Table "Groups Zvipembenene" (rokuremekedza, description, unhu)

Tupukanana vari boka arthropods invertebrates. Maererano kuitika kupatsanura nhasi, ivo, pamwe centipedes, vanobatanidzwa mune subtype traheynodyshaschih. zita Class rinobva pashoko "Nokurova". Tiine French "insecte" uye Latin "insectum" Pfungwa iri chaizvoizvo rakashandurwa kuti "mhuka pamwe notches." Funga fauna of izvi zvizere. tafura "zvirevo Tupukanana" zvichakurukurwa panopera nyaya.

tsananguro

Zvipembenene muviri aripo chitinous cuticle. Anoumba ekoskelet. zvipembenene Chimiro iri nyore. Rine zvikamu zvitatu: musoro, dumbu uye chipfuva. Tichitarisa mamiriro rezvipembenene pane majoko matatu makumbo. Vari vasiyana chityu dhipatimendi. Mumapoka akawanda, zvikamu zvacho rechipiri uye rechitatu hwakabatana neboka peya mapapiro. Saizi muviri yemakomo kubva 0.2 mm kusvika masendimita 30 uye zvakawanda.

upenyu kutenderera

Rinosanganisira embryonic kukura nezvipembenene. Inonzi "chokutambudzika zai." Uyewo secrete Postnatal kumwedzi. Ari achiperekedzwa imwe metamorphosis. Ndiye nezvezvikwata zviviri. Zvichienderana nokubudiswa kurongeka iyi zvine kukwana metamorphosis. Ndivo maitikiro mazai, mazana uye vakuru. Complete metamorphosis inozivikanwa nenzendo mana. Panyaya iyi, kukura nezvipembenene rinosanganisira danho mazai, mazana, pupae uye mukuru. Pakutanga mazana akafanana chitarisiko vanhu vakuru. Musiyano pakati maviri ndiyo kukura mumuviri, embryo mamiriro, kana kusavapo mapapiro uye nhengo dzokubereka nadzo zvizere. Mazana mhuka tawirwa maitikiro mana vermiform chimiro. mune vanhu vakuru chete kuonekwa ose anodiwa zviri yokuzviparadzanisa. Ari mukuru pachikuva nyaya kunoitika uye kubereka. Kirasi rezvipembenene vari zvakasiyana siyana zvisikwa. In zvachose vanodarika miriyoni inorondedzerwa marudzi. Ivo vanonzi kupfuura dzakawanda boka mhuka zvakasikwa uye kugara siyana zvipenyu zvikamu. Zvinowanika kwose, kunyange Antarctica.

metamorphosis

Ruzhinji zvine metamorphosis zvakakwana wayo kukura anoenda kuburikidza maitikiro mana. Zvisinei, zvakasikwa pane kusaina. Somuenzaniso, Yaunoti pfungwa Meloidae hypermetamorphosis. Anoti shanu, vatanhatu kana kupfuura maitikiro. Vari achimiririrwa chaiwo (okuwedzera) larval nzendo. Danho rimwe nerimwe akadaro anonzi triungulin. Chimwe kunze anonzi neoteny. Iri izwi rinoreva kukwanisa kusvika pakunamata uye tinobereka mune larval danho. Panyaya iyi, nhunzvi musapfuura pakarepo muzvikamu zviviri zvinoti: pupae uye vakuru. Kana vanhurume, vanogona kuva pamusoro dzose kutenderera.

Order rezvipembenene vane kukwana metamorphosis

Vazhinji izvi mhuka mararamiro mazana uye vakuru vane zvakawanda zvakafanana. Chokutanga kumiririrwa zvikuru dzakasiyana siyana. Nyanzvi vanobatanidza vave mapoka makuru maviri. Wokutanga ine mazana, kufanana nevanhu vakuru, yechipiri, ukuwo, wakasiyana navo. First akadana nymphs, uye vokupedzisira - wechokwadi. The mazana zvingava zvakafanana vakuru zvose zvipenyu uye morphological mazwi. Kakawanda kurarama chete kwezvakatipoteredza, zvakafanana kudya. Ari mazana wechokwadi anozivikanwa yakapinza kusiyana pakuonekwa imago, nharaunda nokuparadzirwa, zvokudya. Saka kuti vanova munhu mukuru, anofanira achindireverera pupa rwakazara. Nokuti mamwe marudzi cho vanonzi zvenguva Danho - subimago. It kazhinji anotora nzvimbo kukura hwemvura mhuka. Vanhu Danho iri zviratidzo munhu mukuru, zvepabonde yakura asi havasati asvika.

Biology: zvipembenene mapoka. bete

A chaiwo mumiririri dzvuku bete. Zvinofungidzirwa kuti chimiro tupukanana izvi mumba anoratidza hanya varidzi. mhuka idzi vanobuda akavanda usiku. Dzavo zvigadzirwa huru zvokudya zvakakodzera kuchengetwa. In hadzi bete pamusoro kuguma mudumbu imomo ootheca - vanonzi zai bhegi. Ivo ozvikanda pakati marara. Ootheca kuva mazai, izvo, ukuwo, ari mazana ngapaonekwe. Vari kusiyaniswa chena ruvara uye akafanana vakura. Naizvozvo, ivo svibirika.

mujuru

Table "Mapoka tupukanana" kuitwawo mhuka idzi sezvo paruzhinji. Vanorarama mumhuri huru kwazvo. A chiri mujuru vachida basa. Mumhuri mune varume, vashandi, masoja, "mambokadzi" (munhukadzi). Mujuru (zvipembenene dendere) anogona kusvika hunoshamisa hukuru. Somuenzaniso, mune African savanna anogona kusangana hofori matendere 10-12 m. Izvi mugove pevhu zvinogona kusvika dhayamita 60 m. The chikuru chigadzirwa ndiyo huni juru dzichifura. Zvinokuvadza emapuranga zvivako, zvirimwa. Pari akarondedzera hurongwa 2.5 zviuru. Mujuru.

inda

In kukupfura ichi zvaisanganisira wingless tupukanana. Hadzina parasitic pamusoro mhuka uye murume. Musoro inda upenyu muna bvudzi uye glues navo nits (mazai saka akaritumidza). Wardrobes Zvipembenene vanogara mipendero zvipfeko. mazai avo akarara zvakananga pamusoro jira. Emerging kubva mazana izvi regai akasiyana chitarisiko kubva vakuru. Vanhukadzi inda vanoonekwa kuti iwane chaizvo. Mumazana mwedzi vanogona kupa zvizvarwa rinosvika anoverengeka zana nezvipembenene. Sezvo kwokunze tupukanana, inda nhaka wandei zvinhu. Somuenzaniso, musi makumbo avo prehensile nenzara varipo, havana mapapiro, nokuti havadi navo. Mouthparts kuboora-yakayamwa inda. Hadzina vatakuri zvirwere zvakasiyana-siyana. Mumwe wavo typhus.

bedbugs

Table "Groups rezvipembenene" zvinosanganisira muchikwata ichi zvakasiyana-siyana chirimwa zvipukanana. Aizivikanwa vaiona chinch. Iye sucks zviri remakungwa bota zvinomera. Mune imwe nzvimbo zvinogona kuwanikwa tsikidzi-bloshitsu. Tupukanana Izvi zvinoitawo yakawanda kusagadzikana kumunhu. In mvura yakachena yaigarwa bedbug-dziva muaizi. Rinodya zvipembenene kuti kuwira mumvura. Pane pakati bug uye zvikara, akadai tsikidzi-Gladun. Anorwisa hove furaya uye invertebrates siyana. Nhengo dzose boka iri rezvipembenene rinonzi Hemiptera.

Other nezvipoka

Homoptera zvipembenene vanosarudza kudyisa pamusoro chirimwa facial. In muchikwata ichi, Somuenzaniso, zvinosanganisira inda dzemuriwo. It iripo zvakasikwa mune mhando dzakawanda dzakasiyana uye kunokonzera inokosha kukuvara zvirimwa. Homoptera zvipembenene vanoonekwa kuti vatakuri nemavhairasi zvirwere zvinokuvadza miti. Somuenzaniso, pakati pavo pane cicadas siyana, izvo zvinogona kusvika guru saizi (kusvika 5-6 cm). The yokuzviparadzanisa pamusoro Orthoptera zvinosanganisira vakawanda herbivorous nezvipembenene. Zvisinei, zvinoita kusangana pakati pavo uye nezvikara. Somuenzaniso, zviri zvakakwana anozivikanwa vamiririri akadai kapustyanka, mhashu. The kukupfura vaisanganisira Orthoptera uye hwiza. Iye anogara uswa, ari steppes uye paMaare. Iye clubbed, refu ovipositor. Kapustyanka zvakanaka swims nenhunzi, anochera tsoka dzake. Kunoita kukuvara kukuru pachivande zvikamu zvirimwa zvikure mubindu (uye wemagaka, mbatatisi, makarotsi, makabheji zvichingodaro.). Nokuti dzimwe mhando nemhashu vanowanzotevedzera vakawanda kubereka. Muzviitiko zvakadaro, vari kuunganidza huru ezvipfuwo, vanobhururuka pamusoro kure (kusvika zviuru zvakawanda kilometers). Panguva iyoyo munzira, vanoparadza chirimwa zvose zvinomera. Ambuya kukupfura zvinosanganisira dzinodya dzimwe dzinosiya nezvipembenene. mazita avo ndiwo anonakidza zvikuru. Somuenzaniso, ambuya-rocker-Dozorets mbuya uye nevamwe. Ivo vanonzi yakanakisisa flyers. Ndivo zvikuru maneuverable. Dai kurembera mudenga, kuratidza chaizvo kufamba kuva mukuru (kusvika 100 km / h) nokukurumidza. zvakatapwa avo vanorwisa chaipo kutiza.

notupukanana

It Coleoptera. Vari kuonekwa kupfuura vakawanda vose vomunharaunda. nhamba yavo yakasvika Species 300 zviuru.. The zvipembenene zvinowanikwa zvakasiyana-siyana munharaunda Freshwater uye yenyika. Kukura muviri dzinosiyana 0.3 kusvika 155 mm. Vazhinji zvipembenene Zvipembenene kukuvadza zvikuru zvirimwa. Nyika wakakurumbira, dzakadai Colorado mbatatisi kovakuoriainen. Akaendeswa Russia kubva America. Kuzka ngoko dhemeji zvirimwa. Bhiti weevil zvinokanganisa shuga bhiti. The mazana yaMay enhunzi kukuvara mbatatisi tubers uye muti midzi. Unonzi woodworm. Akachema akaruma ari bast fibers uye goko unotii, kukuvara zvinokosha mhando. nhengo dzakawanda murayiro kukuvadza zvokudya. Somuenzaniso, vakadaro pizi weevil, ngoko makapeti beetles, zviyo kovakuoriainen grindstone. The yokuzviparadzanisa varipowo weevils. Muchirimo ino chaiyo ngoko nzira anocheka jira kuti huru tsinga. Part nendiro rinosvava uye anorasikirwa elasticity kwayo. Ngoko zvinoitika uye mazai imomo. Saka anotarisira mwana. Present pakati zvipembenene uye zvinobatsira nezvipembenene. Mazita kwazvakaita kujeka. Somuenzaniso, zvipembenene uye grobariki gnoeviki. vanhu vazhinji kwazvo dzakanaka, uye kunogona kusvika hunoshamisa hukuru. Kwakadaro, somuenzaniso, vanoonekwa hono beetles uye nondo hono, ayo akanyorwa Red Book.

kungozvifunga

Vane lepidopteran nezvipembenene. mhuka idzi dzine zvinoverengeka nevamwe zvinhu. Chimwe chikuru vanotsigira mavara-mavara wamapapiro. The boka ine: makabheji, urticaria, silkworm uye nevamwe. KuFar East anogona kuwanikwa guru vamiririri zvakakwana zviri muhurongwa. Kazhinji, izvi moths. mapapiro chinosvika yakafara kuwedzerwa notibhuku. Chikero avo pamusoro vanokwanisa refraction chiedza. Somugumisiro, zvinova Iridescent coloring. Butterfly mazana vanonzi nehonye. Vari kusiyaniswa muviri refu uye vane dzichiruma midziyo. The mate mumasero secrete sirika shinda. Of pamberi pupation achitevera cocoons. Vanhu vakuru vanoonekwa kuti mukume zvinomera zvakaisvonaka. Vazhinji makonye kufura mashizha. Nenzira iyi zvavanoita zvikuru kukuvara tsika rabha. Mikuru tupukanana Somuenzaniso, vaiona womuapuro chitemamachira, makabheji chena shavishavi, iwo dispar, Euproctis chrysorrhoea, etc. Vamwe makonye kukuvara zvokudya akapamba furawa. Oak uye akatunhidzwa silkworms kubereka sirika.

Group akasiyana-siyana

Hymenoptera - nyuchi, vatasvi, wasps, nyuchi, sawflies, uye vamwe. mhuka dzose idzi yakasiyana mararamiro. Vamwe vamiririri vane herbivorous. mazana avo kukonzera wandei kukuvara zviyo nezvimwe zvirimwa. Ava somuenzaniso, chingwa uye nemifiri sawflies. mazana avo tarisa chaizvo rakafanana mazana ose kungozvifunga. Panyaya iyi, vari anowanzonzi nehonye venhema. Sawflies kwazvo zvakananga ovipositor. It rakagadzirirwa achicheka mu chirimwa munyama Homwe umo nehadzi akapeta mazai.

bumblebees

Ndivo mukume yakanaka chaizvo. Izvi vanoonekwa kuti mumagariro Hymenoptera. Mhuri dzavo kwakanga anongowanikwa chirimo. Adzo ivo vatange zvanza, matendere, birdhouse. Construction kwave vechikadzi. Kunoshongedzera Wakisi masero paakapa mazai. In nomumwe wavo akaisa kudanda zvokudya - mukume, hwakakanyiwa uchi. Vakarangana mazana chikafu pamusoro wemari, pashure pevhiki 2-3 yokutanga kuti micheka cocoons uye kuva pupae. Vanoita kushanda nenyuchi, varume nevakadzi. Pakazopera mwaka iri hombe dendere kunogona kusvika vanhu 500. Nokuwa mambokadzi yekare, vashandi uye nhongo nyuchi kufa. Young vakadzi vari akavanda muchando.

nyuchi

Vakauya kubatsira kupfuura zvose evanhu Hymenoptera. Honeybees vanoonekwa mukume zvakaisvonaka. Ivo zvibereko chaizvo zvokudya zvevanhu: uchi, youmambo mondo, wakisi, namo. Ivo zvinoshandiswa zvokudya, vakakumbira cosmetology, mushonga uye anogadzira zvinhu zvizoro, pendi, varnishes, uye zvichingodaro. In nenyuchi vomumhuri zvose vari kushanda pamwe chete nemumwe. Hazvibviri pasina worudzii kubudirira drones uye dumbu, kushanda vanhu.

umhutu

Izvi zviviri-mapapiro nezvipembenene. Kusiyanisa pakati zvavo uye malarial umhutu. hunomusiyanisa nevamwe yavo pamberi imwe peya segirazi mapapiro. Chechipiri peya akava "halters". Habitat nyore mosquito - sokusingagutsi, moorland. Kunyanya vakawanda vanova ne mid-chirimo. It vakapakata kuboora mouthparts proboscis. Naro, ivo kuurura ganda uye muchayamwa ropa. Mosquito mazana muri wormlike chimiro. Vanorarama zvemvura. Ikoko ichishanduka, idyai, zvishoma nezvishoma akatendeukira rive pupae. Ivowo, uyewo kugara zvemvura. Zvisinei, nokuti havagoni kudya, vachakurumidza kuva vakuru. Munhuwo uye malarial Umhutu siyana yokudyara. Wokutanga anochengeta muviri akaererana pasi iyo anogara. Anopheles yakakwirira anosimudza necheshure.

nhunzi

Zviri zvakare maviri mapapiro nezvipembenene. Ivo, kusiyana umhutu, pfupi tunonzwa. mazana vavo chena, kazhinji vasina musoro uye legless. Vane wormlike chimiro. Housefly mazana ngaararame uye kukura mune tsvina, mupfudze mirwi, marara kicheni. Pano munhukadzi mazai. The mazana asati pupation kambaira kubva kurenje kuti kupinda muvhu, izvo tinoshandurirwa pupae. The vakuru achibhururuka kumativi uye tsvaka zvokudya. Kubva cesspools vanobhururuka zvokudya, vakatakura utachiona ngozi uye utachiona gastrointestinal zvirwere.

mamwe mapoka

Zviripo zvakasikwa lacewing nezvipembenene. Zviri zviduku pauwandu boka. Rine vanenge 6 zviuru. Species. Zvipembenene kwakadaro elongated muviri munyoro cover. ruvara wavo shava kana zvacheneruka zvakasvibirira. Two yegwara mapapiro akafukidza mutsinga mambure. boka iri zvinosanganisira vamiririri zvakadai kumujuru veshumba, lacewings, mantipsy. Vazhinji lacewing - nezvikara. Ivo vokutanga akaonekwa Permian munguva. Zvakazoitwa paumbwe boka kwakaitika pasi pokudzora Geological uye okunze kuchinja Mesozoic. Zvipembenene mukonikoni anonzi flier yakanaka chaizvo. mhuka idzi dzine masero nekaupenyu guru. musoro wavo chinjwa, maziso ake yakakura. Zvipembenene mukonikoni aigara achinyanya munzvimbo dzinopisa uye subtropics kunyorova. MuRussia, pakanyenga anenge nharaunda yose (kunze dzisinganayi munzvimbo).

vanoronga

Nechipiriso pazasi tafura "varayirwa rezvipembenene" zvishoma rinorondedzera zvinhu dzimwe mhuka ataurwa pamusoro.

dzinongoitika vavengi

siyana uku pathogenic tupukanana tusingaoneki, zvikara uye parasitic invertebrate. Tupukanana zvokudya pamusoro vertebrates zhinji. Natural vavengi (entomophagous) ndivaparadze chero kukura danho. Nhasi, kune Micro-zvinenge izvo vave activators-siyana zvinokonzerwa nemavhairasi, kwemabhakitiriya, zvipembenene zvirwere.

Pari, vanopfuura 400 vanorondedzerwa mhando notumwe anogona kukonzera zvimwe zvirwere. A zvakakwana guru boka rokudzora vavengi tupukanana vanoonekwa parasitic makonye, afunge nematode chirwere. Pakati invertebrates vachivhima mhuka mubvunzo, zvinofanira kucherechedzwa arachnids (nezvinyavada, madandaude, phalanges, mites, etc.), Millipedes. Ngozi vertebrates zvinomiririra kwemarudzi akasiyana hove, amphibians. Somuenzaniso, matatya kudya rakanyorwa 95% zvipembenene. Natural vavengi uye chiito neshiri, nezvinokambaira, uye mhuka. Zvikurukuru, ngozi zvipembenene zviremwaremwa, aardvarks, Nehwiribidi nevamwe. Mukati mapoka aya pane nzanga yose kuti dzidzira bedzi kwemhuka idzi. Kuwanda tupukanana panyika rinosvika 90% vose zvipenyu. basa ravo zvakasikwa zvakanyanya kukosha. Biomass herbivorous zvipembenene kakawanda kupfuura dzimwe mhuka, herbivores. Izvi zvinotungamirira chokwadi kuti upise unorema muti kukura. Parasitic uye dzinodya dzimwe dzinosiya tumbuyu vanoonekwa kuti kwomuzvarirwo regulators pakati nevanhu ivavo zvipenyu ave chavainyanya simba zvitengeswa. Ivo pachavo zvokudya zvakasiyana-siyana vertebrate uye invertebrate mhuka.