Revolution French: mutengo zvinokonzera, chikuru zviitiko, zvabuda

Remakore rechi18 anonzi kuva remakore rechiFrench Revolution. Sapakuparadzwa poumambo, Revolutionary kufamba uye mienzaniso kutyisa wakajeka akafukidza kunyange weropa Zviitiko 1917 October Revolution mune utsinye kwayo. The French vanosarudza kuramba vakanyarara mukunyadziswa uye nenzira dzose kuti romanticize ichi yenhoroondo kwayo. Kukosha French Revolution haagoni dzakanaka. Muenzaniso unoshamisa sei kupfuura ropa uye rinotyisa mhuka, disguising pachayo iri nguo rusununguko, kuenzana uye Fraternity, vakagadzirira kunyura fangs avo munhu, uye zita rake - Revolution.

MARARAMIRO OF THE kutanga chimurenga: yacho socio-zvoupfumi uye enyika dambudziko

Paakangogara pachigaro muna 1774, Louis XVI anogadza Robert Turgot General Finance Controller, asi zvakawanda zvinhu dzataurwa nokuda enyika ino akarambwa. Vakakwirira akanamatira zvakasimba ropafadzo dzavo, uye yesosaiti vose tsika mabasa mutoro unorema pamapfudzi wechitatu vevaGiriki, vamiririri iyo muFrance chakanga 90%.

Muna 1778, Turgot, kuhofisi unotsiva Nekker. Iye abolishes serfdom dzemadzimambo nzvimbo, kurwadziswa panguva Kubvunzurudzwa, ichikutadzisa dare mari, asi nezviyero izvi kwaingova donhwe mugungwa. Absolutism haabvumirwi kukudziridza zvavo-refu capitalist noukama munzanga. Naizvozvo, kuchinja zvoupfumi hurongwa kwaingova nyaya nguva. Akatora nzvimbo tichiwedzera upfumi dambudziko, chinoratidzwa kukura mitengo pasina kukura mukurima. Mitengo ikarova nesimba kupfuura vaitambura sectors vokuparidzira, zvakanga mumwe catalysts podstegnuvshih ikure echimurenga manzwiro munzanga.

muenzaniso wakanaka uye vakaratidza US hondo rusununguko, akafemera netariro echimurenga French. Kana isu kutaura pamusoro French Revolution, muchidimbu (uye zvekungofungira kuti yakura), zvinofanira kucherechedzwa, uye zvematongerwo dambudziko muFrance. Vakakwirira vaiona pachayo wakaiswa pakati padombo uye nzvimbo zvakaoma - Mambo navanhu. Naizvozvo nechisimba akadzikatidza ose zvakagadzirwa kuti, muna zvaaifunga, pangozi madiro uye zvavanosarudza. King akanzwisisa kuti zvakakosha kutora kanenge chinhu: France vasisa kurarama yekare nenzira.

The convening of States General 5 May 1789

nemakirasi matatu All zvinangwa zvavo uye zvinangwa. Mambo aitarisira kunzvenga pokuwa upfumi nokushandura mutero hurongwa. Vakakwirira - kuchengetedza nzvimbo yacho, kuchinja vainyatsoziva kudiwa. Vanhuwo zvavo, kana yechitatu wakare, vaitarisira kuti nyika States-General ichava nzvimbo dzavo dzinofunga pakupedzisira kunzwa. Swan, iyo crayfish uye Pike ...

Vanotyisa nharo uye nokukurukura nokuda rutsigiro rukuru nevanhu vakabudirira kuita nyasha Third Estate. 1200 inogara 610, kana kupfuura Kusungwa nevanhu vakawanda. Uye nokukurumidza vaiva mukana kuratidza simba ravo enyika. June 17 panguva nhandare kuti bhora mitambo vamiririri vanhu, kushandisa kuvhiringidzika uye vacillation pakati vafundisi uye vakakwirira, akazivisa pakusikwa National Assembly, achipika kwete yokubudisa kusvikira remitemo. Vafundisi uye kwamachinda dzaivatsigira. Wechitatu kuchamuka kwakaratidza kuti zvakakosha waongororwa.

Bastille

Kutanga French Revolution akacherekedza chiitiko chinokosha - kutora of Bastille. The French vanopemberera zuva ranhasi National zororo. Kana kare, pfungwa dzavo vakapesana: kune vatsoropodzi vanofunga kuti chero kuunganidza uye haana: ravarwi of nokuzvidira mapfumo pachake, uye zvose zvakaitika nokuda hanya revanhu. Pakarepo zvakafanira kujekesa zvimwe. Kutora zvakadaro, uye vakaurayiwa vari. vanhu vanoverengeka vakaedza kudzikisa zambuko, uye Akamukurudzira tsaona izvi. Ravarwi aigona kurwisa, aiva pfuti, uye ruzivo. Hapana kukwana zvokudya, asi nhoroondo anoziva mienzaniso umhare kudzivirira wakakombwa.

Pachishandiswa zvinyorwa tine zvinotevera: kubudikidza gurukota Finance Nekkera kuti mutevedzeri commandant wakakombwa Pyuzho vose vakataura pamusoro abolition of Bastille, apo kutaura neimwewo pfungwa. Njodzi akakurumbira wakakombwa-mujeri rakanga rakanamwa - uye saizvozvo kuti kuparadzwa. Asi nhoroondo vasingatongozivi SUBJUNCTIVE manzwiro: July 14, 1789 yaiva wokukundwa ari Bastille, uye ichi chakaratidza kutanga French Revolution.

yepamutemo umambo

Kutsunga vanhu France vakamanikidza hurumende kuti zvichemo. Cities makanzuru zvakachinjwa kuva Tauriranai - imwe hurumende yakazvimirira. wakakurumbira tricolor French - mutsva flag rakazoshandiswa. National Guard dzinotungamirirwa of Lafayette, uyo akava nomukurumbira pakati US Hondo Independence. The National Assembly vakatanga paumbwe hurumende itsva uye drafting ane bumbiro. August 26, 1789 vakatanga kushandisa "Declaration of Rights woMunhu uye Citizen" - anokosha gwaro iri munhoroondo French Revolution. Mariri akanzi dzinokosha kodzero uye rusununguko France idzva. Zvino munhu wose ane kodzero nehana uye kuramba nokudzvinyirirwa. Ndaigona kutaura pachena maonero avo uye kudzivirirwa kubva encroachments pamusoro chaiyo. Zvino vose vakanga vakaenzana pamberi mutemo uye vane zvakaenzana mitoro kuti mitero. Kukosha French Revolution chinoratidzwa ose mutsetse iyi mberi gwaro. Nepo nyika dzakawanda dzokuEurope vakaramba vanotambura evanhu kusaruramisira kunotangira vakasara Ages.

Kunyange zvazvo kuchinja 1789-1791 gg. zvinhu zvakawanda zvakachinja zvinoshamisa, kuitwa mutemo pamusoro kudzvinyirira upi kupandukira kunangana varombo. Zvinonzi zvakare rambidzwa kubatana mibatanidzwa mufambiro nenjodzi. Vashandi akanyengerwa zvakare.

September 3, 1891 bumbiro idzva rakazoshandiswa. Akapa kodzero dzokuvhota kune vashoma nhengo pakati strata. Kuunganidzwa idzva Legislative Assembly, vane nhengo aisagona kuzodzosera akasarudzwa. izvi zvose vakabatsira kuti radicalization chavagari uye nomukana kutyisa uye despotism.

Ngozi kwokunze nechisimba uye kuwa poumambo

England aitya kuti kuitwa yepamusoro kwezvoupfumi kunoparirwa kupesvedzera kuitwa France, saka zvose simba kugadzirira nechisimba Austria uye Prussia vakakandwa. Patriotic vokuFrance vakatsigira kudaidzwa kudzivirira nyika yokumusha kwavo. The National Guard wokuFrance waitsigira iya simba ramambo, kugadzwa zvokuvhoterwa uye kusarudza imwe kokorodzano yemarudzi itsva. Duke pamusoro Brunswick akapa Manifesto umo iye akataura vavariro dzake dzikambouya France uye kuparadza chimurenga. Kamwe Wakadzidza nezvazvo Paris, zviitiko French Revolution akatanga kukura nokukurumidza. August 10 vapanduki vakaenda Tuileries, uye kunokunda Swiss Guards, akasunga nomwe mambo. Rinobwinya vanhu zvaiiswa munhare Temple.

The hondo yaro nezvainoita chimurenga

Kutsanangura zvishoma French Revolution, zvinofanira kucherechedzwa kuti mafungiro munzanga French chinhu yainge kunovhengana nokusavimbana, kutya, kusavimba uye unovava. Lafayette akamhanya kwekumaodzanyemba nhare Longwy mapfumo pasina kurwa. Yakatanga rokuchenesa, kusungwa uye uremu vaiurayiwa nokutanga pakati Jacobins. Vakawanda Girondins muna Convention vakanga - avo sangano mupomerwi, uye kunyange pakutanga vakakunda. zvirongwa zvavo zvakanga zvakawanda: kubva zvibviswe dzeParis Tauriranai kuti kubatwa pakati Holland. Pakazosvika nguva France akanga hondo anenge yose Europe.

Personal kukakavadzana uye hadzimbotauri, kuchembera zvinodiwa mupenyu uye zvoupfumi blockade - pasi pokudzora izvi zvinoita kupesvedzera Girondins akatanga kupera, uye izvi zvakabatsira Jacobins. Kutengesa General Dumouriez aiva chikonzero chakakwana chokupomera hurumende vaidyidzana muvengi uye amubvise simba. Danton akatungamirira Komiti Public Safety - varikutonga simba rakanga kusimbiswa mumaoko Jacobins. Kukosha French Revolution uye nevatambi kuti icho rinomira, vakafirwa zvinoreva zvose. Kutyisidzirwa nechisimba dzakabviswa France.

kutya Apogee

France akanga achipfuura chimwe chezvinhu zvakaoma nguva munhoroondo yedu pachedu. hondo yake yakanga kuenda, kwakadziva kumadokero kuchinjwa Girondins akatungamirira rokumukira. Uyezve, vatsigiri vanoshingaira poumambo. Kufa Vanya Robespierre zvokuti akakatyamadza kuti anokushuvai chete ropa.

Public Safety Committee akapfuura mashandiro anoita hurumende - sefungu kutyisa napamusoro France. Pashure kuitwa murayiro June 10, 1794 ari kupomerwa zvakarambwa kodzero yokuzvidzivirira. Results of French Revolution, panguva udzvinyiriri pakati Jacobins -. Inenge vanenge zviuru 35 vakafa uye vanopfuura zviuru 120 kutiza muutapwa ..

kutya policies saka kunyura creators yayo, kuti zvokuvhoterwa, achizadzwa aivengwa, akauraya.

Napoleon Bonaparte

France akanga ropa chena nehondo yevagari vemo, chimurenga uye simba rayo kumanikidzwa uye kwakasimba. Zvose hwachinja: zvino kutambudzwa uye kushungurudzwa vakanga pasi pachavo Jacobins. tsvimbo yavo yakanga yakavharwa, uye Komiti Public Safety akarasika zvishoma nezvishoma simba. Convention, kuchengetedza zvido vaya makapfumiswa mumakore vechimurenga, nekusiyana, akasimbisa nzvimbo yake, asi nzvimbo yake akaramba chokwadi. Kushandisa ichi, kuti Jacobins kufanorongwa mumwe mutiny muna May 1795, kuti kunyange zvazvo akanga akaora mwoyo kwazvo, asi rwakaramba nokukurumidza pokufa Convention.

Mwero Republicans uye Girondins kusika dhairetori. France ari yakazoona yanyura mumadhaka uori, hunonyadzisa uye vakasasvika azere tsika. Imwe dzepamusorosoro inofananidza of Directory akanga Count Barras. Akataura Napoleon Bonaparte uye propelled naye kuburikidza panhengo nokutuma mu rutsigiro rwemauto.

Vanhu pakupedzisira vakarasikirwa nokutenda Directory uye ayo vatungamiriri vezvematongerwo enyika, uye izvi akatora Napoleon. November 9, 1799 rakaparidzirwa Consulate nzira. All Executive simba kusimbiswa mumaoko First Mumiriri - Napoleon Bonaparte. Mashandiro anoita vamwe vaviri consuls vaiva chete Advisory. The chimurenga iri pamusoro.

Zvibereko chimurenga

Results rechiFrench Revolution chinoratidzwa nokuchinja zvoupfumi hurongwa uye kuchinja socio-mamiriro ezveupfumi. The Church uye vakakwirira pakupedzisira akarasika vaimbova simba rayo uye simba. France rwendo ezvoupfumi njanji ose capitalism uye mberi. vanhu varo, hasha hondo uye nenhamo, ive uto simba kupfuura basa panguva iyoyo. Kukosha French Revolution iguru; mupfungwa pamarudzi mazhinji European akaumba nevatambi wakanyatsojeka uye hope rusununguko. Asi panguva imwe chete paiva kutya itsva uye echimurenga nenyonganyonga.