Simba resimbi: deposits, storage. Metallurgy of ferrous metals

Metare haisi kumbokanganiswa nekukosha kwezvinhu. Iyo inowanzoshandiswa muupenyu hwezuva nezuva uye mumhizha. Zvechokwadi, nhasi isu takagadzirira zvinhu zvakasiyana-siyana zvakasiyana-siyana, pamusana pezvinhu zvipi zvinowanikwa zvisingasviki muhutano kune zvigadzirwa. Zvisinei, hazvigone kushandiswa zvachose. Izvo zvakaoma kufungidzira masvingo nemasuo, kuveya, kuputika zvishongo, zvishandiso nezvimwe zvizhinji kubva mune chimwe chinhu.

Kunyange zvazvo plastiki, girasi, silicone, polyethylene uye polypropylene zvakanyatsopindira muupenyu hwemazuva ano hwevanhu, zvakaoma kutora chikamu chezvimwe zvikamu zvezvivakwa, zvikamu zvakawanda zvemotokari nemamwe motokari chero ipi zvayo kune mamwe masimbi. Yaro yakarurama kwete ipapo.

Metare muPeriodic Table

MuPeriodic System of Chemical Elements, simbi inotora nzvimbo inotungamirira. Pakati pezviito 117 zvinozivikanwa kusvika nhasi, zvinopfuura makumi mapfumbamwe nemapfumbamwe ndezvensimbi.Zvose izvi zvinokwana zvinhu zvakasiyana-siyana zvinovabvumira kutumirwa kune boka resimbi:

1. Simba rekutungamirira magetsi emagetsi.
2. Ivo vane utsi hwekutengesa.
3. Ductile, plastiki, inogona kuiswa mumashizha nematare (kwete zvose).
4. Iva ne sheen yekusara (kunze kwemhangura negoridhe).

Mukuwedzera kune zvinhu zvakajairika, chimwe nechimwe chakadai chakaita zvinhu zvakasiyana, izvo zvinoita kuti zvidikanwe zvakadaro.

Typology

Zvose zvesirivha sezvinhu zvisingadziviriki zvinogonawo kugoverwa mumakirasi matatu:

1. Black.
2. Vara.
3. Chinokosha.

Zvisimbi zvisingasviki ndezvose kunze kwekukosha uye simbi. Iko kuti, iyo mhangura, mercury, palladium, chromium, nickel, zinc, magnesium, calcium, aluminium, mutungamiri, tini nezvimwe zvakadaro.

Tsvina inotevera inotsanangurwa sesimbi inokosha:

• Sirivha;
• Ndarama;
• Platinum.

Simba resimbi - chii?

Chikoro ichi chinosanganisira:

• Iron nezvose zvayo zvinyorwa;
• Manganese;
• Chrome;
• Vanadium;
• Titanium;
• Actinides uye uranium (thorium, plutonium, neptunium nevamwe);
• Tungsten;
• Alkali yesimbi.

Iko ndiko kuti, kubva kune zvakasiyana-siyana zvezvinhu izvi, mugove wesimbi yesimbi inobata chikamu chiduku. Uye chaizvoizvo haisi iyo yakajairika (kunze kwesimbi) iri mumakumbo epasi uye matumbo.

Asi pasinei nekuti iyo simbi inoshandiswa inomiririrwa nekawanda kadiki yezvinhu, inowanikwa zvikuru uye yakazara mukugadzira nekugadzirisa. Kuwanda kwemishonga, zvikamu, zvigadzirwa zvinogadzirwa nesimbi uye zvinyorwa zvayo.

Metallurgy yesimbi inopisa yakakura zvikuru uye inoda nyika yose. Kuwedzera uye kugadziriswa kwesimbi - chimwe chezvinhu zvepamusoro zvekambani uye zvehupfumi munyika dzakawanda munyika, kusanganisira Russia.

Dope resimbi inopisa pasi

Simbi maererano nekutengesa ndeyokutanga pakati pezvinhu zvose zvesimbi. Iyo yakawanda yezvinhu zvakasikwa, kusanganisira pasi, iyo inofungidzirwa mabhiriyoni. Panguva imwecheteyo, maererano nenyanzvi, munhu anoita zvekare anongotsvaga mabhiriyoni zana emataundi.

Kana tichitaura pamusoro penyika yezvigadzirwa zvematare, kunyanya iron, zvinofanira kuonekwa kuti dziripo kumakondinendi ose, munzvimbo dzose dzenyika, kunze kwemashoko eEntast North. Panguva imwecheteyo, kugoverwa kwenyika inenge iri inotevera (pakudzika kuronga):

• Russia (inenge makumi mana kubva muzana yezvisikwa zvepasi rose);
• Brazil;
• Australia;
• Canada;
• United States;
• China;
• India;
• Sweden.

Dzimba muRussia

MuRussia, masimbi madema anowanikwa munharaunda dzose dzedunhu guru.

1. The Central Federal District (Kursk Magnetic Anomaly) - kupfuura 59%.
2. Urals Federal District - 14%.
3. Nharaunda yeSiberia - 13%.
4. Far East - 8%.
5. North-West Federal District - 4%.
6. Privolzhsky - 0,5%.

Munharaunda imwe neimwe yedunhu iri, pane bhizimisi umo metallurgy yesimbi inoshandiswa inoitwa. Russia inotora nzvimbo yakajeka inotungamira munyika munyika ino mucherechedzo, uye, kutonga nevekuchengetedza, izvi zvicharamba kwenguva refu.

Kuwedzera kwezvinhu

Iko kushandiswa kwesimbi yakasungirirwa kunosanganiswa nemitambo yakawanda yakaoma yakaitwa. Chokutanga, simbi inoshandiswa haisi kuwanikwa muchizvarwa chemavara, asi inhengo yemafuta anokwana (manganese, iron, nezvimwewo). Saka, tisati taita simbi, zvakakosha kubvisa dombo kubva pasi-ore.

Izvi zvinoshandiswa nemabhizimisi emigodhi. Muchiitiko ichi, ores ane dare, inogona kuva yakafuma uye yakazara kana yakawanda pamatare. Nokudaro, mushure mokudhonza mafuta, chikamu chacho chinotorwa kuti chigadziriswe chemakemikari. Kana huwandu hwehuwandu hwesimbi huri kupfuura 57-60%, zvino basa racho rinoenderera mberi. Kana wakaderera, imira kana kuenda kune imwe ndima kuti uwane ore yakawanda. Kana zvisina kudaro, izvi zvinongova zvoupfumi zvisingabatsiri.

Chikamu chinotevera, icho chinosanganisira kubudiswa kwemasimbi matsvuku, ndiko kushandiswa kwebumbiro rinobva pane chimwe chinhu chinomera. Izvi zvinonzi metallurgy. Inogona kuva yemarudzi akawanda:

1. Hydrometallurgy - chikonzero chekubudiswa uye kugadziriswa kwemaawa ndiyo kushandiswa kwemvura. Panguva imwecheteyo, panguva yekutengesa, simbi kubva munyama inotamirwa kunogadziriswa, uye zvino iyo inodonwa kubva munharaunda neyo nzira ye electrolysis muhupenyu hwakachena. Nesimba uye mari, nzira iyi inodhura, saka inoshandiswa chete kune zvigadzirwa zvakakosha.
2. Pyrometallurgy ndiyo nzira yekushandisa moto. Nzira dzekushongedza kushandiswa kwemafuta mumhepo inopisa kushandisa coking coal. Nzira yakakurumbira yekugadzira ore uye kubvisa zvimbi. Inoshandiswa mumatare emhepo.
3. Biometallurgy . Inobva pachiito chezvisikwa zvipenyu, inotanga kuiswa muitiro, yakagadzirwa nevana biologychnology. Icho chinonyanya kukosha kwezvimwe zvidiki zviduku kuti zvibvise zvimbi kubva pakuumbwa kweares munguva yehupenyu hwehupenyu.

Processing

Pachishandiswa kushandiswa kwegorosi, minda ine minda ine midzi yesimbi inogadzirwa zvakanaka. Zvose izvi zvinoratidzwa mutafura iri pasi apa.

Inyanzvi yekushanda	Chinangwa chekuita	Mhinduro
1. Kupfeka kupfeka	Kuparadzaniswa kwechikamu chendarira ine sirivha kubva padombo risina chinhu. Inogona kuitika mune imwe yenzira zvitatu: Magnetic (based on ferromagnetic iron); Chigadziro (zvigadziriro-zvakasiyana-siyana zvezvisina zvazvinobatsira uye zvakagadzirwa); Kuparadzaniswa (kunobva pakushandiswa kwemvura neine mhepo inopupuma).	Wana akachena, akapfuma mu ferrous metal substrate, iyo inotumirwa kuti iwedzere kushandiswa.
2. Kugadzirisa	Nzira yekugadzira mafuta. Inoitwa kuitira kuti uwane chinhu chakachena, pasina chero admixtures ye gasi uye guruva, nezvimwe zvakadaro.	Mhando mitatu yekugadziriswa ore inowanikwa: Sinter ore (yakabikwa pamatambo makuru asina kuwana mhepo); Akaparadzaniswa (akacheneswa nokuparadzana); Oat pellet (masero ane iron fluxes).
3. Dhigirizhonga	Coking of ore inopiswa muvira umo uchishandisa dare seiri mafuta ayo uye kuderedza mumiririri kubva kumalahle ayo emasha.	Tora simbi yakachena, kana zvichifanira kuenzaniswa nekhabhoni, nekuumbwa kwesimbi.

Izvi ndizvo zvakaita masimbi nemashizha ayo. Panguva imwecheteyo, iyo yakawanda mari yekushandisa inoshandiswa pakugadzirira uye kushandiswa kwe coke (makavha). Izvo ndeyedare iyo inogadzirisa dhizimusi, mafuta, huni inopisa, carbon carrier. Saka, iyo inotsanangurwa nzira inoshandisa nhamba yakawanda kwazvo, saka mari yakakura mari.

Kuchengetedza mamiriro

Chokutanga pane zvese, simbi inosvina inosanganisira iron uye zvinyorwa zvayo. Inofanira kunzwisiswa kuti ichi chinhu chakashata chisingachinji. Nokudaro, kuchengetwa kwesimbi inopisa kunoda kuteererwa nemimwe mitemo, kunyanya kana isiri yezvigadzirwa nemishonga, asi nezvezvinhu zvinonzi zvimedu zvesimbi yakashata (tsvina, zvigadzirwa zvakaputsika, mashizha, tsvimbo, zvigadzirwa, nezvimwewo):

1. Imba iyo iyo nyaya iripo inofanira kunge yakavharwa zvachose kubva pakuwana kune unyoro (mvura, chando). Icho chinyoro chiduku, iyo yakareba upenyu hwecheferi.
2. Nzvimbo yekuchengetera zvinhu inofanira kuva yakakura, hazvibviri kuchengetedza mapepa emashizha ematare anogadzirwa achibatana, sezvo ichi chichatsvaira kuora kwekutanga.
3. Nyaya dzose dzinowanikwa dzinofanira kugadziriswa nehuwandu nehukuru.

Kana mitemo iyi isina kujeka ichicherechedza, zvichave zvichibvira kudzivisa zvakanyanyisa nzira dzekuparadza kwechimiro chesimbi.

Alloys emucheka mutsvuku

Kune avo inowanzobatanidza zvishandiso zvesimbi, izvo zvakakamurwa kuva mhando dzakasiyana:

1. Sirasi . Tsvuku yakasvibirira, yakakanganiswa nekakoni, inopa chigumisiro ichi.
2. Cast iron . Iyo yekutanga yakagadzirirwa simbi, iyo inobudiswa mumhepo inopisa panguva yekugadzirwa kweare, haina kukodzera zvachose sechinhu chekugadzirwa kwezvigadzirwa nezvinhu kune zvoupfumi. Iye haana kusimba. Inofanirwa kuve ichienderera mberi nekugadziriswa nenzira yekuzadza nesimbi uye kabhoni, kuitira kuti uwane zvinhu zvakanakisisa zvakasimba. Uyezve uwedzere zvimwe zvikamu zvekunatsiridza kurwisa kwehurosi nekuvandudza kushanda.
3. Ferroalloys (silicocalcium, ferrochromium, ferrosilicon, silicomanganese). Chinangwa chikuru chemaalloys aya ndechekuvandudza unyanzvi hwekugadzirwa kwezvinhu zvekupedzisira.

Sirasi

Nzvimbo huru pakati pezvinhu zvose zvesimbi zvinoshandiswa zvinogadzirwa nesimbi. Nhasi tadzidza kuzadzika zviitiko zvakakosha mukugadzirwa kwemashoko aya nematunhu anokosha asati atarirwa. Rudzi urwu rwealloy ndiyo inonyanya kukosha kumhizha, iyo yakapiwa nesimbi inopisa. Iko rudzi rwesimbi chii?

1. Low-carbon - inoshandiswa mukugadzirwa kwemathuluzi akasiyana-siyana.
2. Stainless (ivo vanoita mapaipi, zvikamu zvisingabatsiri, zvigadzirwa zvokucheka, zvigadzirwa nemakumbo uye nezvimwewo).
3. Ferrite chrome.
4. Martensitno-chrome.
5. Alloyed.
6. Nickel.
7. Chrome.
8. Chrome-vanadium.
9. Tungsten.
10. Molybdenum.
11. Manganese.

Nemazita aya zvakajeka kuti izvi zvikamu zvinowedzerwa musanganiswa wesimbi uye kabhoni mune imwe chiyero. Izvi zvinokanganisa kuchinja kukuru kwezvinhu zvezvinhu zvakaguma.

Secondary metal

Zvinosuruvarisa, zvisinei kuti tinoda zvakadini, zvinhu hazvigoni kuramba nokusingaperi. Nokufamba kwenguva, zvinhu zvose zvinova zvisina maturo - zvinoputsa, zvinorohwa, zvinokura uye zvisiri zvemafashoni. Saka zvinoitika nezvivako zvesimbi inopisa. Sirasi, kutuka simbi nemimwe michina, zvipembenene zvese zvinogumira kudiwa.

Zvadaro vanoendeswa kune mabhizimusi anokosha anobatanidzwa mukugadzira michero yakasvibiswa yakave isingagoneki. Iye zvino idzi zvishandisi zvikaita sechipiri. Izvi ndizvo zvakaitwa nemidziyo yesimbi yesimbi yakasvibiswa iyo yakanyangarika uye hazvina kufanira muupenyu hwezuva nezuva inonzi.

Izvo zvikwangwani zvinounganidza zvipfeko zvinofanira kutevera mamwe mimwe mitemo yekuchengetedza kwayo, kutengesa uye kutengeswa. Mutemo wenyika yedu panyaya iyi iGOST. Sirivha yakasvibiswa, sezvinoita mavara, ari pasi pemutemo wakaoma.

Secondary zvigadzirwa zvinogona kushandiswa uye zvakare kutumwa zvakare. Izvo ndezvekutengeswa kwezvinangwa izvi uye kutenga zvigadzirwa zvemhando dzesimbi dzemabhizimisi.

Mazuva ano, masimbi machena anoremekedzwa nekuremekedzwa kwakakodzera, ivo vanoita nzvimbo inotungamirira mumusika wezvimwe zvinhu zvakagadzirwa.

Shandisa muunyanzvi

Sirasi uye kukanda zvinhu zvesimbi, zvikamu, zvigadziriro zvakasiyana-siyana zvinowana shanduro yakakura zvikuru mumichina yekugadzira. Ivo vari mukutsvaga kwete pamotokari chete, asiwo pamakemikari, kutengesa ndege, uyewo pakuvaka zvikepe. Zvose izvi zvinokonzerwa nesimba rinokosha rezvinhu izvi, kupisa kwekudzivirira kwavo uye kurwisa kwemhepo. Sirivha inoshandiswa inova nheyo yepamusoro pakugadzirwa kwemhando dzakawanda dzezvinhu. Pakati pezvakanyanya kufanana ndeizvi:

• Chikamu chinovhara reducers;
• Kutakura;
• Valves;
• Fittings;
• Bushings;
• Pipes;
• Shanduro dzemotokari nemamwe motokari;
• Cogwheels;
• Ngetani inosangana pamatareta;
• Dhiyabhorosi;
• Carriage;
• Kushungurudza nezvimwe zvakadaro.

Urongwa urwu runogona kupfuurirwa nekusingaperi, nokuti kune dzakawanda zvinyorwa zvesimbi uye zvinyorwa zvavo.

Kushanda mune dzimwe makambani

Kune nzvimbo dzakasiyana-siyana dzinoshandiswa nesimbi inoshandiswa:

1. Kemikari indasitiri.
2. Mechanical engineering.
3. Kugadzirwa kwefeniti yechinangwa chakanaka.
4. Nyaya yezvokudya.
5. Kugadzirwa kwezvivako zvikamu.

Izvo, chokwadi, haisi nhoroondo yakakwana, asi ndeye nzvimbo dzinowanikwa, iyo iyo inofanirwa nehuwandu hwematare emagetsi anogadzirwa.