Wokutanga chaizvo simba renyukireya chirimwa munyika

Nguva dzose zvakanaka kuti chinhu chokutanga. Uye nyika yedu, apo vachiri chikamu USSR, yaiva yokutanga mukuedza zhinji. Muenzaniso unoshamisa ndiko kuvaka simba renyukireya zvinomera. Zviri pachena kuti vakawanda vaiita magadzirirwo ayo uye kuvakwa. Kunyange zvakadaro, kutanga renyukireya simba chirimwa munyika yaiva mundima, iyo zvino Russia.

Background panowanikwa simba renyukireya miti

Zvakatanga nokushandiswa mabhomba simba nokuda zvinangwa zvechiuto. nyika yokutanga simba renyukireya chirimwa asati avaka, vakawanda chokwadi kuti simba renyukireya inogona kuendeswa kune rugare kosi.

bhomba mabhomba First akasikwa. Munhu wose anoziva chiitiko chinosuruvarisa kushandiswa kwayo muJapan. Ipapo site kunze ndiedze mabhomba bhomba, akasikwa nemasayendisiti eSoviet.

Kwapera nguva muSoviet Union akatanga kubudisa plutonium kugadzirwa reactor. Ose ezvinhu chokuwana pamwero wenyika zvakapfumisa uranium exchange.

Panguva ino, mumatsutso 1949, kushingaira hurukuro sei kuronga boka umo simba renyukireya inoshandiswa vaunze nemagetsi uye nokupisa.

Yokungotaura kukura uye pakusikwa racho vakachengeteswa Laboratory "B". Panguva iyoyo yakanga inotungamirwa Di Blokhintsev. Academic Council achitungamirirwa IV Kurchatov aronga reactor zvenyukireya, yakanga kushanda zvakapfumisa uranium exchange. Rakashandiswa retarder beryllium. Kutonhora akanga akatakurwa achiburitswa kunze nokushandiswa nehelium. Tiri kufunga dzimwe nzira reactors. Somuenzaniso, achishandisa kutsanya uye zvenguva neutrons. Zviri kugonawo dzimwe kutonhora nzira.

Muchirimo 1950 chirevo reCouncil of Vashumiri. Zvinoreva izvo zvakafanira kuvaka zvitatu experimental reactor:

• rokutanga - uranium exchange-graphite pamwe kutonhora mvura;
• wechipiri - nehelium-graphite, wakange kushandisa gasi kutonhora;
• wechitatu - uranium exchange-beryllium sezvo gasi unotonhorera.

Kusikwa waishandiswa racho dzinounzwa zvakasara gore. Kushandisa izvi reactors matatu simba rokutanga renyukireya simba chirimwa munyika yakanga kumativi 5,000 KW.

Apo uye wavakanga zvikasikwa?

Zvechokwadi, kuitira kuvaka zvivako izvi, zvakanga zvakakodzera kuti kusarudza pamusoro yacho. Saka, nyika yokutanga simba renyukireya chirimwa akavaka muguta Obninsk.

mabasa Construction vakachengeteswa Research Institute "Khimmash". Panguva iyoyo yakanga inotungamirwa N. Dollezhal. By dzidzo ndiye kemisiti-muvaki, waiva kure wefizikisi yenyukireya. Asi ruzivo rwake zvakaratidza anobatsira paivakwa zvivako.

Vagari kuita uye basa takazobatana mamwe masangano akawanda, nyika yokutanga simba renyukireya chirimwa yakavakwa. Musiki akanga asiri oga. Kune vazhinji, nekuti zvakadaro pamwero mukuru chirongwa havagoni kukwikwidza kusika oga. Asi yokuvaka huru inonzi Kurchatov, uye muvaki - Dollezhal.

The mberi kuvakwa uye kutanga-up nokudzidziswa

Parallel pamwe sei kuti pave nenyika yokutanga simba renyukireya chirimwa mikoko yakagadzirwa murabhoritari. Vaiva prototypes kwesimba zvinomera, izvo kwapera kushandiswa zvenyukireya Ngarava dzepasi pemvura.

Muzhizha 50, gore rakatanga regadziriro basa. Ivo yakatora gore rimwe. Mugumisiro yose basa akava wokutanga chaizvo simba renyukireya chirimwa munyika. gwaro rayo kwokutanga yave kuchinja.

kuchinja kwakadaro dzakaitwa:

• uranium exchange-beryllium reactor yakavakwa pamwe mutobvu-bismuth coolant;
• Nehelium-graphite reactor chikatsiviwa pressurized mvura, iyo yakaumbwa hwaro vose vaivapo renyukireya simba chirimwa uye rakashandiswa pamusoro dzinopwanya aizi uye Ngarava dzepasi pemvura.

Muna June 1951, kwakanga chisarudzo mavakiro mutyairi chirimwa. Panguva iyoyo yokuti uranium exchange-graphite reactor zvose zvinhu zvakafanira vakaponeswa. Uye muna July, zvakatanga kuvakwa remvura dzaserera simba renyukireya zvirimwa.

First kutanga kupa magetsi misha

Tanga vachizvitakudza of reactor chinoumba yakaitirwa May 1954. Kureva 9 digits. The chete manheru, neketani maitiro akatanga maari. Fission kuti uranium exchange kwakaitika zvokuti anodzokororwa tisingatungamirirwi. Izvi zvakanga vanonzi mumuviri kutanga-up chechitima.

Mushure mwedzi uye simba renyukireya hafu atange rakaitirwa muna June 1954. Chaiva chokwadi kuti paiva peya Kusasvika turbine jenareta. Nyika yokutanga simba renyukireya chirimwa vaiwana 26 June pa hafu apfuura mashanu manheru. It kushanda kwemakore 48. Basa racho kupa riwedzere kuti chidzoke esimba akadai zvinomera pasi pose.

Zuva rakatevera, magetsi akapiwa guta rokutanga renyukireya simba chirimwa munyika (1954) - Obninsk pedyo Moscow.

Riwedzere kuti chidzoke zvimwe zvirimwa simba renyukireya munyika

Aiva nesimba zvishoma, chete 5 MW. Mumwe reactor kupomera zvakakwana kuti basa simba zvizere pamusoro kuenderera 3 months.

Uye pasinei ichi, kukwezvwa kubva munyika yose ari Obninsk simba pfungwa vanhu. Muguta nenhume dzakawanda rokutanga akashanyira renyukireya simba miti munyika. Chinangwa chavo chaiva kuona akazvionera chishamiso vakasikwa reSoviet vanhu. Kuti vawane magetsi, hapana chikonzero kushandisa zviwanikwa. Pasina marasha, mafuta kana gasi turbine jenareta ari kwebasa actuator. Uye simba renyukireya chirimwa kunopa magetsi kuti guta rine vanhu vanenge zviuru 40 vanhu. Panguva iyoyo zvakanga zvaparadzwa chete mafuta yenyukireya. The mari yakaenzana 2 matani pagore.

Izvi zvakava riwedzere nokuda kuvaka nhepfenyuro akadaro anenge pose. simba ravo rakanga rakakura. Asi pakutanga rakanga pano - panzvimbo Obninsk duku, apo atomu aiva plodder anodonha yunifomu.

Kana NPP apedza?

Yokutanga renyukireya simba chirimwa mu Russia rakaguma muna 2002 musi 29 April. To ichi vaiva zvoupfumi background. Kukwanisa Its haana guru zvakakwana.

Panguva yacho basa data, iro akasimbisa ose yokungotaura Masvomhu avapo. Isu akazadzisa zvose hwokugadzira uye ouinjiniya mhinduro.

Izvi zvakaita kuti mumakore 10 (1964) kutanga Beloyarsk NPP. Uyezve, pakukwanisa kwayo kwakanga ka50 hukuru kupfuura Obninsk.

Apo mumwe kushandiswa zvenyukireya reactors?

In kufanana pakagadzwa renyukireya boka simba inotungamirwa Kurchatov vakagadzirawo reactor yenyukireya raigona kuiswa pamusoro aizi. Basa iri rakanga chinokosha kwakaita Magetsi, pasina kushandisa gasi uye marasha.

USSR, sezvo, zvirokwazvo, uye Russia, zvaikosha maximize nguva huru kuwedzera kufamba mumakungwa, izvo nhema kuchamhembe. Nuclear dzinopwanya aizi inogona yegore kufamba munzvimbo idzi.

Zviitiko zvakadaro vave akatanga muna 53-fung gore, uye gare gare yake yokutanga rwendo makore matanhatu akatumwa aizi kwenyukireya-dzinofambiswa "Lenin". nguva dzose akanga amboshumira kweArctic kwemakore 30.

No kukosha kwaiva pakagadzwa imwe yepasi pemvura yenyukireya. Uye rave raparurwa muna 57th gore. Panguva iyoyowo, yepasi pemvura iri kuitwa chirongwa pasi aizi of North Pole uye shure kune hwaro. Zita yepasi pemvura iri raiva "Leninsky Koshanda".

The matambudziko simba renyukireya zvakatipoteredza

mubvunzo uyu vaifarira vanhu kunyange zvino, kana akanga ari wokutanga renyukireya simba chirimwa munyika yakavakwa Obninsk. Zvinonzi ikozvino kuzivikanwa kuti Environmental Impact rinoitwa zvitatu kumativi:

- chafariz choutsi;

- gasi kuti nemiwo radioactive;

- emura mwaranzi akapoteredza chirimwa.

Uye kusunungurwa nemwaranzi kunoitika kunyange panguva dzose nokushanda reactors. Kugara yaunodya rwakadaro radioactive zvinhu kupinda kwezvakatipoteredza zvinodzorwa ne chirimwa vashandi. Vakabva kunyenga mumhepo uye muvhu, vanopinda zvinomera nemhuka uye vanhu.

Zvinokosha kucherechedza kuti kwete chete simba renyukireya chirimwa itsime nemwaranzi tsvina. Medicine, sainzi, bhizimisi uye kurima vanobatsirawo mugove wavo zvinonakisa Standings. tsvina All rinovimba neimwe nzira ndisunungure hudyu. Uye ipapo anofanira kuraswa.