Zvinoreva kuchinja mune zvemukati simba

Kwemazana emakore, yefizikisi vaifunga kuti tembiricha pakutsvaga pamberi magasi asingaoneki uye hauremi caloric fuma. Chave zhinji dzidziso kutsanangura sangano rayo mukati acho, uye pakati nyaya yakasiyana. Only MV Lomonosov akakwanisa kutsanangura chaiye hunhu kwenyaya, pakusika samolecular-kinetic dzidziso magasi. In kukakavadzana kwavo uye Masvomhu akakwanisa kuratidza kuti caloric zvakasikwa. Tembiricha kunoenderana mwero kurongwa inofamba pakati mamorekuru. Akatanga pfungwa yomunyika simba, uye akatsanangura sei muupenyu kwacho chaiko.

Ndezvipi zvikonzero chakaita MV Lomonosov nokuti uchapupu samolecular-kinetic dzidziso magasi

Amboita nokufungidzira wokutanga, kuti hakuna caloric hakuwaniki zvakasikwa, akasangana simba kurwisa kubva seane uchenjeri nyanzvi nguva. Vose vakaona nokuvapo caloric uye ruzivo mutsvakurudzi - kwete. Zvadaro, pamusangano pamwe yefizikisi German uye British akaudzwa zvinotevera: "vadzidzisi Dear. ari caloric iri mhou akaita kupi? Akadya inotonhora uswa, uye ipapo muviri wake wakanga kudziyirwa ndechokuti racho yomukati pane kuchinja pezviri simba. Kupi pamusoro? Uye kwakabva nokupisa mumuviri nokuti kuti uswa ane namakemikari simba kuti muviri mhuka iri vatendeukira kudziyisa. Saka, tiri kupupurira kutanga simba kuchinjirwa kubva imwe hurumende imwe. " Akanga akateerera, akabvunza vakawanda mibvunzo. Pashure pokukurukurwa rakanga akagadzira uye mutemo kuchinja simba (aizivikanwawo mutemo kuchengetedza simba), iyo vakaziva vose vaivapo. Gare gare, akanga yakabudiswa chiduku wemabhuku hypotheses, waiva ridhindwe wokutanga, uko samolecular-kinetic dzidziso magasi chaizivikanwa.

Ko vaongorori pfungwa MV Lomonosov

Zvino sokuti zvose zvine musoro zviri wethermodynamics. Asi tinofanira kuyeuka kuti yave nemakore anopfuura 250 kubva pakutanga tifunge nhasi. aiongorora French Jacques Charles vawana mutemo proportionality zvavaida kuwedzera pamwe nokuwedzera gasi tembiricha. Akabva akatsanangura shanduko munyika simba pamusoro gasi kana neshungu. Akauya fomura ake. Kudzidza kwake pashure pemakore 20 mberi Gay-Lussac, uyo akaongorora kudziyisa pamusoro gasi panguva dzose kumanikidzwa. Zvinonzi kuchengetwa sei pisitoni ikachinja nzvimbo yacho, akaisa mukati girazi humburumbira pamwe kudziyisa uye kutonhora. Pano akauya pedyo kuvhura pfungwa gasi kuramba. Haana kushandisa tsvakurudzo, iyo akaita 140 makore asati Robert Boyle. Chete kushanda Mariotte akaita kwapera uye akagadzira muMutemo Boyle zvakabatsira Benoît Paul Émile Clapeyron akagadzira pfungwa mukana wokuti vanhu vanga wehurumende chokutanga dzakanakira gasi.

Pashure pemakore 40 Di Mendeleev mukana wokuti vanhu vanga wehurumende vaisanganisa migumisiro zvavo tsvakurudzo. Zvino mutemo Clapeyron-Mendeleev ndiyo hwaro nokuda wethermodynamics zvenyika. Iye mathematically anosarudza kuchinja munyika simba pamusoro gasi tembiricha. Mitemo huru kuwanikwa inosimbisa uye tsika. It akasikwa Kupisa michini, kumhanya pamusoro thermodynamic Zvinonzi Otto, Diesel, Trinklera nemamwe masayendisiti.

Chete panguva pakutanga XX remakore yakanga akapfupikisa zvakaitika vamutangira uye akanyora bhuku iri samolecular wefizikisi uye injiniya wethermodynamics, izvo neatly uye zvine musoro hunotaurwa yose akagadzirwa zvakawanwa.

A mashoko mashoma pamusoro murayiro yakanaka gasi

PV = mRT

Nhasi, pamwe kushaya ose dependencies kushandisa mukana wokuti vanhu vanga wehurumende ane yakanaka gasi. Hapana Inovhiringidza constituent parameters ayo, vane yakajeka pfungwa. PaMharidzo huru gasi mutemo akapa mumwe nzira inokosha kunozivisa kuchinja zvemukati simba:

Du = cvDT,

Pano Du ndiye differential shanduko munyika simba, uye CV - ndiyo gasi kupisa vanokwanisa panguva dzose vhoriyamu. Somugumisiro kwokukurukurwa yezvakaita gasi kugara R yakawana kuti kuratidza gasi kushanda panguva dzose kumanikidzwa.