Zviratidzo zvechimiro chemukati. Chimiro nemabasa esero rekamuri

Iko kamuti yesero ndiyo organelle inonyanya kukosha, nzvimbo yekuchengetedza uye kubereka kwehupenyu hwehupenyu. Icho chimiro chemu membrane chinotora 10-40% emasero, mabasa ayo anokosha zvikuru muupenyu hweEukaryotes. Zvisinei, kunyange pasina kernel, kugona kweruzivo rwenhaka kunogona. Muenzaniso wechirongwa ichi ibasa rinokosha remasero eubhakitiriya. Kunyange zvakadaro, zvikamu zvegadziriro yekasi uye basa rayo zvakakosha kune mhando dzakasiyana-siyana.

Nzvimbo yekasi iri muchitokisi uye yakarongeka

Iyo nucleus iri muhupamhi hwe cytoplasm uye inotaurirana zvakananga kune yakaoma uye inoshandisa endoplasmic reticulum. Yakapoteredzwa nechemberi mbiri, pakati peiyo nzvimbo inopisa nyukliya. Mukati memukati kune matrix, chromatin uye nucleoli zhinji.

Mamwe masero evanhu vakakura haasisina nucleus, asi vamwe vanoita mumamiriro ezvinhu ekudzvinyirirwa kwakanyanya kwebasa rayo. Nenzira yakawanda, chimiro chekisiyamu (chirongwa) chinomiririrwa sechitubu chenyukireya, chakasungirirwa nekaryolemma kubva muchitokisi, ine chromatin uye nucleoli, yakagadzirirwa nucleoplasm nechisimba chenyukliya.

Chimiro che karyolemma

Nokuda kwekudzidza iyo nucleus masero, iyo yekupedzisira inofanira kuonekwa semabhuru akaiswa muhombodo kubva kune dzimwe vesicles. Iko kamuti ibhutu rine ruzivo rwenhaka, riri muhupamhi hwechitokisi. Kubva pamagetsi ayo, inodzivirirwa ne-bilayer lipid jasi. Chimiro cheganda remukati chinofanana nesimbi dzero. Muzvokwadi, chete zita uye nhamba yezvikamu zvinodzisiyanisa. Pasinei nezvose izvi, ivo vakafanana mukugadzirisa nekushanda.

Chimiro che karyolemma (membrane ye nyukliya) yakasara-maviri: inoumbwa nemadziro maviri emadziro. Iko yekunze bilipid yakatarira karyolemma inosangana zvakananga ne rough reticulum ye endoplasma yesero. Inner karyolma - pamwe nezviri mukati memukati. Pakati pekunze nekunze karyomembryna kune nzvimbo ye-perinuclear. Sezviri pachena, yakaumbwa nekuda kwezvinhu zvinokonzerwa nemagetsi-kudengenyeka kwezvinhu zveglycerin zvakasara.

Basa remuviri we nyukireya nderekugadzira chigadziro chemagetsi kuparadzanisa nucleus uye cytoplasm. Iko mukati membrane yemukati inoshumira senzvimbo yekugadzirisa ye matriksi matrix, neketani yemapuroteni mamolekemu anotsigira hutatu hutatu. Mune maviri enyukireya, pane mazoro anokosha: kuburikidza navo, ruzivo rweRNA rinosiya cytoplasm kune ribosomes. Muchikamu chebumbiro kune nucleoli zhinji uye chromatin.

Mukati sarudzo ye nucleoplasm

Zviratidzo zvechimiro chemukati chinokubvumira kuzvienzanisa nesero pachako. Muchikamu chemukati panewo chimiro chinokosha (nucleoplasm), inomiririrwa ne gel-sol, inonzi colloidal solution yeprotein. Mukati mawo pane nucleoskeleton (matrix), inomiririrwa ne fibrillar proteins. Mhedziso huru ndeyokuti nucleus ine kunyanya acidic protein. Sezviri pachena, kuita kwakadaro kwemasvikiro kunodiwa kuti kuchengetedza makemikari ye nucleic acids uye nzira yezvinoitika zvehupenyu.

Nucleolus

Chimiro chemajeri esero hachigoni kupedzwa pasina nucleolus. Iye ari spiralized ribosomal RNA, iri muchitambo chokuibva. Gare gare, inobereka ribosome - an organelle, inofanirwa kuti ipurotini synthesis. Mune chimiro che nucleolus maviri zvikamu zvakasiyana: fibrillar uye globular. Dzinopesana chete mu electron microscopy uye hadzina mazamu.

The fibrillar component iri pakati pe nucleolus. Iro ribosomal type RNA, iyo iyo ribosomal subunits ichabatanidzwa. Kana tikafunga nheyo (chimiro nemabasa), zvino zvakajeka kuti chikamu chegranular chichazogadzirwa kubva kwavari. Izvozvi ndizvo zvakafanana kukura rubosomal subunits, izvo zviri pazvikamu zvishoma zvekukura kwavo. Pakati idzi, ribosomes inokurumidza kukura. Vanodzingwa kubva ku nucleoplasm kuburikidza nuclear nuclear pores ye karyolemma uye kupinda mu membrane wekutsvaira endoplasmic reticulum.

Chromatin uye chromosomes

Chimiro nemabasa echinyorwa chesero zvakabatana zvakanyatsobatanidzwa: kune zvipimo izvo chete zvakakosha pakuchengeta uye kuburitsa ruzivo rwenhaka. Pano pane carioskeleton (core matrix), iro basa rayo kuchengetedza maitiro e organelle. Zvisinei, nzvimbo inonyanya kukosha yeyucleus is chromatin. Aya ndiwo ma chromosomes, achitamba basa rekadhi mafaira emapoka akasiyana-siyana emajini.

Chromatin ipuroteni yakaoma iyo inosanganisira quaternary polypeptide inobatanidza nucleic acid (RNA kana DNA). Mu plasmid yebhakitiriya, chromatin iripowo. Inenge chikamu chechina chekromatin rinorema inoumbwa ne histones - mapuroteni ane basa re "packing" yehupenyu hwehupenyu. Ichi chiitiko chechigadziro chinodzidzwa ne biochemistry uye biology. Chimiro chemukati chinokonzerwa zvakakwana nekuda kwekromatin uye kuvapo kwezvinhu zvinoshandisa kuwedzera uye kushora.

Kuvapo kwe histones kunoita kuti zvikwanise kuwirirana uye kupedzisa tsvina yeDNA mune imwe nzvimbo - mukati memusikisi reyero. Izvi zvinoitika nenzira inotevera: histones inoumba nucleosomes, iyo inenge yakagadzikana semakumbo. H2B, H3, H2A uye H4 ndiyo yakanyanya histone maprotestine. Iyo nucleosome inoumbwa nemaviri maviri ezvinyorwa zvose zvinonzi histones. Muchiitiko ichi, histone H1 is a linker: inobatanidza neDNA panzvimbo yekupinda mu nucleosome. Packaging yeDNA inowanzoita se "kutumbuka" kwemalekemu akabatana kuva mapurotini 8 emu histone.

Chimiro chemukati, chirongwa chaicho chinoratidzwa pamusoro, chinotora kuvapo kwe solenoid-kufanana nekugadzirwa kweDNA, yakakwana ne histones. Uhu huno hutachiona hunenge 30 nm. Muchiitiko ichi, chimiro chacho chinogona kuenzaniswa zvakanyanya kuti atore nzvimbo shomanana uye zvishoma kudarika kushandiswa kwemagetsi, zvisingatauriki panguva yehupenyu hwesero.

Chromatin Zvikamu

Chimiro, chimiro uye mabasa echekisi yekero zvakasungirirwa pane kutsigira maitiro ekugadzirisa nekusimudzira kromatin. Nokudaro, kune zvikamu zviviri zvakakosha: kuwedzera (heterochromatin) uye zvishoma (euchromatin). Izvo zvakakamurwa zvose zvakasikwa uye zvinoshanda. Mu heterochromatin, DNA yakachengetedzwa zvakanaka kune chero zviitiko uye haikwanise kudhindwa. Euchromatin hachina kuchengetedzwa zvakanaka, asi majini anokwanisa kudonzvoka kweprotini synthesis. Kazhinji kazhinji, heterochromatin uye nekromromatin zvikamu zvinoshandiswa muhurefu hwekromosome yose.

Chromosomes

Dutu rechitokisi, iro rakagadzirwa nemabasa rinotsanangurwa mubhuku rino, rine chromosomes. Iyo yakaoma uye yakanyatsokonzerwa chromatin, iyo inogona kuonekwa neine microscopy chiedza. Zvisinei, izvi zvinogoneka chete kana sero iripo pane slide mumutsara we mitotic kana meiotic division. Chimwe chezvikamu ndiwo chromatin chromatin kukura nekuumbwa kwemakromosomes. Mamiriro avo akaoma zvikuru: chromosome ine tereomeri uye maoko maviri. Nhengo imwe neimwe yakasiyana-siyana yemhando imwechete ine chimiro chakafanana. Tafura yechromosome yakagadzirwawo yakafanana.

Kushandisa kernel mabasa

Izvo zvikamu zvakanyanya zvekugadzirwa kwekernel zvinosanganiswa nekushanda kwemamwe mabasa uye kudiwa kwekutonga kwavo. Icho chinomirira basa rekuchengetedza ruzivo rwekugara nhaka, iyo iyo, iyo rudzi rwekadhi firimu rine zvinyorwa zvinyorwa zveamino acid zvese zveprotein zvinogona kugadzirwa muchitokisi. Nokudaro, kuti aite basa, sero rinofanira kugadzira puroteni iyo yakagadzirwa nekodhi mujeni.

Kuti ruzivo ruve "kunzwisisa" iyo mapuroteni chaiwo inofanira kuumbwa panguva yakakodzera, kune urongwa hwekunze (membrane) uye mukati memo. Mashoko anobva kwavari anouya kumucheto kuburikidza nemashambadzi ekutumira. Izvi zvinonyanya kuzivikanwa neAdenylate cyclase maitiro. Saka sero inobata mahomoni (adrenaline, norepinephrine) nemimwe mishonga ine hydrophilic structure.

Chechipiri nzira yekutsvaga mashoko iri mukati. Iyo inofanirwa ne lipophilic molecule - corticosteroids. Izvi zvinoputira bhujidhi membrane yesero uye inotungamirirwa kune nucleus, iyo inobatanidza neyakagamuchira. Somugumisiro wekugadzirisa kwe-receptor complexes iri panzvimbo yesero membrane (adenylate cyclase maitiro) kana pa karyolemma, kushandiswa kwegeni chaiyo kunokonzerwa. Iyo inopindura, inobva pamashoko eRNA. Gare gare, chimiro chekupedzisira chinoita mapuroteni anoita chimwe chebasa.

Iyo nhamba yezvinhu zvakawanda zvinorarama

Mune miviri yakasiyana-siyana, zvikamu zvehutano hwemukati zvakangofanana nehupenyu husina kumira. Kunyange zvazvo kune mamwe mashoma. Chokutanga, mavara mazhinji anoreva kuti masero akawanda anokwanisa kuita mabasa awo chaiwo (kana akawanda). Izvi zvinoreva kuti mamwe mazamu ega achagara achizvidzwa, asi vamwe vari munharaunda isina basa.

Semuenzaniso, mumafuta emasero maseroti mapuroteni aizoenda asingashandisi, uye naizvozvo vazhinji vema chromatin i helical. Uye mumasero, semuenzaniso, exocrine chikamu chepancreas, iyo nzira yeprotein biosynthesis inoramba ichienderera mberi. Nokuti chromatin yavo inoshorwa. Pazvivako izvi, maitiro avo anotsanangurwa kakawanda. Panguva imwe chete, chinhu chinokosha chakakosha: chigadzirwa che chromosome chemasero ose echimiro chakafanana chakafanana. Chero bedzi pamusana pekusiyanisa kwemabasa mumatumbu, vamwe vavo vanorega kubasa, asi vamwe vanozvidzwa kakawanda kupfuura vamwe.

Masero enyukireya asina mahwindo emuviri

Kune masero, zvikamu zvechimiro chemukati chisingagoni kutaridzirwa, nokuti dzinogona kuora mwoyo basa racho sechikonzero chebasa rayo rinokosha, kana kuti kubvisa zvachose. Muenzaniso wakajeka ndeye erythrocytes. Aya ndiwo masero eropa, iyo nucleus iyo inowanikwa chete mumatanho ekutanga ekubudirira, apo hemoglobin inogadzirwa. Kakawanda apo huwandu hwacho hukwanirira kutumirwa kwe okisijeni, nucleus inobviswa muchitokisi kuitira kuti iite kuti irege kupindira nekutakura kwe okisijeni.

Kazhinji, i erythrocyte isipi ye cytoplasmic yakazara hemoglobin. Chimiro chakafanana chimiro chemasero emafuta. Chimiro cheserosi yemadidicyte yakanyanya kuoma, inoderedza uye ichienda kune membrane, uye zvirongwa zveprotini synthesis zvakanyanya kudziviswa. Aya masero akafanana ne "masaga" akazadzwa nemafuta, kunyange zvazvo, zvechokwadi, zvakasiyana-siyana zvehupenyu hwehupenyu hwehupenyu huri nani pane eerythrocytes. Platelets hainawo nucleus, asi haafaniri kuonekwa semasero akazara. Izvi ndizvo zvidimbu zvemasero zvinodiwa pakuzadzika kwehemostasis.