South Aral Sea: chinokonzera rufu, nhoroondo, mapikicha

Nyaya ino kutaura mumwe enyika, ikava gwenga yakaoma somugumisiro mufambiro kukodzera vanhu okurima basa.

Vhuṱanzi

Kare, kukura kwayo Sea Aral waiva muviri rechina mvura pasi pose. The rufu yeGungwa Aral waiva mugumisiro wokunzwa abstraction mvura yokudiridzira wemvura zvokurima nyika muKazakhstan uye Uzbekistan. Zvose zvinoitika kuGungwa Aral - imwe unrecoverable kwezvakatipoteredza njodzi.

Zvishoma iri uye zvimwe zvinhu zvizhinji chokuita ichi muviri wechisikigo mvura, ichakurukurwa gare gare munyaya.

Kunyange kutyisa kufungidzira, asi nzvimbo Sea Aral uye bhuku nhasi vari ukuwo, kota uye vanenge 10% chepakutanga ukoshi.

Kukosha mazita gungwa

At ichi dzinongoitika dura nayo yaiva vakawanda zvitsuwa. Panyaya iyi, zvave kunzi Aral. shoko rakashandurwa kuti "zvitsuwa zvegungwa" With mutauro runodiwa panzvimbo idzi.

The Sea Aral nhasi: mukuru unhu, nzvimbo

Kutaura zvazviri, nhasi zviri endorheic, wakawanda, relict mudhamu. Location nayo - Central Asia, muganhu nharaunda Uzbekistan uye Kazakhstan. Nokuda kuchinja dzenzvimbo Syrdarya uye Amudarya, kupa zvokudya gungwa, kubva pezana remakore rechi20 paiva kurasikirwa hombe remvura inzwi runoenzanirana kuderera kwavo pamusoro, kuparadza zvipenyu nezvakazvipoteredza njodzi sanzwisisika zvikuru.

Muna 1960 aiva South Gungwa Aral iri kudaro. Mvura pamusoro iri pamusoro pegungwa kubudikidza 53 metres, uye zvachose nzvimbo 68,000 mativi makiromita. Tambanudzai inenge 435? Km kubva kuchamhembe kusvika kumaodzanyemba uye 290? Km kubva kumabvazuva kusvikira kumavirira. Its avhareji udzamu ndiyo 16 metres, uye gobvu nzvimbo - 69 mamita.

The Sea Aral nhasi - mumwe nokuomesa mudziva, iyo yava kwaro kukura. Zvakatora 100 chete kubva ake ekare kwemhenderekedzo (somuenzaniso, muna Uzbek muguta Muinak).

Climate

Nokuti nyika Gungwa Aral iri dzinoratidzwa Continental murenje ekunze, pamwe yakakwirira amplitude rokuchinja tembiricha, with hot chaizvo yechirimo uye nekaupenyu chando chakanyanyisa.

Kushaikwa kunonaya (anenge 100 mm pagore) counterbalances kuti zvishomanana kwemvura. Zvinhu kuziva mvura nechiyero - rwizi mvura kubva huripo nzizi uye kwemvura, izvo akashandisa kuva pamusoro zvakaenzana.

Zvikonzero kunyangarika neGungwa Aral

Kutaura zvazviri, rufu Sea Aral kwakaitika mumakore 50 apfuura. Around kubva 1960, huwandu pemvura yaro yakatanga nokukurumidza uye zvakanyatsorongwa kusviba. By ichi zvakaguma chakagadzirwa Kuzarurwa ari Ishe DARYA uye Amu DARYA nzizi yokudiridzira zvinangwa minda yemo. Zviremera zveSoviet vakatanga kutendeuka munzvimbo huru dongo muKazakhstan, Uzbekistan uye Turkmenistan yakaisvonaka anorimwa minda.

Maererano akadaro pamwero kushandiswa, uwandu mvura achiuya ari muviri wechisikigo mvura, rakatora kudzikira. Nechekare ari 1980s, mumwaka wechirimo, vaviri nzizi huru aoma, kwete dotekaya kugungwa, uye kuine mutero kuna dura akatanga kusviba. Anosiririsa mamiriro yeGungwa Aral nhasi (Photo pazasi inoratidza izvi).

Gungwa wagara muzvikamu 2 nhengo. Izvi zvinoita mbiri mvura reservoirs: kumaodzanyemba South Sea Aral (Large Aral Sea); kuchamhembe - Small Aral. Saka Salinity yakawedzera 3-ukagunzva zvichienzaniswa 50-ies.

Maererano nemashoko ose 1992, zvachose nzvimbo reservoirs maviri shoma kusvika 33.8 zviuru ba. M. km uye akaderedza pamwero mvura pamusoro kusvika 15 mamita.

Chokwadi kwaiva pakuedza hurumende Central kunyika dzokuAsia kuronga mutemo vodoekonomnogo zvokurima kuitira kudzikamisa ufanane Gungwa Aral nokuda nokubudiswa zvemaBhaibheri rwizi mvura. Zvisinei, zvinetso mu ekufambisa sarudzo pakati kunyika dzokuAsia akaita zvisingabviri kuunza chirongwa pamusoro nyaya iyi kusvikira pakuguma.

Nokudaro, vakakamura Sea Aral. udzamu Its ipfupi zvikuru. Nokufamba kwenguva, izvozvo akaumba anenge 3 vakaparadzana zviduku madhamu: Large Aral Sea (kumavirira uye kumabvazuva kwegungwa) uye Small Aral.

Maererano zvekungofungira masayendisiti, kusvikira 2020 iri kutarisirwa kunyangarika, uye kumaodzanyemba dura.

migumisiro

Waoma Sea Aral kusvikira kumugumo 80s chakarasikirwa anopfuura 1/2 cheBhuku kwayo. Panyaya iyi, rinooneka zvakawedzera uwandu munyu uye zvicherwa, izvo zvakazoita kuti kutsakatika vapfumi kare munzvimbo fauna of, kunyanya mhando dzakawanda hove.

Available zvengarava (Aralsk kuchamhembe uye rwezasi Muinak) nhasi ane makiromita akawanda kure kubva kumhenderekedzo mutsetse kwegungwa. Saka, paiva Kumanikidza mudunhu.

In kuma1960, hove zvavo kwakasvika 40 zviuru. Matani, uye nepakati 80s zvokutenga hove munzvimbo havasisipo. Saka vakarasikirwa vanenge 60 zviuru. Jobs.

Vakawanda vaigara gungwa rakanga seflounder Sea Black, dzakashandisa upenyu mumvura munyu (kupinza raiva 1970). Iye akanyangarika muna Big Sea Aral muna 2003, sezvo salinity mvura yakatanga kusvika netsika pamusoro 70 g / L, inova zvikuru anenge 4 nguva kupfuura mune yomugungwa, wajaira hove dzakadai.

Mamiriro umo chinogara muGungwa Aral nhasi, zvakakonzera kuti paiva mamiriro kuchinja simba uye nokusimuka tembiricha amplitude.

Uye kutumirwa anomiswa nokuda shure mvura nokuda makiromita akawanda kubva huru chiteshi kweGungwa Aral.

In muitiro achideredza mvura dhigiri vaviri reservoirs rawa, ukuwo, uye pasi pamwero, uye izvi, uyewo, wakakurumidza zvisingadzivisiki basa masango yacho.

Renaissance chitsuwa

Nyaya vainyatsotarisirwa uye hanya mukupera 90s vakava. Renaissance. Mumazuva iwayo, chete 10 km. mvura akaparadzanisa chitsuwa kubva yakaoma. The kukurumidza kuwedzera Kuwanikwa chitsuwa ichi rava zvikuru dambudziko, sapamazuva kweHondo Yemashoko, nzvimbo ino yave musimboti zvidzidzo zvakasiyana-siyana zvine chokuita zvombo zvoutachiona Union.

Uyewo, asi ongororo dzakadai anoitwa payo inoraswa matani zana ngozi nechigwadara utachiona. Kokutambudzika masayendisiti chokuita chokuti nzira munzvimbo inogarwa nevanhu vaigona kamwe zvakare kupararira nechigwadara. Muna 2001, pamusoro. Renaissance akatotora akabatana South ayo chikamu kusvika yakaoma.

Aral Sea (Photo ano dura pamusoro) ari kwakatekeshera zvinoshamisa yasakara. Hongu uye magariro zvava kuipa munzvimbo. Somuenzaniso, vagari Karakalpakstan vakatambura kwazvo, vaigara munzvimbo iri kumaodzanyemba kweGungwa Aral.

Vazhinji rakavhurika pasi kwegungwa chinokonzera vakawanda madutu guruva, akatakura navo munyika nharaunda hunokachidza guruva ne munyu uye mishonga yezvipembenene. Maererano zviitiko izvi mune vanhu vaigara imomo, apo anonzi South Sea Aral akatanga kuonekwa nezvinetso zvoutano zvakakomba, kunyanya yakawanda Muzviitiko, kenza dokeriro, cheitsvo uye kupererwa neropa. Uye padanho kufa kwevacheche munzvimbo - chikuru munyika.

About chirimwa uye mhuka nyika

Nechekare kuma1990 (pakati) pane yakasvibira greenery nemiti, makwenzi nemiti mune yaimbova seashores kwazvo aigona kuonekwa chete zvisingawanzoitiki tufts yemiti (xerophytes uye halophytes), zvimwe dzakashandisa pakaoma uye sesaline nevhu.

Akachengetedzawo ndiyo chete 1/2 zvizvarwa eshiri uye mhuka pazvinhu kuchinja kwemamiriro ekunze, mukati 100 km kubva kumahombekombe mutsetse yemabviro (guru kuchinja tembiricha uye mwando).

mhedziso

Nemafashamo zvipenyu nezvakazvipoteredza mamiriro, izvo zvevakomana yaimbova panzvimbo guru South Sea Aral, kunoita dambudziko uye kumatunhu kure.

Chakatishamisa guruva kubva Sea Aral kumatunhu vakawana kunyange mazizaya muna Antarctica. Uye ichi ndicho hwokuti kunyangarika mvura zvakasimba kuchinjwa yose mararamiro. Kufunga nezvokuti vanhu vanofanira kutakura kubuda kwayo anokosha pamusoro kunyatsofunga, pasina anokonzera zvakadaro aiparadza kukuvara zvakatipoteredza, izvo unopa upenyu kune zvose zvipenyu zvose.