvipenyu-siyana mavambo. chokuratidza ichi uye matongosika vaiita kupatsanura, uye akazivisa kuvapo madhipatimendi akawanda:

• Paleozoology achidzidza zvisaririra zviri zvipenyu mhuka. Iyewo, iri muzvikamu zviviri: chokutanga anoongorora invertebrates vekare, uye wechipiri - rekare vertebrate.
• Paleobotanist akazvipira kuti kudzidza Zvisaririra zvinomera. In ayo mamiriro ane subsidiaries zhinji Sciences. paleoalgologiya ichi (kudzidza Zvisaririra algae), uye paleopalynology (kudzidza zvisaririra zviri mukume yekare uye spores zvinomera), uye zvichingodaro. D.
• Paleomycology. The chinhu kudzidza kwake vari zvisaririra zviri notumwe.
• Micropalaeontology. Iri ndiro bumbiro remitemo zita rinoshandiswa kana toreva kudzidza zvasara zvipenyu yekare (benthic majemusi, ostracods, siyana zooplankton uye phytoplankton, mabhakitiriya).
• Paleoecology Zvidzidzo kubatana kwakaita zvipenyu yaivapo kure kare, pamwe nemumwe uye zvakavapoteredza pamusoro kutambudzwa vanhu uye zvinhu zvipenyu.
• Paleobiogeography kufunga mitemo nzvimbo zvipenyu yekare pedyo chokuita Kushanduka mwaka, tectonics, uye vamwe.
• Biostratinomy uye taphonomy vari kudzidza kupararira avaiita uye kuvigwa yekare inogara.

Nhoroondo paleontology: zvinyorwa

Kududzirwa ruzivo pamusoro hunhu chinyorwa chinhu mutero Chinese uye zvakasikwa European Renaissance. Muzana XVII remakore, masayendisiti maviri (N. Steno, R. Hooke) anenge panguva, pasina mumwe kekutanga vanotanga kutaura nokutsakatika kwemarudzi. A MV Lomonosov makore zana pashure anovandudza maonero avo vamutangira, zvichireva kuti zvakasikwa zviri nedanho raro inotungamirwa paiva chenguva shanduka chinja.

pfungwa idzi kuisa mberi uye masayendisiti dzimwe nyika: kune French Buffon uye J. Soulavie, Briton John Hutton ..

Kunyatsogona paleontology akatanga kuumba, apo pakutanga ari XIX remakore W. Smith akakwanisa kupembedza mashandiro kuona makore Geological idzodzo kuva muenzaniso invertebrate zvisaririra uye kwaibva zvekungofungira dzavo, wokutanga Geological mepu munhau.

Paleontology sezvo kurangwa nesayenzi. Nhoroondo inotungamirwa

Mujinga rive chirango nesayenzi chinhu mutero kuna Georges Cuvier, uyo, shure rakadzika okufananidza anatomical kuongorora pfupa zvakasara mhuka yekare, chaizvoizvo akasika Vertebrate Paleontology.

Pashure mashoma emakore, nyanzvi yokuFrance Adolphe Brongniart akabudisa ake "History of Zvisaririra zvinomera." Nokudaro nheyo paleobotanists.

Palaeontology - sayenzi, yaimbonzi petromatognoziya. The kutaurwa zita iri rokutanga Mikoko kusvika pakutanga XIX remakore. Pakupedzisira, sayenzi akawana zita rake 1840s, apo wokuFrance D. Orbigny akatanga kushandisa izwi rokuti "paleontology" mumabhuku avo.

Kutaurirana nevamwe sayenzi

Paleontology - kurangwa nesayenzi kuti chokuita nedzimwe sayenzi zvoutachiona. ukama Izvi kunonyanya nokuda rushoma kushandisa nzira ukama sayenzi: vokuparidzira genetics, Makuriro zvipenyu, cytology, nemakemikari omuviri, biometrics nevamwe.

Kuitisa zvidzidzo Zvisaririra ano kunowanzoguma nokushandisa achangobuda maitiro kwakavakirwa kushandisa-siyana nemwaranzi, kuongorora makemikari, uye kushanda pakuvheneka Erekitironi microscopy uye t. D. Ratidza hwepedyo uye dzekuno kubva anoranga sezvo okufananidza anatomi, Morphology uye taxonomy nemhuka nezvirimwa dzakadaro. Kudiwa dzichipfekeka kuongorora uye kudzidza morphogenesis pakati skeletal Zvivako zvisaririra zvinoita interpenetration pakati paleontology, physiology, embryology, biomechanics.

Panguva ino Danho vave kuwedzera Links paleontology sayenzi zvemhoteredzo (biogeocenology, biogeography) nokuda kuunganidza yakawanda zvokunyama, vachibvumira vaite kuenzaniswa Kuongororwa yekare kare zvipenyu vachishandisa actualism nzira.